Progressivism Review
Reform
• Change for the better
Rockefeller
• Dominated the oil industry
• Practiced horizontal integration
Carnegie
• Pioneered vertical integration
• Extremely wealthy by age 40
• Donated $350 million by the time he died
Gustavus Swift
• Invented the refrigerated rail car
Upton Sinclair
• Wrote The Jungle based on close observations of how meat packers lived
Trusts
• Lower retail prices
• Availability of items that were once luxuries
• Development and use of new machinery
Progressives
• Ida Tarbell- anti- Rockefeller and Standard oil company
• Uptn Sinclair- author
• Ida B. Wells- anti-lynching
• Lester Ward- thought science should be used to improve the human condition
Political Reforms
• Initiative
• Recall
• Referendum
Politicians
• Could stay in power by doing favors for people
Immigrants
• Settled in U.S. cities for JOBS
Positives of Cities
• Jobs
• Electricity- lighting
• Indoor plumbing
Education
• Laws were passed requiring children to attend school
• Illiteracy rates declined
Immigrant Challenges
• U.S. cities with-– Gambling– Robbery– Political Corruption
Problems of Cities
• Waste disposal problems
• Slum Housing
• Crime
Monopolies
• Attempted to control the market by eliminating competition
Progressive Reformers
• Wanted to give voters more direct say in lawmaking
New Immigrants
• Wave that came over around 1900
• Mainly from Italy, Greece, Russia, and other areas of Southern and Eastern Europe
• Came for opportunity- better wages, religious and political freedom
New Immigrants
• More likely to be– Illiterate– Poor– Catholic or non-Protestant
Arrival Points
Ellis Island for those coming across the Atlantic
Angel Island for those coming across the Pacific
Nativism
• Idea that America should NOT allow more immigrants
Theodore Roosevelt
• Became famous as a Rough Rider on San Juan Hill
• Western Rancher
• Asthmatic
• Became President when McKinley was assassinated
Roosevelt’s Accomplishments
• Meat Inspection Act of 1906
• Increased number of national parks
• Arbitrated the United Mine Workers Strike
1902 Coal Miner’s Strike
• TR threatened to send federal troops to take control of mines
Woodrow Wilson
• Due to the Republican split, won the election of 1912 in an electoral landslide
Wilson
• Allowed press conferences
• Supported the Underwood Tariff reduction bill
• Program was known as “New Freedom”
1912 Election
• Woodrow Wilson- Democrat
• William Howard Taft- Republican
• Teddy Roosevelt- Progressive
Booker T. Washington
• Felt African Americans should work hard and gradually earn the respect of Whites
• Some called this – “Accommodation”
Accommodation
• Idea that economic success for blacks was more important than racial equality
W.E.B. Du Bois
• Felt blacks should receive equality immediately
Federal Trade Commission
• Established to stop unfair business practices among companies
• Supported by Wilson
Underwood Tariff
• Established to reduce the tariff
• High tariffs had been protecting American business
Jane Addams
• Wealthy woman that moved to Chicago and built Hull House to help the poor
Issues of Alcohol• Viewed as a cause of violence against
women, cause of worker absenteeism and accidents, and a health concern
• Temperance Movement- wanted to eliminate alcohol and problems associated with it
• Women’s Christian Temperance Movement- campaigned for temperance
Rational Use
• TR’s idea that forests be preserved for public use
Amendments
• 16th- Allowed for Income Tax
• 17th- Direct election of senators
• 19th- Women gain the right to vote
Robert La Follette
• Wisconsin Governor responsible for a great deal of reform legislation
Muckrakers
• Writers whose articles attacked problems in the U.S.
19th amendment• Gave women the right to vote
Suffrage
• The right to vote
Leon Czolgosz
• Assassinated President McKinley
Immigrant
• Person entering a country to live there
Margaret Sanger
• Spoke to women about preventing pregnancy
Eugene V. Debs
• Socialists candidate in 1912 presidential election
Urbanization
• Growth of cities
Tenement Buildings
• Crowded, run down apartments in slums
Tariff
• Tax on imported goods
Nativism
• Preference for native-born Americans over immigrants
Teddy Roosevelt
• McKinley’s vice-president, became the youngest president ever
Temperance Movement
• Drive to restrict or prohibit use of alcohol
William Howard Taft
• Republican president from 1909-1913
UMW- United Mine Workers
• Called for a coal mine strike hoping for increased pay, less hours and union recognition
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
• 146 people died- mainly young women
• Showed dangerous working conditions
Sherman Anti Trust Act
• Attempt by the government to limit business activities such as monopolies or trusts
• Trying to ensure fair competition in business
American Federation of Labor
• Worked for improved wages, better working hours and conditions
White Collar Workers
• Managers needed in factories
• Led to an increased middle class
Trains
• Important to bring goods from the West to the East
Plessy v Ferguson
• US Supreme Court approved segregation
• “Separate but Equal” ruled constitutional
Asian Minorities
• Faced discrimination and prejudice, specially in the West
Political Machines
• Corrupt organizations that maintained control in large cities
Muller v Oregon
• Supreme Court said that states could limit the work hours of women
• Only affected women because they “needed to be protected”
Anti Defamation League
• Protects the rights of Jewish Americans
Federal Trade Commission
• Formed by Congress to monitor business practices that might lead to monopolies