program logic formulation - ohio state university
DESCRIPTION
* Tools for Program Development * Top-down Stepwise Refinement * Some Types of Logic Diagrams * Characteristics of Flow Charts * Flow Charting SymbolsTRANSCRIPT
Lect 3 P. 1
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Structured Engineering Problem Solving and Logic Diagrams
Lecture 3
Lect 3 P. 2
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
TOOLS FOR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
• A variety of tools and techniques can be used in the process of program development
• Useful for organizing the tasks in problem solving
• Many of the tools are focused on the:
– development or formulation of algorithms
– representation of algorithms
– refinement or structuring of algorithms
Lect 3 P. 3
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
TOOLS FOR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
• Top-down design technique – Start with overall function and perform several
step-wise refinements• Pseudo code– Artificial and informal language that helps
programmers develop algorithms• Logic diagrams– Alternate representations of algorithms
including graphic and state representations
Lect 3 P. 4
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
TOP-DOWN STEPWISE REFINEMENT
• Begin with a single statement that conveys the overall function of the program. This is a complete (but simple) representation of the program.
• Divide this "top" statement into a series of smaller tasks and list them in the order in which they must be performed to produce a first refinement.
Lect 3 P. 5
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
TOP-DOWN STEPWISE REFINEMENT
• Next, refine each of the smaller tasks into yet smaller steps, defining specific "variables" as may be needed in this second refinement.
• Continue refinement until algorithm is fully developed.
• When combined with pseudo code, writing the program is normally straightforward.
Lect 3 P. 6
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Top-Down Example
• The Problem:
The students in a class have taken their first quiz. The grades (in the range of 0 to 100) are available. Determine the class average on the quiz.
• Givens:
Grades, Possible range of legitimate grades.
Lect 3 P. 7
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Top-Down Example (continued)
• Unknowns:
How many grades to be averaged?
• Assumptions:
A "grade" not in the range of expected grades could be used to indicate the that all of the legitimate grades have been entered. (Called "sentinel" or "flag".)
Lect 3 P. 8
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Top-Down Example (continued)
• Using pseudo code, we begin by representing the top:
– Determine the class average for the quiz
Lect 3 P. 9
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Top-Down Example (continued)
• Next, perform the first refinement:
– Determine the class average for the quiz• Initialize variables• Input, sum, and count quiz grades• Calculate and print the class average
Lect 3 P. 10
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Top-Down Example (continued)
• Next, refine each one of these smaller tasks:
– Initialize variables• Initialize a running total to zero• Initialize a grade counter to zero
Lect 3 P. 11
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Top-Down Example (continued)
Input, sum, and count quiz grades
Input the first grade
While the user has not entered the "flag"
Add this grade into the running total
Add one to the grade counter
Input next grade (possibly the "flag")
Lect 3 P. 12
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Top-Down Example (continued)
Calculate and print the class average
If the grade counter is not zero
Set the class average to the running
total divided by the grade counter
Print the average
Else
Print "No grades were entered"
Lect 3 P. 13
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Handling Special Cases
• Notice that the top-down refinement example included the handling of a "special case".
• Many of you are aware of the special treatment that Windows gives to the extreme "special cases" (sometimes called the BSOD or Blue Screen of Death…)
Lect 3 P. 14
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Handling Special Cases
Lect 3 P. 15
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Some Types of Logic Diagrams
• Flow Charts -- graphic representation of an algorithm– an aid to writing the program– no formal standards, but common guidelines
• Action Diagrams -- technique for diagramming of control structures of a program– an outline of the computer application– what things happen, when, where, how many
times
Lect 3 P. 16
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Characteristics of Flow Charts
• Useful tool in program development• Not a complete description of program• Not only tool to use• Made before writing the program• Program might differ from flowchart• Only executable statements are shown• Specific equations and tests not included• Every main and sub-program is charted
Lect 3 P. 17
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Flow Charting Symbols
• The commonly used flowcharting symbols follow
• Refer to Section 9 of the H192 "Class Notes" for a more complete description of the various flowcharting symbols normally used
Lect 3 P. 18
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Flow Charting SymbolsBegin or End a Procedure:
"Main Program" "Subprogram"
Begin
End
START
BEGIN
STOP
END
ENTER
RETURN
Lect 3 P. 19
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Flow Charting Symbols
Write to Screen:
Read from Keyboard:
INFORM MSG
ERROR MSG
RESULTS
INPUTPROMPT
INPUT
INPUTPROMPT
OPTION
Lect 3 P. 20
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Flow Charting SymbolsRead from a File:
Read from a File with a Check for End-of-File:
READ
EOF? Y
N
READ
EOF? Y
N
READ
WRITE
Lect 3 P. 21
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Flow Charting Symbols
Decision or Selection Structure:
General Processing:
QUIT? Y
N
A<B? F
T
process
Lect 3 P. 22
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Flow Charting Symbols
Definite Loop:
Indefinite Loop:
y
n init
inc <= LIM?
do while index <= limit
y
n
Lect 3 P. 23
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Flow Charting Symbols
On-Page Connectors:
Off-Page Connectors:
1 2 2
1 From To
To From
A
A
Lect 3 P. 24
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Flow Charting Symbols
Call (or Invoke) a Subprogram:
subname
Lect 3 P. 25
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Daily Assignment F2
• Problem:
There are a number of apples in a large box which must be sorted into baskets. An apple is either a "large red" one, a "small red" one, or a "green" one.
• Develop a flow chart or algorithm to solve the problem
Lect 3 P. 26
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Daily Assignment F2
Assumptions:1. There are 3 empty baskets present and they are
labeled:#1 – large red, #2 – small red, #3 – green
2. There are counters of some sort present.3. The person sorting is not color blind and can tell
the difference between large and small apples.4. Only these three kinds of apples are in the large
box.
Lect 3 P. 27
Engineering H192 - Computer Programming
Winter Quarter The Ohio State UniversityGateway Engineering Education Coalition
Daily Assignment F2
• Are there any unknowns?
• Start with the overall problem
• Develop the steps to solve the problem