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PROGRAMME Day 1: 11 DECEMBER 2015 (FRIDAY)

15:30 - 16:00 REGISTRATION, CHC AUDITORIUM (Level 2)

16:00 - 16:30

WELCOME REMARKS & PHOTO TAKING (for all attendees) Prof ZHOU Min, Director, CHC, NTU Prof SU Guaning, President Emeritus, NTU; Chairman, CHC Board of

Governors, NTU Prof K.K. Luke, Associate Dean, College of Humanities, Arts, and Social

Sciences, NTU; Director, CLASS, NTU

16:30 - 18:00

KEYNOTE SPEECHES Chair: Prof ZHOU Min, NTU Home and Destination: Changes in the Chinese Overseas Population from Cold War to Open Door Prof Peter S. LI, University of Saskatchewan, Canada The Chinese Presence in Cuba: Heroic Past, Uncertain Present, and Open Future Prof Evelyn HU-DEHART, Brown University

18:30 - 20:30 WELCOME DINNER, PEACH GARDEN, NTU (BY INVITATION ONLY)

Day 2: 12 DECEMBER 2015 (SATURDAY)

09:00 - 10:30

PANEL 1 Chair: Prof James CHIN, The University of Hong Kong, SAR China Making a Living on the Move: Transnational Lives of Taiwanese Skilled Migrants in China Prof DENG Jian-Bang, Tamkang University, Taiwan Family Arrangements and Taiwanese Business Diaspora Culture in China Prof SHEN Hsiu-hua, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Mapping Chinese Return Migration from New Zealand – A Meta-Data Analysis from a Comparative Perspective Dr LIU Liangni Sally, Massey University, New Zealand

10:30 - 10:45 TEA BREAK

10:45 - 11:45

PANEL 2 Chair: Prof SHEN Hsiu-hua, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan New Chinese Migrant Community of Cambodia Dr James CHIN, The University of Hong Kong, SAR China Grassroots’ Choice: Seeking Opportunity Abroad: Factors Contributing to Chinese Emigration to the Philippines Since the Late 1970s Prof DAI Fan, Jinan University, PRC

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11:45 - 12:45

PANEL 3 Chair: Prof DENG Jian-Bang, Tamkang University, Taiwan The Formation and Development of Contemporary Chinese Diaspora in Japan Dr SHAO Chunfen, University of Sydney, Australia Diverse “Chinese” Migrant Communities in South Korea: The Old Huaqiao, New Han Chinese, and Chaoxianzu Migrants in South Korea and Their Migration Patterns Dr SONG Changzoo, University of Auckland, New Zealand

12:45 - 14:00 LUNCH (FOR ALL ATTENDEES)

14:00 - 15:30

PANEL 4 Chair: Prof DAI Fan, Jinan University, PRC New Chinese Immigrants in Spain: Migration Process, Demographic Characteristics and Living Strategies Prof LI Minghuan, Jinan University, PRC In the Heart of Europe: Creating and Imagining Chinese Community in Prague, Czechia Prof Adam HORALEK, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic Identity, Integration and Generation: A Comparison between Chinese and Vietnamese Immigrants in the Czech Republic Prof CHENG Ter-Hsing James, Soochow University, Taiwan, and Dr HU Liyan, Tongji University, PRC

15:30 - 15:50 TEA BREAK

15:50 - 17:20

PANEL 5 Chair: Prof ZHAN Shaohua, NTU

Chinese Traders in Accra, Ghana: Challenges for Community Building and Integration Dr Karsten GIESE, GIGA Institute of Asian Studies, Germany An Analysis of Integration of New Chinese Immigrants into Local Communities in Zimbabwe Mr SHEN Xiaolei, Peking University, PRC The politics of Chineseness in South Africa: From Apartheid years to 2015 Dr Yoon Jung PARK, Rhodes University, South Africa

17:20 - 18:20 CHC MUSEUM TOUR

18:30 - 20:30 DINNER, FUSION SPOON, NTU (BY INVITATION ONLY)

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Day 3: 13 DECEMBER 2015 (SUNDAY)

9:00 - 10:30

PANEL 6 Chair: Dr Yoon Jung PARK, Rhodes University, South Africa Chinese Student Diaspora, Social Networking and Community Building: An Exploration of Theory and Practice in England Dr WU Bin, University of Nottingham, UK Rediscovering the New Gold Mountain: Chinese Immigration to Australia since the mid-1980s Prof GAO Jia, The University of Melbourne, Australia The Making of New Chinese Immigrants in Canada Dr Eva Xiaoling LI and Prof Peter S. LI, The University of Saskatchewan, Canada

10:30 - 10:45 TEA BREAK

10:45 - 11:45

PANEL 7 Chair: Prof GAO Jia, The University of Melbourne, Australia Debating Integration in Singapore, Deepening the Variegations of the Chinese Diaspora Prof HO Lynn-Ee Elaine, National University of Singapore, and Ms FOO Fang Yu, National Institute of Education, Singapore Changing Patterns of Chinese Immigration and Diasporic Formation in Singapore and the United States Prof ZHOU Min and Prof LIU Hong, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

11:45 SYMPOSIUM ADJOIN

11:45 - 13:45 DISCUSSION OF PUBLICATION PLAN WITH A WORKING LUNCH (INVITED PARTICIPANTS ONLY)

14:00 - 17:00 FIELD TRIP TO BUKIT BROWN (INVITED PARTICIPANTS ONLY)

18:00 - 20:00 DINNER (BY INVITATION ONLY)

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INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW CHINESE DIASPORAS:

A TRANSNATIONAL, CROSS-REGIONAL, AND INTERDISCIPLINARY COMPARATIVE STUDY

CHINESE HERITAGE CENTRE (CHC)

NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY (NTU) 11-13 DECEMBER 2015 SINGAPORE

Co-organised and co-sponsored by The Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation (CCKF) for International Scholarly Exchange

Chinese Heritage Centre (CHC), NTU School of Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS), NTU

Centre for Liberal Arts and Social Sciences (CLASS), NTU

SYNOPSIS

New Chinese diasporas refer to Chinese immigrant communities that have emerged in destination countries as a direct result of China’s economic reforms since the late 1970s. The goals, forms, organizational structures, and power dynamics of these new diasporas and their impacts on individual migrants, social groups, and sending and receiving societies are vastly different from those of the past. This symposium aims to stimulate innovative, thought-provoking, and ground-breaking research on the formation and development of new Chinese migrant communities around the world from a transnational, cross-regional, and interdisciplinary perspective. It brings together distinguished scholars from mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Australia, New Zealand, Europe, and North America, who have done seminal work on contemporary Chinese migrations. The symposium focuses on exchanging and brainstorming ideas among participants, while opening up to faculty and students from NTU and local universities and community scholars in Singapore. All symposium attendees will engage with one another on a range of issues related to the causes and consequences of Chinese emigration and immigration in the context of China’s increasing integration into the global economy. We emphasize the importance of local, national, and transnational contexts of international and transnational migrations to and from China, the history and timing of migration, individuals’ pre-migration lived experiences and perspectives so formed, and the contexts of reception in host societies when analyzing diverse patterns of diasporic formation and development and varied outcomes of immigrant integration and local social transformations. Through a comparative study of contemporary Chinese diasporas, we strive to achieve a two-fold objective: a) to advance scientific knowledge about the causes and consequences of contemporary migrations that are less known to social scientists, technologists, policymakers, and civil society practitioners; and b) to advance an alternative theoretical paradigm that is based upon the experiences of the Global South (developing or under-developed countries) while addressing and challenging established theories derived from the worldview and experiences of the Global North (developed countries).

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概要 华人新移民指的是 20 世纪 70 年代后期，因中国经济改革导致的新一轮国际移民浪潮中

迁往到全球各地的移民。当代华人新移民社区的目标、形态、组织结构、权力系统以及

施之于移民个体，族裔社群，当地社会，移居国主流社会以及侨乡的影响，相对以往的

国际移民社区有较大的差异。此次国际研讨会旨在从社会科学跨学科的视野探讨世界各

地华人新移民社区的形成与发展的规律、模式和因果等理论和实证问题，通过深度和广

度的讨论，促进富有创见的新思想和新观点的相互碰撞，提出具有突破性、开拓性的理

论范式和研究方法。来自中国大陆、香港、台湾、澳大利亚、新西兰、欧洲和北美的专

家学者将与本地学者齐聚一堂，交流彼此的研究成果。此次研讨会并不仅仅局限于受邀

学者之间的学术交流，还对南大和本地大学和社区对国际移民与中国问题有兴趣的师生

和学者开放。与会者将在中国日益融入全球化经济和国际移民潮日益高涨这一大背景之

下，阐释和分析当代华人新移民社区的形成与发展对移民个体和群体的社会融合与当地

社会结构与文化的影响的规律性和各地差异性。我们强调，研究迁出或迁入中国的华人

新移民所面临的本地、国际和跨国语境，移民的历史和时机，个体移民前的生活经历所

形成的不同视角和移民动机，以及移居国的社会环境和文化语境的重要性。通过对世界

各地华人新移民群体个案的实例解剖和比较分析，我们希望实现本次研讨会的双重目

标：一方面增进社会科学研究者、技术专家、政府决策者以及公民社会实践者对当代国

际移民的成因及后果的科学认知；另一方面，提供一个基于亚洲经验的国际移民理论范

式来应对、挑战或充实现有的基于欧洲或北美世界观和经验所形成的经典理论。

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ABSTRACTS AND AUTHOR BIOS (LISTED IN THE ORDER OF APPEARANCE IN THE PROGRAM)

Home and Destination: Changes in the Chinese Overseas Population from Cold War to Open Door

Peter S. LI University of Saskatchewan, Canada

Abstract: Two approaches have been adopted to study Chinese overseas communities, stressing homeland and cultural influence in one, and destination society conditions in the other. In the period demarcated by the Cold War to China’s open door, the Chinese overseas population increased roughly from 11 million to 40 million, but unevenly in S-E Asia and N America. Undoubtedly, home country and destination society are relevant, but the latter has played a more decisive role in this process. Peter S. LI (李胜生 ), Ph.D., D.Litt., FRSC, is Professor Emeritus, University of Saskatchewan, Canada. He has published over 90 academic papers and 11 books, including The Chinese in Canada. He was president (2004-5) of the Canadian Sociology Association, and has received several awards, including the Sociology Outstanding Contribution Award (2002), the Earned Doctor of Letters (2011), and the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal (2012). He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

The Chinese Presence in Cuba: Heroic Past, Uncertain Present, and Open Future

Evelyn HU-DEHART Brown University, USA

Abstract: At the time of the Cuban Revolution of 1959 led by Fidel Castro, China, itself still a new socialist nation undergoing its own profound socialist transformation, was one of the earliest to establish constructive relations with Cuba. However, when the Soviet Union became socialist Cuba's major ally and economic partner, Cuba's relationship with China faded, reflecting the decline of China-USSR relations. The downfall of the USSR in the early 1990s left Cuba adrift economically, the vast vacuum recently filled, but only partially by Venezuela. For our discussion here, it is noteworthy that China has also returned to Cuba, its presence felt daily by the Chinese Yudong buses that roll down Havana's avenues daily, the growing visibility of the Confucius Institute at the University of Havana, the 300 plus Chinese medical students in Cuba, Xi Jinping's recent visit to the island as part of his grand Caribbean tour, and the beginning trickle of Chinese tourists. With Obama's announced intention to normalize relations with Cuba after a failed 60-year old U.S. led embargo which has lost all international support, Cuba's international trade is expected to increase markedly, not only with the United States, but with existing partners such as China. Following China's grand commercial entrance into many Latin American countries in the 21st century, such as Brazil, Mexico, Peru, will Cuba's expectation of accelerated trade with China as well as significant Chinese investment be realized? Will new Chinese immigrants once again find their way to Havana, which had once boasted America's first and largest Chinatown. Will China find enough compelling economic and political incentives to make significant investments in Cuba? This presentation will explore these and other

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questions in the current era and near future, as China resurfaces as a presence in Cuba, and in the context of normalizing US-Cuba relations. Evelyn HU-DEHART (胡其瑜) is Professor of History, American Studies and Ethnic Studies at Brown University, USA. She received her B.A in Political Science from Stanford University and her PhD in Latin American/Caribbean history from the University of Texas at Austin. She has written and edited 10 books, on three main topics: indigenous peoples on the U.S.-Mexico border; the Chinese Diaspora in Latin America and the Caribbean; and race relations and minority politics in the U.S. In addition to English, she publishes in Spanish and Chinese (Taiwan and PRC). Select publications on the Chinese diaspora include these edited volumes: Across the Pacific: Asian Americans and Globalization (1999); Asians in the Americas: Transculturation and Power (2002); Voluntary Associations in the Chinese Diaspora (2006); Asia and Latin America (2006); Afro-Asia (2008); Towards a Third Literature: Chinese Writings in the Americas (2012). She is currently Co-PI on two international collaborative research, public humanities and digital humanities projects: “Asia Pacific in the Making of the Americas: Towards a Global History” at Brown University (http://www.brown.edu/conference/asia-pacific/home); and “Chinese Railroad Workers of North America” at Stanford University (http://web.stanford.edu/group/chineserailroad/cgi-bin/wordpress/).

Making a Living on the Move:

Transnational Lives of Taiwanese Skilled Migrants in China DENG Jian-Bang

Tamkang University, Taiwan Abstract: Many highly-skilled migrants do not begin a fixed or immobile livelihood after migrating to a host country. Instead, the tendency is to show a continuous and two-way movement in a transnational social space. This paper aims to analyze migration experiences of Taiwanese expatriates in China. The theoretical background is drawn from diaspora/transnationalism approaches that complement the prevailing focus on the movement of professionals, which is categorized as a “brain drain/gain or circulation” between sending and receiving countries and leading to the neglect of analyzing migratory process at the micro level. Empirical data for this study is based on fieldwork in China over a nine-year period from 2005 to 2014. This paper argues that although different migration patterns of Taiwanese expatriates could be distinguished, the behavior of these expatriates are common during the migratory process - meaning that they continually travel back and forth between societies of origin and settlement to use local material and social resources, establish transnational social networks, and span pluri-local connections - all of which contribute to them having stable and transnational lives. The emphasis on the social practices’ transnational linkage, as well as both symbolic and material resources in migratory lives, could serve as indicators that might explain why Taiwanese expatriates in China are neither cosmopolitan elites nor homeless diasporas, and rather transmigrants that continually return home. DENG Jian-Bang (鄧建邦) is Associate Professor at the Graduate Institute of Futures Studies, University of Tamkang, Taiwan. His current research focuses on the impact of mobility and cross-cultural interactions on transnational professionals as well as the inward migration process to inner China by Taiwanese manufacturers. Recent publications include “Marginal Mobilities: Taiwanese manufacturing companies’ migration to inner China”, in Border Crossing in Greater China: Production, Community

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and Identity, London: Routledge, 2015 (edited by Jenn-hwan Wang), “Taiwan’s Immigration Policy and the China Impact: The Case of Cross-Strait Families”, in Assessing the China Impact: Taiwan’s Society and Politics in the Process of Intensifying and Multiplying Cross-strait Interaction (edited by Gunter Schubert, forthcoming).

Family Arrangements and Taiwanese Business Diaspora Culture in China

SHEN Hsiu-Hua National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan

Abstract: Thousands of Taiwanese business people, mainly married men have worked and lived in China for extended periods since the late 1980s. Many of their spouses and children have remained in Taiwan but increasing number of Taiwanese business families has relocated to China over the last decade. Based on studies in various Chinese cities, this paper explores how the two forms of family arrangement (transnational family and family migration) have shaped the formation of Taiwanese business communities in China. It finds that largely being made up by “situational single” men, Taiwanese communities in China are characterized by a highly masculinized, production and sexual-oriented culture with little concern for reproductive responsibilities especially during the early phrases of migration. The joining of families brings reproductive elements into the communities, founding Taiwanese women’s organizations, forming Taiwanese resident communities, and building Taiwanese schools. While the presences of women and children are important in building more grounded communities, their marginal positions in the communities symbolize that Taiwanese business communities in China are still highly masculinized and nomadic and China is largely an on-going transient place to Taiwanese capital and its people. SHEN Hsiu-Hua (沈秀華) is Associate Professor at the Institute of Sociology, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan. She is also a faculty member of the Center for Contemporary China at the University. Her areas of teaching and research are migration, gender studies, the sociology of intimacy, and everyday life of social class. Her research addresses how structural constraints and opportunities work to shape everyday social relations and identity formation particularly through the lens of gender, sexuality, class, and nationality. She is currently working on two research projects: Transnational families of Taiwanese business people in Taiwan and China, and the relationship between marriage and housing in contemporary urban China. She has published articles from her research projects and is currently working on her book on transnational families of Taiwanese business people across the Taiwan Strait.

Mapping Chinese Return Migration from New Zealand – A Meta-Data Analysis

From a Comparative Perspective LIU Liangni Sally

Massey University, New Zealand

Abstract: The People’s Republic of China (PRC) has remained as the second-largest source for residence approvals in New Zealand since 1997. This large immigration flow also engendered significant counter flow towards the homeland. Using data from Statistic New Zealand, this research analyses the Permanent and Long-term (PLT) departure and arrival data of five migrant groups from the Asia-Pacific region with non-English tradition (Korean, Indian, Chinese from the PRC and Taiwan, and Pacific

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Islanders from Fiji, Tonga and Samoa) of New Zealand, to show some distinct features of the return migration pattern of the PRC migrants in terms of volume, age, and gender. It is suggested here that the migration as well as the return migration patterns of the PRC migrants are not only relevant to China’s recent economic strength, but also relevant to New Zealand’s positioning in the global migration system. The study of the PRC return migration in the New Zealand context reflects a changing power relation between immigrant-sending and receiving countries. LIU Liangni Sally (刘良妮) received her PhD in Asian Studies from the University of Auckland in 2011. She is currently a Lecturer in the School of Humanities, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand. She was a postdoctoral fellow in the ‘Asian Migration Cluster’ of the Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore (2013-14), and a postdoctoral fellow in the Research Office, Auckland University of Technology (2011-2013). Dr. Liu’s research interest is in the areas of migrant transnationalism, especially Chinese transnational migration. Apart from this specialty, she is interested in research on the intersection of migratory mobility and sexuality. Her broader research interests also include ethnic relations between migrants and mainstream/indigenous people, and the media influence on ethnic relations. She has published a number of book chapters and research articles in high-ranked peer-reviewed journals, such as Journal of Intercultural Studies and Population, Space and Place. She also has disseminated her research results through giving public seminars and presenting conference papers. She is a reviewer for two journals, Asian and Pacific Migration Journal and Emotion, Space and Society, and an article editor of the Sage Open Publishing.

New Chinese Migrant Community of Cambodia

James CHIN The University of Hong Kong, SAR China

Abstract: Ethnic Chinese in Cambodia formed the country's largest ethnic minority with around 60 percent of the Chinese are urban residents engaged mainly in commerce and the other 40 percent in the rural area. Since the fall of the Khmer Rouge regime, the once stricken or even perished Chinese community under Pol Pot has been rejuvenating with large number of new Chinese migrant influx from mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. Companies set up by new Chinese migrants can now be seen almost in every city and town of the country, particularly in Phnom Penh, Siem Reap, Sihanouk Ville and Battambang. Chinese entrepreneurs own, operate, and built factories, banks, hospitals, restaurants, hotels, discos and casinos in the country. In the meantime, a great many of Chinese skilled labours have been recruited to work in the garment factories owned by entrepreneurs from Taiwan, Hong Kong and mainland China. As admitted by a Congressman of Cambodia, new Chinese migrants are playing a very important role in Cambodia’s economy as majority of the revenue of the country relies on the duties levied upon them. Three major groups could easily be discerned within the new Chinese migrant community, i.e. migrants from mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau, as well as Taiwan. What are the reasons and considerations behind their emigration decisions? Where did these new migrants come from mainland China? What are their occupations in Cambodia? Why some are successful in their businesses while others not? How many voluntary associations have so far been set up within this new Chinese community and their major functions? And what kind of internal relations could be observed among different Chinese dialect and locality migrant groups? Based on fieldwork researches conducted in the Chinese community of the country over the

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past 15 years, this paper would try to answer questions raised above with a focus on their local connections and internal solidarity in the hope to shed new light on the topic. James CHIN (钱江) is Senior Researcher of Asian Studies at the University of Hong Kong. Dr Chin’s research interests include historical relations between China and Southeast Asia, Chinese migration and diaspora, contemporary China-ASEAN relations, maritime history of Southeast Asia, and Chinese business networks and organizations in Southeast Asia. His publication include: “Negotiating and Bartering on the Frontier: Horse Trade in Song China”, “People on the Move: The Transnational Migration and Its Challenges towards Eurasia”, “Trends and Government Policies: Reducing Irregular Migration from China”.

Grassroots’ Choice: Seeking Opportunity Abroad: Factors Contributing to

Chinese Emigration to the Philippines since the Late 1970s DAI Fan

Jinan University, PRC Abstract: A large number of Chinese citizens have emigrated from China to the Philippines over the past three decades. Based on the fieldwork study conducted in the Philippines, this paper categorizes the new Chinese migrants flowing into the country, either legally or illegally, while analyzing the motivation and factors behind such a population flow. The author argues that in addition to the historical tradition, migration culture and migration network, the relative advantages of the country and the unique ethnic economy niche enjoyed by the Chinese migrants do provide new Chinese migrants with opportunities necessary for their survival and further development by pointing out that the flow of international migrants does not necessarily move from the low-income countries to the high-income ones, and the opportunities and comparative advantages in business contained in low-income countries could play a greater role in driving migration flow from a relative high-income country to low-income country. DAI Fan (代帆) is Associate Professor at the School of International Studies, Jinan University, China. He is especially interested in Philippines studies. Currently his research mainly covers Philippines study and new Chinese migrants in Southeast Asia. He ever did research as visiting research fellow at the Asian Center, University of the Philippines from 2007 to 2008 and 2011.

The Formation and Development of Contemporary Chinese Diaspora in Japan SHAO Chunfen

University of Sydney, Australia Abstract: The issue of new Chinese migration to Japan and the formation and development of Chinese community in Japan is under-researched in the English literature of International Studies of Chinese Overseas, despite the fact that there have been continuously increasing numbers migrating to Japan from China. Using official statistics from the Japanese Immigration Department, and data collected from personal interviews and mainstream newspapers, this paper examines the phenomenon of recent Chinese migration to Japan, with a comprehensive, systematic and timely analysis on the recent changes and challenges the existing Chinese community in Japan is experiencing. The paper also predicts the social impact of and future trends in Chinese international migration, with policy implications.

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SHAO Chunfen (邵春芬) studied political economy at Nanjing University, and was sent to Japan for studying abroad by Chinese government with Chinese National Scholarship in 1982. She received her BA from Hokkaido University, Japan and MS, PH.D from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan. Dr Shao specializes in area of urban sociology. She joined the University of Sydney in February 1993 and got the tenured appointment in 1999. Her main research interests include international migration with a focus on Chinese transnational migration, Chinese diasporas, Chinese communities in Japan and Australia.

Diverse “Chinese” Migrant Communities in South Korea: The Old Huaqiao, New Han Chinese, and Chaoxianzu Migrants in South Korea

and Their Migration Patterns SONG Changzoo

University of Auckland, New Zealand Abstracts: With the ease of the Cold War in the late 1980s and the consequent normalization of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea (1992), there has been a rapid growth in transnational migrations between the two countries. Today nearly 900,000 Chinese are residing in South Korea and this number includes the small number of old Huaqiao whose ancestors had migrated to the Korean peninsula between the late 19th and early 20th century. The new Chinese transnational migrants in South Korea include both Chaoxianzu (Korean Chinese) and Han Chinese. These three groups of “Chinese” are different from each other in many regards. The old Huaqiao tend to distinguish themselves from the new Han and Chaoxianzu migrants while the latters also show difference between them in terms of their migration and adaptation patterns. This paper explores some of the prominent differences among the old Huaqiao, new Han Chinese and Chaoxianzu migrants in South Korea in terms of their migration and adaptation patterns. SONG Changzoo is Senior Lecturer in Asian Studies at the University of Auckland in New Zealand. He earned his PhD in Political Science from the University of Hawai’i at Manoa and has worked in Latvia and Ukraine before he joined the University of Auckland in 2002. His research interests include the transnational migration and identity politics of Korean Chinese (Chaoxianzu), diaspora nationalism, and diasporic engagement policies of South Korea, China and other countries.

New Chinese Immigrants in Spain: Migration Process, Demographic Characteristics and Living Strategies

LI Minghuan Jinan University, PRC

Abstract: The majority of the Chinese in today’s Spain are the first generation of immigrants. Almost all of them emigrated from China to Spain after the mid-1980s, when China reopened its door to the West. According to the historical records, in the year of 1955, in total there were only 132 Chinese living in Spain. However, the immigration tide surged after the mid-1980s, and particularly after the mid-1990s. The total amount of the Chinese immigrants in Spain has increased from about 20 thousand in the mid-1990s to 230 000 in the year of 2015, increased more than ten times in two decades.

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Chinese Immigrants in Spain 1935 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2011 2013 2015 273 132 336 2000 5000 21000 160636 182072 230000 The demographic characteristics of the Chinese immigrants in Spain can be concluded as follows: (a) Their original hometown is highly concentrated: about 62% of the new Chinese immigrants in today’s Spain come from Zhejiang Province; and about 65% of these Zhejiangnese immigrants come from one county Qingtian; (b) It is a very young group: the census of 2013 shows that less than 2% of them are older than 65 and nearly three-quarter of them belong to working age population; (c) It is a group full of entrepreneurship: nearly half of the working age population has set up their own business. This paper is to trace the immigration process of the Chinese in Spain; to analyze their socio-demographic characteristics, and moreover, to discuss the challenges they have encountered in Spain. LI, Minghuan (李明欢) is currently Distinguished Professor and Director of Center for European Chinese Studies in Academy of Overseas Chinese Studies, Jinan University, China. She is also Professor of Sociology Department in Xiamen University, China. Professor Li majored in transnational migration studies for decades, particularly focusing on the Chinese immigrants in Europe and their sending areas (Qiaoxiang studies). Her publication includes “We need two worlds: Chinese immigrant associations in a Western society” (in English, 1999); A history of Chinese immigrants in Europe (in Chinese, 2002); A fieldwork report of Fujian qiaoxiang (in Chinese, 2005); A Study of International Migration Policies (in Chinese, 2011), Seeing Transnationally: How Chinese Migrants Make Their Dreams Come True (in English, 2013), and dozens of articles.

In the Heart of Europe: Creating and Imagining Chinese Community in Prague, Czechia

Adam HORALEK University of Pardubice, Czech Republic

Abstract: East Central Europe (ECE) has been out of major Chinese migration till late 1980s. The dramatic political changes in the former Soviet satellite states in 1989 and 1990 caused immediate and unprecedented influx of Chinese migrants into the region. Despite the fact that the total population of Chinese immigrants in ECE is still incomparably smaller to those in Western Europe, the Chinese immigrants in this region start to constitute visible communities. In Prague, the capital of Czechia, resides the second largest Chinese community in ECE, after Budapest. Since 2004, when all ECE countries became part of the EU, Czechia is changing its position from transiting country to the hosting “final” destination. However, compared to other Chinese overseas communities worldwide, there is significant lack of community identity among Czech Chinese. The presented study has therefore two major aims. Firstly, since 2003, there is huge gap in scholarly research on Czech Chinese and therefore the presented text aims to fill the gap with most recent historical and statistical analysis of Chinese immigrants in Prague. Secondly, the paper focuses on behavioral dimension of Chinese community imagination. Selected results of the field research conducted among Chinese in Prague between 2011 and 2014 will demonstrate the lack of individual

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identification with the community, the specifics of transnational identity among Czech Chinese and the difference between self-imagination and behavioral self-presentation among Chinese. Adam HORALEK received his Ph.D. in Ethnology (Anthropology) at Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic. He is Assistant Professor and head of the Department of Social Studies, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic. His main areas of research are in geography and ethnic identity of overseas Chinese and demographic changes of contemporary China with major focus on aging of the society and its impact on economic and social stability.

Identity, Integration and Generation: A Comparison between Chinese and

Vietnamese Immigrants in the Czech Republic CHENG Ter-Hsing James

Soochow University, Taiwan HU Liyan

Tongji University, PRC Abstract: The Central and Eastern Europe has attracted international migration since the end of the 1980s, including Asian immigrants, among whom took advantage of inadequate migration regulations at the beginning of the 1990s. Chinese immigrants are always the largest ethnic group in new areas for international migration, and Hungary and the Czech Republic are ideal destinations due to their lenient migration policies and relative economic prosperity compared with those of the other new democracies in this area. The sudden mass of migration occurred in the Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) negatively affected those countries’ applications for entering the EU, and thus a stricter policy to regulate new migration was adopted in the mid-1990s. However, according to Czech national statistics, migration from China was still increasing each year. The population of Chinese immigrants was at 5,224 in 2009. The increase of Chinese immigrants was owing to the optimistic expectation for CEECs’ entering the EU, however, the turn point happened at year of 2008/2009 and the financial crisis was the main cause. Meanwhile, the Beijing Olympic in 2008 and the power of Chinese “GDP” also both strengthen the mentality change of Chinese immigrants. The real number of Chinese immigrants declined. Actually “China rise” made the push-pull effect between nation identity and social integration. Thus, I raised a research assumption concerning the interaction between national identity and social integration, in other words, “China rise” enforces the national identity of Chinese immigrants and keeps their distance from the destination country, in spite of their wishes to live harmonically in the new land. However, my research purpose would like to reject the proposition.

In the newly open market for international migration, locals are obviously still not

accustomed to social contacts with new residents from foreign countries, especially those who are very culturally different. Many Chinese immigrants also feel frustrated at the difficulty with social integration into the local society. Essentially, people from these Asian countries have a strong connection with their culture and traditions, and the first generation of Chinese immigrants are impossible to abandon their cultural identity, but the second generation is seemingly more amenable to integration. It is a different picture for second-generation Chinese, for they still cling to Chinese identity and are proud of its assets. The second-generation Chinese also perform very well in local

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schools. I also wonder if national identity brings about any difficulties in social integration for the second generation’s migrations.

Those who depart away from their homeland to make their living in other

countries always wish to win respect from the local people. In the beginning of the 1990s, the CEECs were just opening to the outside world and Chinese society just began to globalize their internal market and globalization made Chinese people more willing to attempt to find new opportunities in other countries. The new “market” of the CEECs attracted not only big entrepreneurs, but also a large number of ordinary people without much capital. These new foreigners from China sold all kinds of cheap goods, such as clothes, toys, shoes, and so on and even cooperated with Vietnamese businessmen and worked together in the so-called Vietnamese market. Chinese immigrants always feel discriminated against and even think they are thought of as potential criminals by the local government or from the local people. At this moment of China rising, national identity seemingly promotes overseas Chinese to win over the full respect from the immigrant countries. Here I also wonder if the effect of national identity negatively influences the social cohesion of Chinese immigrants with the local society, or on the contrary, a stronger Chinese image supports an easier social integration into local society. This paper will explore how the effect of China rise influences the Chinese immigrants to (re-)integrate themselves into the local society, including the three questions as followings: 1) How can Chinese immigrants get more social respect in the local society? 2) How can Chinese immigrants play a good role of cross culture, not always the social image of economic animals? 3) How can Chinese immigrants combine themselves with the national policies, ex16+1 (16 CEECs and China), and the new silk road? CHENG Ter-Hsing James (鄭得興), also known as James CHENG, received his PhD in Sociology from Charles University, Czech Republic (2009). He is Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology, Soochow University, Taiwan. His main research fields involve political sociology, historical sociology, international migration, and the area study (the Central and Eastern Europe); more concrete topics include collective memory, civil society and Chinese immigrants in the Central and Eastern Europe. The selected publications as followings: “EU’s Common Immigration Policy: The Perspective of Czech ‘Immigrants’ Integration’ and A Chinese Case”, “Civil Society and Participatory Democracy in the New Democracies: A Comparison between Taiwan and Czech Republic”, and “The Collective Memory Framework in the Context of National Identity Differentiation: The Younger Generations after the Breakup of Czechoslovakia.” HU Liyan (胡麗燕) received her PhD in Political Science from Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic in 2014 and is currently a post-doctoral fellow at Tongji University, Shanghai, PRC. She spent almost 10 years’ study and working experience in Europe. Her main research interests include international relation theory, European politics, CEES politics, geopolitics and region integration, European migration and security.

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Chinese Traders in Accra, Ghana: Challenges for Community Building and Integration

Karsten GIESE GIGA Institute of Asian Studies, Germany

Abstract: When discussing the new presence of Chinese nationals on the African continent who have arrived over the last decade and a half the many clusters of Chinese entrepreneurs across Africa present a paradox. In most cases, it seems, they lack the characteristics typically ascribed to ethnic Chinese groups outside China. The lack of ethnic or national solidarity and social cohesion culminating in the widespread absence of community defy common wisdom with regard to overseas Chinese, while strong indicators of individualistic strategies also offer a stark contrast to the similarly common transnational network paradigm. The new Chinese in Ghana who have arrived as individual entrepreneurs and in substantial numbers since the turn of the millennium are no exception. The majority of these Chinese nationals form a highly concentrated trading cluster in Accra, the country’s capital and economic centre. Chinese economic activities in trade have concentrated at the periphery of the Makola market, which has served as main site for commerce. This pattern of spatial clustering has resulted in high visibility of Chinese commercial activities, whereas residential patterns are characterized by a high degree of dispersion across middle class residential areas of Accra and neighbouring Tema and also isolation from each other and from the local population. This paper provides some explanation why Chinese in Ghana fail to build community. Karsten GIESE (展易) is Senior Research Fellow at the GIGA Institute of Asian Studies, Hamburg, Germany, and an editor of the Journal of Current Chinese Affairs. He holds a PhD in Modern China Studies and his research interests include socio-economic change in Greater China, Chinese domestic and international migration, and overseas Chinese studies. From 2011-13 he conducted the research project “Entrepreneurial Chinese Migrants and Petty African Entrepreneurs: Local Impacts of Interaction in Urban West Africa”. He recently started the follow-up project “West African Traders as Translators between Chinese and African Modernities”. In July 2013 he was elected as Executive Member of the Managing Board of the German Association for Asian Studies (DGA).

An Analysis of Integration of New Chinese Immigrants

into Local Communities in Zimbabwe SHEN Xiaolei

Peking University, China

Abstract: The new Chinese immigrants came to Zimbabwe in the middle of 1980s. Since then, they have made a lot of contribution to Zimbabwe’s social and economic development. But up to now, their integration with the local communities is still not very good. In recent years, based on the centralization of living and commercial areas, the establishment of new immigrants’ associations and the development of Chinese local media, the Chinese community in Zimbabwe gradually matured which formed an internally-oriented social environment and decreased their motivation and ability to integrate into local communities. In the process of interaction, the mutual identification between them and Zimbabweans has many negative images. As a result, it’s difficult for them to consider Zimbabwe as their second home and for Zimbabweans to truly accept them. To promote social integration, new immigrants have carried out a

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serious of activities, including regulating the behaviors of new Chinese immigrants, fulfilling social responsibilities and organizing large-scale cultural or sporting activities with the locals. To date, those activities have made some achievements. However, the full integration of them into local Zimbabwean communities, in reality, still has a long way to go. SHEN Xiaolei (沈晓雷) is a PhD candidate at Institute of Afro-Asian Studies, School of International Studies, Peking University, China. His PhD dissertation title is “Land and politics: a study of land reform in Zimbabwe”. He translated the book “The Dragon's Gift：A Real Story of China in Africa” (by Deborah Brautigam) into Chinese: 《龙的礼

物：中国在非洲真实的故事》.

The Politics of Chineseness in South Africa: From Apartheid Years to 2015

Yoon Jung PARK Rhodes University, South Africa

Abstract: South Africa is one of the few African countries with three distinct ethnic Chinese communities as well as a critical mass of ethnic Chinese people – one large enough to impact local and national politics. Over the years, the Chinese have been targeted because of their Chineseness; however, on occasion they have also made use of their Chineseness – their ethnic difference from other South Africans as well as their links to China (as in “Rising China”) and the Chinese factory (or Chinese manufacturing power. In the case of the Taiwanese, they made use of Taiwanese economic muscle and the strong links between the South African and the Taiwanese states) – to further their own interests in the country. In this paper, I will use the notion of “Chineseness” to describe and flush out the fluidity of both its content and its uses, while pointing to the differences between the three main communities of Chinese in South Africa – the third- and fourth-generation Chinese South Africans, the Taiwanese South Africans, and the newer waves of mainland Chinese. I will also explore shifting connections and identifications with China and Chineseness over time. Material will be culled from in-depth interviews with Chinese South Africans conducted in 1999, interviews with newer Chinese migrants conducted between 2007-2010, more recent interviews conducted in 2015, as well as close participant observation over the years between 1999 and 2015. Yoon Jung PARK has a PhD from University of the Witwatersrand (Sociology), an MA from Fletcher School at Tufts University (International Relations), and a BA from Pitzer College (Sociology and Women’s Studies). She is one of the leading researchers in the subfield of China/Africa studies. Her research is focused primarily on Chinese migrants in southern Africa. She is currently a freelance researcher with affiliations at the Sociology Department at Rhodes University (Grahamstown, South Africa) and African Studies at Georgetown University (Washington, DC). She has also taught at the University of Johannesburg, the University of the Witwatersrand, American University and Howard University.

In addition to her research, writing, and teaching, Dr. Park serves as the convener/coordinator of the Chinese in Africa/Africans in China (CA/AC) Research Network, an international network of scholars, researchers, graduate students, journalists, filmmakers and practitioners, which she helped to establish in 2007. The CA/AC Research Network, in partnership with the Social Science Research Council, is committed to sharing the most up-to-date research and other resources on China/Africa

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issues amongst Network members and the general public. More information can be found on our recently launched a digital space, the China-Africa Knowledge Project Resource Hub, at http://china-africa.ssrc.org/.Dr. Park is the author of “A Matter of Honour: Being Chinese in South Africa (Jacana/Lexington Books)” and dozens of articles and book chapters in scholarly publications including Les Temps Modernes, African Studies, African & Asian Studies, Transformation, the Journal of Chinese Overseas, and African Studies Review. She is a highly sought-after expert on Chinese migrants in Africa and is currently working on her next book on that topic. Her current research interests include ethnic Chinese in southern Africa and perceptions of Chinese people by local communities; migration; race, ethnicity and identity; race, class and power dynamics; affirmative action and Chinese South Africans; and xenophobia. She also has done work on issues of gender and gender-based violence, international development, and arts & culture in South Africa and the United States.

Chinese Student Diaspora, Social Networking and Community Building: An Exploration of Theory and Practice in England

WU Bin University of Nottingham, UK

Abstract: The unprecedented growth of Chinese international students since the 21st century raises questions about the links to and impact on local communities in host countries. Viewing Chinese students as a special segment of Chinese diaspora, this paper sheds a new light on Chinese students' social networking for their interconnections and interactions with different groups, both Chinese and non-Chinese, within campus or in the wider community. Many questions arise here: What is contribution of Chinese students to the growth and transformation of diaspora Chinese communities in major destinations? What are the scope of their social networking and functions for Chinese community cohesion and integration? What are the differences between Chinese students and local residents, between Chinese students from mainland China and those from Hong Kong and Singapore in terms of network building and local engagement? Above questions are addressed by a combination of official data analysis and a questionnaire survey conducted in Nottingham, England. WU Bin (武斌) is Senior Research Fellow in the School of Contemporary Chinese Studies, and a founder and convenor of the Centre for Chinese Migration Studies (CCMS), University of Nottingham. With an interdisciplinary training background, his research interests include: working conditions of Chinese seafarers and migrant workers in Italy and the UK; global citizenship, social justice and higher education reform in China and beyond; Chinese student migration, integration and diasporic Chinese community development in the UK and Europe. His recent publications include: "Nottingham Chinese Community in Transition: A survey of community cohesion, integration and university engagement" (2013), "Chinese Immigration into the EU: New Trends, Dynamics and Implications" (ECRAN Paper, 2013 with Kevin Latham); "Bringing class back in: Class consciousness and solidarity amongst Chinese migrant workers in Italy and the UK" (Ethnic and Racial Studies, 2014, with Hong Liu). “Chinese Higher Education Reform and Social Justice” (Routledge, forthcoming, edited volume with John Morgan). He is a co-editor of The International Journal of Diasporic Chinese Studies (in Chinese).

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Rediscovering the New Gold Mountain: Chinese Immigration to Australia since the mid-1980s

GAO Jia The University of Melbourne, Australia

Abstract: The history of Chinese migration to Australia from the 1850s to the present could be broadly divided into several stages, and the most recent turning point occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when 45,000 or so students from the Chinese mainland were given permanent residency in Australia. The settlement of this large group of new Chinese migrants has not only reactivated direct immigration from China to Australia, which was known as the ‘new gold mountain’ at the time of the gold rush, in comparison with the ‘old gold mountain’ of San Francisco, but has also over the past three decades made Australia an attractive destination for inflows of migrants, students, tourists and investments from China. This paper seeks to examine the patterns, trends and characteristics of Chinese immigration in Australia from the mid-1980s to the present, and explain how the Chinese, who were regarded as aliens in Australia, have become an integral part of contemporary Australian society. GAO Jia (高佳 ) is Associate Professor in the Asia Institute at the University of Melbourne and serves as Assistant Dean (China) of the Faculty of Arts at the same university. He was the recipient of the first and only national academic prize in sociology from China's National Commission of Education and the Fok Ying Tung Foundation in 1988, when he was teaching at Renmin University of China. His current research interests include sociological studies of post-1978 China and the new Chinese migrant community in Australia. He has carried out continuing longitudinal research on the experiences of new Chinese migrants in Australia since 1988, and his publications on the topic include Chinese activism of a different kin: The Chinese students’ campaign to stay in Australia (Brill, 2013) and Chinese migrant entrepreneurship in Australia from the early 1990s: Case-studies of success in Sino-Australian relations (Chandos, 2015).

The Making of New Chinese Immigrants in Canada Eva Xiaoling LI and Peter S. LI

University of Saskatchewan, Canada

Abstract: Since their arrival in 1859, Chinese were marginalized in Canadian society until WWII ended. After repealing discriminatory laws against Chinese, it took another 20 years before Chinese could enter Canada under similar criteria as others. Hong Kong was the main Chinese emigration source to Canada from the 1950s till 1980s. However, since the 1980s, there has been a shift of emigration from Hong Kong to Mainland China, related partly to the rising demand of Canada for educated immigrants, and partly to the growing supply of university graduates in China. The continuous arrival of this generation of Chinese brought economic vitality and social changes to metropolitan Canada. Despite many coming with university education, the new Chinese received lower remuneration than white immigrants from the U.S and Europe. Differences in human capital levels and other factors account for only some income disparity. It appears that racial inequality remains an obstacle for new Chinese as they establish their place in Canada. Eva Xiaoling LI (李晓玲), Ph.D., is Researcher and Sessional Lecturer at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada. Her research areas are immigration, Chinese Canadian,

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Chinese overseas and research methods and statistics. She has co-authored several journal articles and book chapters with Peter Li, including “University-educated Immigrants from China to Canada” and “Decomposing Immigrants’ Economic Integration in Earnings Disparity” published in Canadian Ethnic Studies, “Vancouver Chinatown in Transition ”in Journal of Chinese Overseas, and “Changes in the Chinese Overseas Population, 1955-2007” in Canadian Review of Sociology. She is working on a research project to study Chinese economy in Vancouver with LI Zong and Peter LI. Peter S. LI (李胜生 ), Ph.D., D.Litt., FRSC, is Professor Emeritus, University of Saskatchewan, Canada. He has published over 90 academic papers and 11 books, including The Chinese in Canada. He was president (2004-5) of the Canadian Sociology Association, and has received several awards, including the Sociology Outstanding Contribution Award (2002), the Earned Doctor of Letters (2011), and the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal (2012). He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

Debating Integration in Singapore, Deepening the Variegations of the Chinese Diaspora

HO Lynn-Ee Elaine National University of Singapore

FOO Fang Yu National Institute of Education, Singapore

Abstract: This paper focuses on integration debates concerning the recent immigration of Mainland Chinese migrants to Singapore. While the Singaporean state emphasizes the importance of integrating new immigrants into the existing social fabric of the nation-state, Singaporeans have responded with scepticism about the willingness of new immigrants to integrate. It is critical to counterbalance this set of discourses with the views expressed by immigrants towards integration. The paper suggests that integration pressures and social inclusion or exclusion are experienced in contradictory ways due to co-ethnic tensions, which is tied to the periodisation of immigration to Singapore. By examining the attitudes expressed by the new Chinese immigrants and their experiences of integration, this paper also draws out the variegations found in the Chinese diaspora landscape that has deepened in Singapore across the decades. HO Lynn-Ee Elaine (何琳贻) is Associate Professor at the Department of Geography, National University of Singapore (NUS). Her research addresses how citizenship is changing as a result of transnational migration. Prior to joining NUS, she was a lecturer at the University of Leeds. She completed her PhD at University College London, after which she was awarded postdoctoral fellowships at Royal Holloway University of London and the University of British Columbia. Her research considers the citizenship dissonances arising from managed migration (both immigration and emigration), return migration, and more recently, forced migration. Whilst much of this research is on Mainland China, she has also studied migration in Singapore, Myanmar and Canada. Her current research projects focus on African student migration to China and border mobilities between Myanmar and China. Dr Ho has published extensively in Geography, Migration and Asian Studies journals. She serves on the editorial boards of academic journals such as Citizenship Studies, Emotions, Society and Space, and the Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography. She is also an international member of the ESRC Peer Review College established by the Economic and Social Research Council, UK.

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FOO Fang Yu (符方瑜) is currently undertaking a Post-Graduate Diploma in Education at the National Institution of Education (NIE). Prior to her studies in NIE, she graduated with an Bachelor of Social Sciences Honours degree from the Department of Geography, National University of Singapore (NUS). She holds a minor in Chinese Studies. Fang Yu’s interest lies in understanding how migrants negotiate changes in their identity and culture.

Changing Patterns of Chinese Immigration and Diasporic Formation in Singapore and the United States

ZHOU Min and LIU Hong Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Abstract: After several decades’ hiatus, there has been a sustained surge of Chinese emigration and resurgent opportunities for transnational activity since 1978. In this paper, we engage with the burgeoning literature on diaspora and transnationalism, focusing on the roles of state policy, immigrant agency, and preexisting diasporic communities to examine the means and consequences of contemporary Chinese emigration and Diasporic formation and integration in different host societies. Specifically, we address the following questions: (1) How do emigration histories and receiving contexts matter in shaping diasporic formation? (2) Who is involved in diasporic communities and in diaspora-homeland interactions? (3) What bearing do immigrants’ engagements with their diaspora community and the homeland have on their hostland integration? Through a comparative analysis of contemporary Chinese immigration to Singapore and the United States, we examine the interrelations among different actors and the roles each plays in cross-border activities. We find that differences in emigration histories and receiving contexts affect diasporic formation. We also find that immigrants maintain ties to their homeland, or sending state governments reach out to expatriates, through diasporic communities despite differences in diasporic formation. Moreover, varied levels of diaspora integration into the receiving countries affect how receiving states respond to immigrant transnationalism. Finally, we discuss the implications of homeland-diaspora interactions, showing that transnationalism is utilized by new Chinese immigrants as an alternative means to socioeconomic status attainment and that it facilitates, rather than hinders, immigrant integration into host societies. ZHOU Min (周敏) is Tan Lark Sye Chair Professor of Sociology, Head of the Division of Sociology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, and Director of the Chinese Heritage Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Her main areas of research are in international migration, immigrant integration/adaptation, the new second generation, ethnic/racial relations, ethnic entrepreneurship, Chinese Diaspora, and Asia and Asian America, and she has published widely in these areas, including 16 books and more than 170 journal articles and book chapters (with over 15,500 Google scholar citations and a Google scholar h-index of 47 as of 30 November 2015). Her major works include: Chinatown (Temple University Press, 1992); Growing up American (with Bankston, Russell Sage Foundation Press, 1998); Contemporary Chinese America (Temple University Press, 2009); The Accidental Sociologist in Asian American Studies (UCLA Asian American Studies Center Press, 2011); The Asian American Achievement Paradox (with Lee, Russell Sage Foundation, 2015); and The Rise of the New Second Generation (with Bankston, Polity, 2016). Currently, Zhou is working on three projects: “Inter-group relations and racial attitudes among Chinese locals and African merchants in Guangzhou, China,” “Chinese immigrant

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transnationalism,” and “Highly skilled Chinese immigrants in Los Angeles and Singapore.” She is writing a book on Chinatown, Koreatown, and Beyond: The Ethnic System of Supplementary Education. LIU Hong (刘宏) is Tan Kah Kee Endowed Professor of Asian Studies and Chair of School of Humanities and Social Sciences at NTU. He has taught at NUS, Kyoto University, and the University of Manchester (as Chair Professor of East Asian Studies and the Founding Director of the Centre for Chinese Studies), prior to joining NTU in 2010. His research focuses on two main areas: modern Asian studies, particularly socio-cultural, and economic interactions; and ethnic Chinese communities in Southeast and East Asia. He has established a track record of extensive and impactful publications in English, Chinese, Indonesian and Japanese. He will work with the Co-PI on Sub-area C research projects.

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PARTICIPANTS NAME, INSTITUTION AND EMAIL (LISTED ALPHABETICALLY BY AUTHOR’S LAST NAME)

NAME INSTITUTION EMAIL

Prof CHENG Ter-Hsing James Soochow University, Taiwan jameseataiwan@yahoo.com.tw

Dr James CHIN The University of Hong Kong, SAR China qianj@hku.hk

Prof DAI Fan Jinan University, PRC fansky2000@gmail.com

Prof DENG Jian-Bang Tamkang University, Taiwan dengjb@mail.tku.edu.tw

Ms FOO Fang Yu National Institute of Education fangyufoo@gmail.com

Prof GAO Jia The University of Melbourne, Australia Jia@unimelb.edu.au

Dr Karsten GIESE GIGA Institute of Asian Studies, Hamburg, Germany Karsten.Giese@giga-hamburg.de

Prof HO Lynn-Ee Elaine National University of Singapore Elaine.ho@nus.edu.sg

Prof Adam HORALEK University of Pardubice, Czech Republic A.Horalek@seznam.cz

Prof Evelyn HU-DEHART Brown University, USA evelyn_hu-dehart@brown.edu

Dr HU Liyan Tongji University, PRC huliyan2015@sina.com

Prof LI Minghuan Jinan University, PRC mhlherexm@gmail.com

Prof Peter S. LI University of Saskatchewan, Canada peter.li@usask.ca

Dr LI Xiaoling Eva University of Saskatchewan, Canada xiaoling.li@usask.ca

Prof LIU Hong Nanyang Technological University, Singapore liuhong@ntu.edu.sg

Dr LIU Liangni Sally Massey University, New Zealand L.Liu2@massey.ac.nz

Dr Yoon Jung PARK Rhodes University, South Africa yoon1@verizon.net

Dr SHAO Chunfen University of Sydney, Australia chunfen.shao@sydney.edu.au

Prof SHEN Hsiu-Hua National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan hhshen@mx.nthu.edu.tw

Mr SHEN Xiaolei Peking University, PRC shenxiaolei1980@163.com

Dr SONG Changzoo University of Auckland, New Zealand ch.song@auckland.ac.nz

Dr WU Bin University of Nottingham, U.K. Bin.Wu@nottingham.ac.uk

Prof Zhan Shaohua Nanyang Technological University, Singapore shzhan@ntu.edu.sg

Prof ZHOU Min Nanyang Technological University, Singapore zhoumin@ntu.edu.sg

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THE CHINESE HERITAGE CENTRE

Director: Prof ZHOU Min

The Chinese Heritage Centre (CHC) at Nanyang Technological University (NTU) is unique in the world. Founded as a non-profit organisation in 1995 and guided by an international Board of Governors, CHC aims to advance knowledge and understanding of the ethnic Chinese communities in different parts of the globe. Since 2011, CHC has been reconstituted as an autonomous institute of Nanyang Technological University (NTU). It has remained self-sustaining, depending on fundraising from private donors and government matching grants. In a globalising world, CHC functions as a three-in-one institute, serving as a research centre, a library, and a museum. Its work is crucial in three ways:

• CHC addresses the insufficient public acknowledgement of the tremendous contributions that the Chinese overseas have made to local communities around the world. • CHC stems the tide of gradual identity and cultural detachment among Chinese youths by reconnecting them to their roots. • CHC leverages on the strategic location in Singapore at a major research university, at the crossroad of East and West, and at the center of the greater Chinese diaspora to create, advance, and curate the global body of knowledge concerning the Chinese overseas.

Mission As the first and currently the only multi-functional university institute in the world outside mainland China that specialises in the study of Chinese overseas, CHC’s mission is to promote the awareness and understanding of Chinese history, culture, and tradition among people in Singapore and around the world. CHC achieves these missions through:

• Producing & disseminating knowledge and scholarship in English, Chinese, and other major languages • Curating historical and contemporary artefacts and data for research and education • Preserving and promoting Chinese heritage through public education, community outreach, and multicultural exchange

Vision CHC aspires to be a leading research and resource centre for the Chinese outside China and for the study of Chinese overseas.

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THE CHIANG CHING-KUO FOUNDATION FOR INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY EXCHANGE

The Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange is a nonprofit organization headquartered in Taipei, the capital of the Republic of China on Taiwan. It also maintains a regional office in McLean, Virginia near Washington D.C. in the United States. The Foundation was established in 1989 in honor of the late President Chiang Ching-kuo. During his presidency, Chiang Ching-kuo initiated a series of economic reforms crucial to this country's rapid economic development. In 1986, he further proposed several major political reforms, including the lifting of martial law, the reform of the Legislative Yuan, the legalization of opposition political parties, and the humanitarian policy of allowing citizens to visit relatives in mainland China. These policies helped accelerate the process of democratization in Taiwan. In 1987, a group of professors of Chinese descent at major American universities wrote a joint letter to President Chiang Ching-kuo expressing their concern about the gradual decline of programs of Chinese Studies in overseas academic institutions. They suggested that, given the increased prosperity of the country, a foundation for international scholarly exchange should be established to support and promote the understanding of Chinese culture and society overseas. They believed that, in the long run, such an organization would both strengthen the bonds between foreign and domestic scholarly communities and enhance the international standing of the Republic of China on Taiwan. President Chiang Ching-kuo accepted the recommendation, and instructed relevant government officials to study the ways and means for its implementation. Unfortunately, he passed away on January 13, 1988 before the study was completed. After his death, government officials continued to work to establish the foundation. Under the Ministry of Education's supervision, the Foundation was organized and named the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange. The Foundation's original endowment comes from two sectors, public and private. 53 million US dollars was originally allocated by the ROC Ministry of Education and 33 million US dollars came from private donors. The operational funds of the Foundation derive from the interest generated by this endowment.

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SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (HSS) NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE

Chair: Prof LIU Hong

Established in 2004, the School of Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS) at NTU is developing and nurturing graduates and researchers to confront the challenges of the 21st-century world through teaching and scholarship. The School is at the forefront of conducting new interdisciplinary research and education programmes based upon the School’s comparative strengths, and leading-edge research trends in the international academe. HSS has five strategic research clusters namely: Humanities, Science and Society; Environment and Sustainability; Global Asia; Cognition and Neuroscience; and Literary and Cultural Studies. These clusters are centrally aligned with NTU’s Five Peaks of Excellence: Sustainable Earth; Future Healthcare; New Media; New Silk Road and Innovation Asia. HSS is now home to over 200 faculty members who inspire and mentor more than 3,100 undergraduate and graduate students.

CENTRE FOR LIBERAL ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (CLASS), COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES, ARTS, AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (HASS),

NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE

Director: Prof K.K. Luke The Centre for Liberal Arts and Social Sciences (CLASS) is a key research hub within the College of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences. Created first in 2006 under the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, it was re-organized to come under the College in 2010. The aim of CLASS is to promote research excellence in the humanities and social sciences, and to foster inter-disciplinary and collaborative research among faculty under the three Schools in the College. CLASS also provides a platform for interaction with other Schools at NTU, as well as researchers and scholars internationally. A key focus of the Centre’s work has been to provide an intellectual meeting ground for scholars, as well as to act as a central organizational structure for workshops, seminars, and conferences. Perspectives from art and art history, economics, various treatments of language and literature, history, politics, cognitive and behavioral sciences, philosophy, have been weaved into the scholarship promoted by CLASS, lending to interdisciplinary discourse, which is one of the central tenets of the Centre’s ethos. Another core area of work for CLASS is the building of international research connections in order to promote a spirit of engagement. CLASS has hosted numerous activities which have facilitated interactions between scholars at and outside of NTU. Many of CLASS’s conferences, seminars, and workshops have led to fruitful conversations, collaborative projects and joint publications.

13华裔馆通讯 | 2014年12月 | 第21期

By Walter Lim Chee Kiong （林志强） Translated by Fabian Tee Ling Zhi (池凌志)

Located south of the Macritchie Reservoir, Bukit Brown (BB) and its neighboring cemeteries collectively formed the largest Chinese immigrant graveyard outside of China. The government’s decision in 2011 to build a new road through BB unexpectedly sparked a ground-up effort to save a disappearing facet of Singapore’s history. In so doing, this group of individuals revealed the splendor of BB for all to see.

 50yrs after BB was established in 1922, the government stopped all burials within its precinct. This closure coincided with the time when between 40-50 plus (1911) Chinese revolutionary pioneers passed into history and found their final resting place in BB.  These gentlemen included a rich gentry by the name of Khoo Siok Wan who led 500 others to appeal for the immediate release of Emperor Guangxu who was under house arrest in China’s Forbidden City, Tan Chor Nam who led the campaign to rescue Zhang Bing Lin and Zhou Rong leading intellectuals of their time from the clutches of the Manchu Imperial Court in his villa in Baliester Road.  Others such as Boey Chuan Poh owner and main writer of a publication (Zong Hui Xin Bao) who wrote extensively for the cause of constitutional monarchy and Lim Keng Chiew an consummate orator and propagandist for the cause of 1911 revolution. Despite the ideological differences during their lifetimes, they now reside side by side with each other - their intertwined lives bespoke of the turbulence and upheavals that was China’s fate.  Singapore was not only the place where the tycoons’ path met, it was also focal point for many leading lights of the time and where countless masses came to toil.  This multi-layering of interconnected lives lends color and nuance to Singapore’s rich history. 

  For many, BB is just the final destination after one passes on.  However, this place is more than a place to fulfill the requirementsof dust-to-dust, earth-to-earth or a collection of rock hewed headstones.  BB is a cultural heavy weight and a center of art.  Behind every

elaborately carved tombstone is a classic Chinese tale of morality and literature.  The stones carry a repository comprising scenes from the Madam White Snake, Romance of the 3 Kingdoms, and Tales of 8 immortals etc.    There are intricately carved cultural motifs and European imported tiles fired at high temperature with gold inserts that glitter faintly in the dark.  Many tiles of different origins and design have, over the passage of time, become treasured collectors’ items.  BB is veritable open air museum.

 Singapore was the heart of South-East Asia (“Nanyang” as the locals called it) and a confluence where East meets West.  The popular early 20th century Nanyang fashion was created when different cultures collide and blend into one another in Singapore.  This fashion manifest itself when stone carved naked angels replaced the traditional Golden Boy and Jade Girl, ferocious door guardians gave way to armed Punjabi Sikh guards and tales of Zhu Ke Liang’s exploits are immortalized into stone carvings.

  Last year, BB was included in World Monuments Watch as an endangered world heritage site worthy of protection.  This year, BB was one of recommended sites to visit as Singapore became Lonely Planet’s best country to visit in 2015. In the not too distant future, BB could become of the top 100 global sites to visit one’s lifetime. 

Bukit Brown: An “Open-Air Museum” Filled with Art and Culture

* Article extracted from CHC Bulletin Issue 21, P13

Contact Information:Chinese Heritage Centre: 12 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637721Nanyang Executive Centre (NEC): 60 Nanyang View, Singapore 639673, Tel: +65 6790 6697Mr LUO Biming: +65 90276659Ms YANG Wei: +65 91689320Prof ZHOU Min: +65 6513 8649; Mobile 9238 5061