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Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt

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Progressive MovementA series of reform movements that sought to impact American society for the better Origins in Greenback Party (1870s) and Populists (1890s)Progressives thought industry had gotten so big, diverse, and industrial that the government needed to be bigger, stronger and more involved in the lives of the people

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Four Goals of Progressivism

Protecting Social WelfarePromoting Moral ImprovementCreating Economic ReformFostering Efficiency

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Some Progressive Movements

Social Gospel MovementSettlement housesSocialists, Feminists, Urban WorkersYMCA/YWCA Libraries, swimming pools, classes

Salvation Army Soup kitchens, child care, help for the

poor

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Salvation Army Hall and YMCA

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Progressive Authors• Henry Demarest Lloyd: “Wealth Against

Commonwealth” Against the Standard Oil Co.

• Thorstein Veblen: “The Theory of the Leisure Class” Exposing lifestyle of the new rich

• Jacob Riis: “How the Other Half Lives” Exposed living conditions in NY slums

• Theodore Dreiser: “The Financier” and “The Titan”

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Florence Kelley

An advocate for improving the lives of women and childrenWorked to get the Illinois Factory Act passed in 1893 and became the chief inspector of factories in Illinois She made sure that factories

provided safe environments for their workers

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Florence Kelley

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Prohibition

The movement to ban the use of alcoholSupporters were worried that alcohol was undermining American moralsWoman’s Christian Temperance Movement: largest prohibition movement

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Woman’s Christian Temperance Movement

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Woman’s Christian Temperance Movement

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Carry Nation (WCTM)

Known for walking into saloons, scmers, and using a hatchet to destroy liquor bottles.

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Socialists work for Economic Reform

Socialism: a political system in which the government creates a more equal distribution of wealth

Socialism Today: Countries today (some that are democratic) in which the government owns some of the industries (mostly utilities)

Eugene Debs: a leading socialist who worked to get more rights for the workers of the early 20th c.

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Journalism in the early 20th c.

Muckrakers: journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life They were raking up the muck of society

Ida M. Tarbell: famous muckraker who exposed the Standard Oil Company’s cutthroat policies

Upton Sinclair: Exposed the meatpacking industry in his book “The Jungle”

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Excerpt from “The Jungle”

• And then there was "potted game" and "potted grouse," "potted ham," and "deviled ham"—devyled, as the men called it. "De-vyled" ham was made out of the waste ends of smoked beef that were too small to be sliced by the machines; and also tripe, dyed with chemicals so that it would not show white, and trimmings of hams and corned beef, and potatoes, skins and all, and finally the hard cartilaginous gullets of beef, after the tongues had been cut out. All this ingenious mixture was ground up and flavored with spices to make it taste like something. Anybody who could invent a new imitation had been sure of a fortune from old Durham, said Jurgis's informant, but it was hard to think of anything new in a place where so many sharp wits had been at work for so long; where men welcomed tuberculosis in the cattle they were feeding, because it made them fatten more quickly; and where they bought up all the old rancid butter left over in the grocery stores of a continent, and "oxidized" it by a forced-air process, to take away the odor, rechurned it with skim milk, and sold it in bricks in the cities! . . .

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Scientific Management

Scientific Management: studies that showed how to break down work into small parts to make it more efficient

Taylorism: breaking work down into small jobs (assembly line style) Named after Frederick Winslow Taylor (who did the

studies)

Henry Ford: used Taylorism and paid workers high wages for fewer hours to work assembly lines He created weekends for workers (so they had a

chance to use their cars that he produced)

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19Ford Assembly Line

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Ford Assembly Line

22Ford Assembly Line

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Cleaning Up Local Government

Some politicians were corrupt: they only helped themselves and their friends, they did not help everyoneNatural Disasters showed how corrupt some politicians were

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Hurricane in Galveston, Texas 1900

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Flood in Dayton, Ohio – 1913

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Reform at the State Level

Some governors tried to get big business to stop dictating what leaders did in office Governor Robert La Follette: 3 term gov. of

WisconsinStopped railroad companies from

pressuring leaders to make laws that helped their business

Other leaders pushed for child labor laws and a limit on factory work hours

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Reforming ElectionsPrivate citizens worked to get elections that were more fair Secret ballot started during this time Initiative: a bill originated by the people,

not the lawmakers Referendum: a vote on the initiative to see

if the majority of voters wanted to make it law

Recall: allowed people to take politicians out of office by making them win another election before their term was up IF enough voters wanted that

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Direct Election of Senators

16th Amendment (1913): gave the federal government the right to impose an income tax17th Amendment (1913): said that people could vote for their state senators Before Senators had been appointed by state legislatures

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Women in Public Life

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Women in the Work Force

Generally white, upper class women did not work outside the home while poorer women worked in factories and shopsWomen in the new western parts of the country were important farm workers Women without education often worked as domestic workers (maids)

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Women Reformers

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory: 146 workers were killed in a fire because they were locked into their floor by the factory owners who wanted them to be more productivehttp://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/

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Women Reformers

Women’s Colleges Open Vassar, Smith, Wellesley, and sister

schools for Harvard, Columbia, and Brown

Women start reform movements NACW: National Association for Colored

WomenNurseries, kindergartens, reading

rooms, etc.

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Susan B. Anthony

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton

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Anthony and Stanton

Worked hard to get suffrage for women Suffrage: The right to vote

They founded the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)http://www.pbs.org/stantonanthony/

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Carrie Chapman Catt

A women suffragist who led the movement after Anthony and Stanton were retiredShe was the president of the NAWSA (National American Woman Suffrage Association)She led during Wilson’s first term when the push for Woman’s Suffrage became strongerSuffrage: Right to vote

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Carrie Chapman Catt

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5 Tactics of NAWSA

1. Painstaking Organization2. Close ties between local, state,

and national workers3. Establishing a wide base of

support4. Cautious lobbying 5. Gracious, ladylike behavior

18th Amendment• Started

Prohibition, made alcohol sales illegal in the USA

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19th Amendment

Secured Women’s right to votePassed in 1919, first used in 1920It happened 72 years after Seneca Falls (when the movement to get women’s suffrage began)

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Women celebrate 19th Amendment

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Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal

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Teddy Roosevelt (during Spanish American War)

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Theodore Roosevelt (During Presidency)

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Rough-Riding President T. Roosevelt was the governor of New York after he had fought in Cuba during the Spanish American warHe ran as McKinley’s VP in 1900McKinley was shot 6 months into the term and Roosevelt became PresidentHe had some medical issues as a child but was an impressive athlete despite themOn a hunting trip he spared the life of a bear cub – a toy marketer developed the Teddy Bear because of this

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“Teddy” Bear Cartoon

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Roosevelt’s Square DealSquare Deal: a series of progressive changes that Roosevelt fought for as President Went after the meat packing industry

(influenced by Sinclair’s “The Jungle”) Trust Busting: He went after large

corporations and made them practice fair policies and have safer work environments Trust: a legal body created to hold stock in

many companies

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Square Deal Criticism Cartoons

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Roosevelt Supporter Pin

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1902 Coal Strike140,000 coal miners went on strike They wanted 9 hr work day, 20% raise and the right

to unionize Miner owners refused to negotiate

5 months into the strike coal supplies were running low

Roosevelt brought both sides to the White House and got them to agree to arbitration (allowing a third party to settle the dispute fairly)

This set the precedent that if a strike threatened the public good, the federal gov’t should intervene

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1902 Coal Strike

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Coal Strike Cartoon

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Railroad Regulation

Problem: RR’s were all overcharging customers1st Solution: Congress passed Interstate Commerce Act Was supposed to stop RR over charging but

was not enforced

2nd Solution: Congress passed the Elkin Act (made it illegal for RRs to make special deals or change fares without notifying the public3rd Solution: Hepburn Act passed (made free passes as bribery illegal)

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Roosevelt Lobbies for Railroad Regulation

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Roosevelt at the Railroad

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Roosevelt and his Family, 1903

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Health and the Environment

Meat Inspection Act: Passed by Congress, supported by Roosevelt, dictated strict cleanliness codes Pure Food and Drug Act: stopped the sale of tainted food and drugs and required truthful labeling

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Roosevelt Fights for Meat Industry Regulation

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Mislabeled Drug: “Blood Purifier”

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Advertising before the Food and Drug Act

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New Labeling for Food and Drug Act

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Conservation

Roosevelt worked to make sure wilderness lands were kept clear of development Yosemite Park (1903)

• Gifford Pinchot – first Chief of the United States Forrest Service (1905-1910).

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Roosevelt and Civil RightsWhile he supported a few individual African Americans, Roosevelt did not work to advance civil rightsHe invited Booker T. Washington to dinner while he received great criticism from W.E.B. DuBoisNAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (founded by Civil Rights workers in 1909)

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Progressivism Under Taft

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Election of 1908

Because T. Roosevelt had served almost 2 full terms, he said he would not run again William Howard Taft: Roosevelt’s Sec. Of War ran for republicans and wonWilliam Jennings Bryans: ran for the third time for the Democrats and lost again

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Taft As PresidentTaft said he was a progressive Busted 90 trust in his 4 year termPayne Aldrich Tariff: an attempted compromise to lower tariff’s to please the progressives but ended up making the tax higher so the progressives got angryThere were several controversies over his not protecting conservation land

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Republicans Split in 1912Taft was the incumbent He was nominated by Repubs.

Roosevelt wanted to run for a 3rd term and was beloved He was nominated by a new party of old

progressive Repubs called The Bull Moose Party (bc Roosevelt was as strong as a Bull Moose)

With the Republicans split, democrat Woodrow Wilson won the electionThere was a lot of mudslinging in the campaign

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Anti-Roosevelt, 1912

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Electionof 1912

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Woodrow Wilson

Ran on a progressive platform of “New Freedom” Stronger anti-trust laws Banking reform Reduced tariffs

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Wilson’s New Freedom

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Wilson Bio

Southern boy during Civil War and Reconstruction (raised in the Carolina’s)Very religious family (Presbyterian)Previously a Lawyer, History Professor, and President of Princeton UniversityHad been the Governor of New JerseyAs President he was the first to deliver the State of the Union in person to Congress

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Woodrow Wilson

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Wilson throwing out first pitch on opening day, 1916

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Key ActsAimed to break “triple wall of privilege”

Tariffs, banks, and trusts

Clayton Anti-Trust Act: stopped one company from getting stock in another company if it would create a monopoly

Listed business practices that were unethical

Strengthened unions

Underwood Tariff Bill: reduced tariff

Lobbyists fought this but Wilson reminded Congress they should serve public not their own interests

Federal Trade Commission Act: established a federal agency started in 1914 that investigated possible unfair business practices (such as meatpackers)

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Key Acts Federal Farm Loan Act

Highways

Seaman’s Act

Workingman’s Compensation Act

Adamson Act

Appointments to Supreme Court, Federal Reserve, and Federal Trade Commission

Repeal of $ Diplomacy

Jones Act

Involvement in Haiti

Purchase of Virgin Islands

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Key Acts ActivityWork 10 of these acts into a song/poem that

explains what each act is in an interesting and fun way.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Underwood Tariff Act

Federal Trade Commission

Federal Farm Loan Act

Highways

Seaman’s Act

Workingman’s Compensation Act

Adamson Act

Appointments to Supreme Court, Federal Reserve, and Federal Trade Commission

Repeal of $ Diplomacy

Jones Act

Involvement in Haiti

Purchase of Virgin Islands

Amendments

• 16th: Graduated Income Tax (1913)• 17th: Direct Election of Senators

(1913)• 18th: Prohibition (1919)• 19th: Women’s Suffrage (1920)

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New Tax System Reduced the Tariff for first time since Civil War Started the first graduated income tax The federal government would get a small

percentage of every workers pay to be spent on the public

People who make low salaries pay a smaller percent while people who make higher salaries pay a higher percent

The first income tax scale was between 1%-6%

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Federal Reserve System

Banks would go under the control of the Federal government but still be privately owned and runThey could issue paper money in an emergency and give loansStill the foundation of American banks

Four Main Causes of WWI• Militarism: The development of armed forces

and their use as a tool of diplomacy An arms race developed between world powers when

countries all tried to get better and stronger weapons than the others

• Imperialism: The process of becoming a more powerful nation by getting control over weaker nations Led to competition for colonies between European

nations and eventually America Nationalism: A devotion to the interests and

culture of one’s nation. Led to competitive rivalries between nations in

Europe• Alliances: a formal agreement of union

between nations

System of Alliances

• Triple Entente: The Allies France Britain Russia

• Triple Alliance: Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Italy Ottoman Empire

• These alliances grouped together and when the war started they all supported each other

WWI Leaders – The Big Four

Wilson: American President

George Clemenceau: French leader

David Lloyd George: British Prime Minister

Vittorio Orlando: Italian Prime Minister

German Leader: Kaiser Wilhelm II• Wilhelm II Bio at:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wilhelm_kaiser_ii.shtml

Assassination Sparks War• The Assassination of Archduke Franz

Ferdinand: Heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=BCTIaiiGB4o

• This caused Austria Hungary and it’s allies to declare war Serbia and it’s Allies http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=lCbNE3ToePA

Assassin Gavrilo Princip

Archduke Franz Ferdninand

American Business Benefits

• American bankers (including JP Morgan) loan 2.3 billion to the Allies

• American politics were neutral but American business was heavily supplying the Allies

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Lead Up to American Involvement

• Lusitania: A British liner that was sunk by the Germans in which 1,198 people died (128 Americans)

• Zimmerman Note: a note from Germany revealing German support for Mexico against the US if the US entered the war

• Convoy System: a system in which merchant ships would cross the Atlantic in large groups to prevent enemy attack

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