program: bscs ii (advent semester – 2014) lecturer: rebecca asiimwe email:...
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PROGRAM: BSCS II (ADVENT SEMESTER – 2014)Lecturer: Rebecca Asiimwe
Email: [email protected]
System Analysis and Design
3. Information systems
Information systems
What is an Information Systems?Computer- based vs. Manual systemsWho uses Information SystemsTypes of Information Systems
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Information3
Information is an organizational resource which must be managed as carefully as other resources
Costs are associated with information processing
Information processing must be managed to take full advantage of its potential
To support and achieve bullet one and three above, we need information systems.
What is an Information system
A set of interrelated components that work together to collect, process, store and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization.
Information system is an arrangement of components that are integrated to accomplish the purpose of fulfilling the information needs of an organization.
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Why do organizations have Information Systems?
To make operations efficientFor effective managementTo gain a competitive advantageTo support an organization's long-
term goals
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Information systems and Decisions
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Information Systems
Input, processing, storage and output are the activities in an IS that manipulate the information an organization needs.
Input – Captures raw data from both the internal & external environments.Processing – Converts this raw data into a meaningful form
Storage – storing /keeping data permanently on storage devicesOutput – transfers the information (processed data) to the people who will use it or to the activities for which it will be used.
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Computer Based Vs. Manual ISs
Information systems can either be Computer Based or Manual
Manual systems:
Paper based systems - don't need electricity to work. It is much more difficult for someone to steal information from a paper based system (provided it is stored safely) than it is for hackers to destroy or break into confidential records in a computer based system. They don't get viruses!
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Computer Based information systems :
A set of hardware, software, database, telecommunications, people, and procedures that work together to collect, manipulate, store and process data into information.
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Computer Based Vs. Manual ISs
Categories10
Information systems fall into one of the following eight categories:
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) Office Automation Systems (OAS) Knowledge Work Systems (KWS) Management Information Systems (MIS) Decision Support Systems (DSS) Expert Systems (ES) Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) Executive Support Systems (EES)
WORKPRACTICES
INFORMATION
PEOPLE
INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION SYSTEM
How work isperformed bypeople and technology
Hardware and software thatprocessinformation
People, whoenter, processand use information
Formatted data, text,images and sounds
IS as a part of a work system
WORK SYSTEM
Building Blocks of an Information System
• The components are grouped into five;• People- users, managers and developers• Data – raw material used to create useful
information• Activities-business activities ,data processing and
information generating activities that support the business activities
• Network- the distribution of other building blocks to useful locations and communication and coordination between those locations
• Technology- the hardware and software that supports the other building blocks
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Building Block-PEOPLE
Most vital building blockThere are many roles for people in
Information Systems.Systems are built by people and for
the people• System Owners, • System users, • System designer, • System builder
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Building Block- PEOPLE
• System Owners- are information system’s sponsors and chief advocates. They are usually responsible for budgeting the money and time to develop and support the system and acceptance of the system
• System Users- are people who use the Information System on a regular basis- capturing, validating, entering, responding to and storing data and information
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Examples of System Users
Clerical workers; book keeper, clerks, office workers
Technical and professional staff- business and industrial specialists
Supervisors-lowest level of ManagerMiddle managers- short term(tactical)
planning, organizing and controlling and decision making
Executive managers- long term (strategic) planning and control for the business
Pyramid illustration of the system Users
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Building Block- PEOPLE
System Designers -translate users’ business requirements and constraints into technical solutions. They design components like databases, inputs, outputs, screens, networks and programs that will meet system users’ requirement
System Builders - Construct the information system based on design specifications.
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Building Block- DATA
Data is raw, unorganized, discrete potentially-useful facts and figures that are later processed to produce information that must have value.
In information systems, ones information may be another person’s data
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Building Block-ACTIVITIES
Information systems should do something usefulActivities define the functionality of an
information systemWe have business and information system
activities Business activities- day-to-day processes that
support an organization's purpose, mission ,goal and objectives
Information System activities –IS processes that support business activities
Different representations of activities are switched to different people
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Activities
Information systems provide different levels of support for different business functions and different users
The functions are aligned with the information workers who typically use those functions thus the different types of information systems as will be discussed in later slides.
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Building block- NETWORK
This looks at the distributions structure of people, data, activities and technology for suitable business location and movement of data between these locations
The intention of networking is to provide the cooperate processing between systems, computers and people
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Building Block- TECHNOLOGY
The base of Information Systems is Technology
We have different kinds of technology Data technology- to capture and manage data
resources Processing technology- to support business
and Information System activities Communication Technology- to interconnect
data and process technology at different locations
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Types of information systems
Organizations and individuals use different types of systems for different purposes.
Below are some of the main types of Information Systems and their uses
Key ones you need to know are TPS, MIS, DSS and EIS
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Transaction Processing system (TPS)
Basic business system- Data processing system
Supports the operational level of the business
TPS are information system applications that collect( capture), process and store information about transactions.
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TPS Processes
Has 6 processes:
1.Data Entry2.Data Capture3.Data Validation (Process that ensures that
the correct type and valued data is input into the system)
4.Processing and Revalidation5.Storage And6.Output
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TPS
Often tied to other systems like inventory system
Examples ATMs, store sales system, Visa Credit card payment system, Inventory systems, personnel record keeping, application tracking
Supports on-line transaction processing
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Office Automation System
Office Automation System (OAS) is an information system application that provides for improved communication between all levels of information workers
Used for increasing personal productivity and reducing paper warfare.
Office Automation Systems are software packages such as MS Office which include word processors, spreadsheets, databases, presentation software, email, internet, desktop publishing programs and project management software.
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Management Information System
Condenses and converts TPS data into information for monitoring performance and managing an organization
Transactions recorded in a TPS are analyzed and reported by an MIS
They produce reports as outputs from large amounts of input
Used by middle managers.Example: Annual Budgeting system
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Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Helps senior (strategic) staff make decisions by providing information, models or analysis tools.
For support of semi-structured and unstructured decisions
Used more for analytical work Their inputs are aggregate data, and
they produce projections.
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Decision Support and Expertise
Sometimes managers don’t know what information will help them until the need to make a decision
DSS is an application that provides users with decision- oriented information where decision making situation arises
It doesn’t make decision /solve problems but provides useful information to support decision making
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Expert Systems
Expert systems are an extension of the DSS
Expert system is an information system application that captures the knowledge or expertise of a specialist then simulates the thinking of that expert for those with less or no expertise
Also known as Knowledge based system or Artificial intelligence based system
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Executive Information System (EIS)
EIS provides executives information in a readily accessible, interactive format.
Form of MIS intended for top-level executive use. summarizing data at a very high level.
This relates to reports, statistics, stock inventories, payroll details, budgets or any other details that assist managers run an organization
Very expensive to run and require extensive staff support
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Q & A
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