Programming languagesZuzana Brťková

What is programming language?What is programming language?

A programming language is an artificial A programming language is an artificial language designed to communicate language designed to communicate instrucinstructitions to a machine, mainly a computer. ons to a machine, mainly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create Programming languages can be used to create pprrograms that control the behavior of ograms that control the behavior of a machine and/or to express algorithms a machine and/or to express algorithms precisely.precisely.

Types of programming languagesTypes of programming languages

The main types of these languages are The main types of these languages are 1)1) Object-orientation languagesObject-orientation languages (Java, html, (Java, html,

php, Cphp, C## ...) ...)2)2) Procedural languagesProcedural languages (C, Fortran, Basic and (C, Fortran, Basic and

others)others)3)3) Functional languagesFunctional languages4)4) Languages for logic programmingLanguages for logic programming

What is a difference?What is a difference?

The focus of procedural programming is to break downThe focus of procedural programming is to break down a programming task into a collection of variables, data a programming task into a collection of variables, data structures, and subroutines, whereas in object-oriented structures, and subroutines, whereas in object-oriented programming it is to break down a programming task programming it is to break down a programming task into objects that expose behavior (methods) and data into objects that expose behavior (methods) and data (members or attributes) using interfaces. The most (members or attributes) using interfaces. The most important distinction is that while procedural important distinction is that while procedural programming uses procedures to operate on data programming uses procedures to operate on data structures, object-oriented programming bundles the structures, object-oriented programming bundles the two together, so an "object", which is an instance of a two together, so an "object", which is an instance of a class, operates on its "own" data structure.class, operates on its "own" data structure.

CC• PProcedural languagerocedural language

• Developed between 1969 and 1973Developed between 1969 and 1973

• The language was designed to encourage cross-The language was designed to encourage cross-platform programming platform programming

• C has facilities for structured programming and C has facilities for structured programming and allows lexical variable scope and recursion, while a allows lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operationsstatic type system prevents many unintended operations

• Many later languages have borrowed directly or Many later languages have borrowed directly or indirectly from C, including Cindirectly from C, including C#, #, Java, JavaScript, PythonJava, JavaScript, Python, , PHPPHP etc. etc.  

CC##• Object-oriented languageObject-oriented language• It was developed by Microsoft within its .NET It was developed by Microsoft within its .NET

initiative and later approved as a standard by Ecma initiative and later approved as a standard by Ecma and ISOand ISO

• The name "C sharp" was inspired by musical notation The name "C sharp" was inspired by musical notation where a sharp indicates that the written note should where a sharp indicates that the written note should be made a semitone higherbe made a semitone higher

• C# is an evolution of the C and C++ family of C# is an evolution of the C and C++ family of languageslanguages

• C# is a language encompassing strong typing, C# is a language encompassing strong typing, imperative, declarative, functional, generic and imperative, declarative, functional, generic and component-oriented programming disciplinescomponent-oriented programming disciplines

JavaJava• Object-oriented languageObject-oriented language

• Java Java is specifically designed to have as few is specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possibleimplementation dependencies as possible

• Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995Microsystems and released in 1995

• The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++, The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++, but it has fewer low level facilities than either of thembut it has fewer low level facilities than either of them

• Java is one of the most popular programming languages Java is one of the most popular programming languages in use, particularly for client-server web applications, in use, particularly for client-server web applications, with a reported 10 million users with a reported 10 million users

C++C++• Object-oriented languageObject-oriented language

• Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell LabsLabs

• It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises both high-level and low-level language comprises both high-level and low-level language features.features.

• C++ is implemented on a wide variety of hardware and C++ is implemented on a wide variety of hardware and operating system platforms. operating system platforms.

• C++ is designed to be a statically typed, general-C++ is designed to be a statically typed, general-purpose language that is as efficient and portable as Cpurpose language that is as efficient and portable as C

PascalPascal• Designed in 1968–1969 and published in 1970 by Niklaus Designed in 1968–1969 and published in 1970 by Niklaus

Wirth Wirth • Named in honor of the French mathematician and Named in honor of the French mathematician and

philosopher Blaise Pascal philosopher Blaise Pascal • Pascal, in its original form, is a purely procedural Pascal, in its original form, is a purely procedural

language and includes the traditional array of ALGOL-like language and includes the traditional array of ALGOL-like control structures with reserved words such control structures with reserved words such as if, then, else, while, for, and so on as if, then, else, while, for, and so on

• It is efficient language intended to encourage good It is efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming practices using structured programming and data structuringprogramming and data structuring

HTMLHTML

• HyperText Markup Language is the main markup HyperText Markup Language is the main markup language for creating web pages and other information language for creating web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser that can be displayed in a web browser

• HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets, within the web page contentof tags enclosed in angle brackets, within the web page content

• The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pagesand compose them into visible or audible web pages

• The first publicly available description of HTML was a The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called "HTML Tags", first mentioned on the document called "HTML Tags", first mentioned on the Internet by Berners-Lee in late 1991 Internet by Berners-Lee in late 1991

PHPPHP

• Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995, Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995, the reference implementation of PHP is now produced the reference implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP Groupby The PHP Group

• Server-side scripting language designed for web Server-side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a general-purpose development but also used as a general-purpose programming language programming language

• PHP code is interpreted by a web server with a PHP PHP code is interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module which generates the resulting web pageprocessor module which generates the resulting web page..

• PHP is now installed on more than 244 PHP is now installed on more than 244 million websites and 2.1 million web serversmillion websites and 2.1 million web servers

Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention