Clean Technology Landscape in India

Rangan BanerjeeDepartment of Energy Science and

Engineering

IIT Bombay

Why Clean Technology? Present consumption pattern

predominantly -fossil fuel Limited fossil reserves Adverse environmental impacts Unsustainable Need for transition to clean

technology (renewable energy systems,efficiency) , nuclear,

India- Primary Commercial Energy

2003-4

Total comm

14000 PJ

Biomass 6500 PJ (33%)

Total

20500 PJ

19700 PJ (-non energy)

Hydro2.4%

Coal51.7%

Oil (D)9.8%

Oil Import24.9%

Nat gas9.1%

Wind0.2%

Nuclear1.8%

India - Fossil Fuel reserves

Fuel Reserves Prodn 2003-4

R/P ratio

Coal +Lignite

(Million Tonnes) 34000 414 ~83 (P)

140 P+I Oil (Million Tonnes)

760 33 (117)

23 (7)

N.Gas Billion m3

920 32 29

Uranium Tonnes

61000 PHWR ~50 10GW

Data Source Plg Comm IEPC, 2006

Characteristics of Renewables Large, Inexhaustible source -Solar energy

intercepted by earth 1.8*1011 MW Clean Source of Energy Dilute Source - Even in best regions

1kW/m2 and the total daily flux available is 7 kWh/m2

Large Collection Areas, high costs Availability varies with time Need for Storage, Additional Cost

Energy flow/ Solar Radiation for a typical day of April

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Inci

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t R

adia

tio

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kJ/h

-sq

.m)

Solar Radiation

Renewable Energy Options

Wind

Solar Small Hydro

Biomass

Tidal Energy

Wave Energy

Ocean Thermal Energy

Solar Thermal

Solar Photovoltaic

Geothermal*

Applications Power Generation Cooking Water Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Distillation Drying Space Heating

Power Generation Options

Power Generation

Centralised Grid Connected

Cogeneration/Trigeneration

Decentralised Distributed Generation

Isolated

Demand Side Management (Solar Water Heater,

Passive Solar)

Renewable installed capacity and generation

Installed Capacity*(MW)

Estimated Capacity factor

Estimated Generation

(GWh)

Wind 7845 14% 9621

Biomass Power 606 70% 3185

Biomass Gasifier 86 60% 527

BagasseCogeneration

720 60% 3784

Small Hydro 2046 40% 7169

Waste to Energy 55 50% 241

Solar PV 2.74 20% 5

Total 11360 25% 24380

*as on Jan 1, 2008

Renewable Installed Capacity trend

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Year

Inst

alle

d C

apac

ity

Perspective Plan (MNRE)

Source: 11th Plan proposal MNRE Govt of India

Renewable Share in Power

Renewable installed capacity

Renewable generationNuclear generation

0.0

1.0

2.0

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2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Year

Sha

re o

f Ren

ewab

ales

(%) Renewable

Installed Capacity

Renewable Generation

Nuclear Generation

Geothermal/OTEC/Tidal/Wave

World Cost Estimates

Geothermal

COMMERCIAL

8240 MW 4c/kWh$2000/kW No Indian experience50 MW plant J & K planned

Tidal PROTOTYPE 240 MWFRANCE

LF 20%No Indian experience (3.6MW planned Sunderbans)

OTEC PROTOTYPE 50 kW210 kWNELHA

India 1MW gross plant attempted

Wave Energy

PROTOTYPE < 1MWGrid Connected

India 150kW plant Thiruvananthpuram

PV Thermal

Low Temp. <100 o C

High Temp. >400 o C

Medium Temp. Up to 400 o C Line Focusing Parabolic Collectors

Solar Pond Solar Chimney Solar Flat Plate Collectors

Parabolic Dish

Material

Single Crystal Silicon

Production Process

Central Tower

Amorphous Silicon

Wafer

CdTe/ GAAs

Polycrystalline Silicon

Thin Film

Solar Power

Technology Options for Solar power

End Uses and Technologies for Use of Solar Energy

Solar Thermal

Low Temperature (<100 C)

Medium Temperature (<400 C)

High Temperature (>400 C)

Box type

cookers

Flat Plate /Evacuated

Tube Collectors

Solar Chimney

Solar Pond

Line Focussing Parabolic

Parabolic Dish

Central Tower

Solar Water Heater

Air Dryer

Power Hot water for

Industrial Use

Industrial Heating

Cooking CookingPower Power Power PowerPower

BIOMASS

THERMOCHEMICAL BIOCHEMICAL

COMBUSTION GASIFICATION PYROLYSIS

RANKINE CYCLE

PRODUCER GAS

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURISED

FERMENTATIONDIGESTION

BIOGAS ETHANOL

Duel Fuel SIPGE Gas Turbines

BIOMASS CONVERSION ROUTES

Map of India showing the geothermal provinces

OTEC plant schematic

Mooring Arrangement

Wave Energy

Source: Sukhatme

Wind Power ~8000 MW installed Single machine upto 2.1

MW Average capacity factor

14% Capital cost Rs 4-

5crores/MW, Rs 2-3/kWh (cost effective if site CF >20%)

India 45000 /13000 MW potential estimated

32%/ year (5 year growth rate) 0

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40

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003

Annu

al Lo

ad Fa

ctor (%

)

Satara, Maharashtra

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Act

ual M

onth

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kWh)

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rage

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Monthly GenerationWind Speed

Small Hydro Power

Classification - Capacity -Micro less than 100 kW Mini 100 kW - 3 MW

Small 3 MW - 15 MW Micro and Mini - usually

isolated, Small grid connected Heads as low as 3 m viable Capital Cost Rs 5-6crores/MW , Rs 1.50-2.50/kWh 2046 MW (7%/year)

200 kW Chizami village, Nagaland

Aleo (3MW) Himachal Pradesh

Biomass Power Higher Capacity factors

than other renewables Fuelwood, agricultural

residues, animal waste Atmospheric gasification

with dual fuel engine - 500 kW gasifier - largest

installation Combustion – 5-18 MW Rs 2.50-4/kWh

Kaganti Power Ltd. Raichur Distt. A.P. 7.5 MW

100 kWe Pfutseromi village, Nagaland

Biogas 45-70% CH4 rest CO2

Calorific value 16-25MJ/m3

Digestor- well containing animal waste slurry

Dome - floats on slurry- acts as gas holder

Spent Slurry -sludge- fertiliser

Anaerobic Digestion- bacterial action

Family size plants 2m3/day

Community Size plants 12- 150 m3/day

Rs 12-14000 for a 2m3 unit

Cooking, Electricity, running engine

Pura, Karnataka

Bagasse CogenerationIncremental Capital Cost

(Rs/kW)30000

Life 20 years

Boiler Efficiency 70%

Bagasse NCV = 3400 kcal/kg (dry basis), Price Rs 1.50/kgDiscount rate = 10%, O&M cost = Rs 0.5/kWh2500 tcd plant 9.5 MW export, 0.93 kg extra/ kWh

Load factor 0.4 0.5 0.6

Rs/kWh 2.60 2.40 2.27

0.5T/hr

Feed water

Process

Process

2 ata

~

STEAM TURBINE

2.5 MW

6 ata

BAGASSE

58 T/hr 22 ata 330o C

4.5T/hr 27T/hr

26T/hr

Schematic of typical 2500 tcd Sugar factory

Flashed Condensate

PRDS

PRDS

MILLING

0.5T/hr

FEED WATER

BOILER

Feed water

Con

den

ser

2 ata

PROCESS

75 TPH, 65 ata, 480OC

Process

Process

4.5 TPH

~

6 ata

BAGASSE (Alternate fuel)

2 ata

BFP

13 MW

BOILER

1.0 MW Mill drives

9.5 MW Power export

2.5 MW Captive load

PROCESS

PROPOSED PLANT CONFIGURATION: OPTION 2

STEAM TURBINE

CONDENSER

ESS

Solar Thermal Heating

ARUN160 Mahananda Dairy, Latur

Thermal ApplicationsSteel Reheating Furnace Raipur Investment 37.5 lakhs, Annual savings 30 lakhs , Simple Payback period 1.25 years, IRR 80% (IITB, Cosmos) (Rice Husk, wood) 1.25 Mkcals/hrNARI, Sugarcane Leaves, Bagasse, Ceramic Tile furnace 0.25 Mkcals/hrSilk Drying – TERI, payback period 2.5 yearsCarbon Dioxide Manufacture

Silk Drying – TERI

Steel Rolling Mill Reheating Furnace Raipur1.25 Mkcal/hr

Solar Cooking•Tirumala(Tirupati) – 4 T/day of steam – food for 15000 people

Solar parabolic Concentrators

•Solar cooking – Suitable for Institutions/ Community kitchen

Army mess,

Ladakh

•Households- difficult – change in cooking habits

b- bar

75.5 MW 103 b,371oC

Steam turbine

~

WHRB

Heat exchanger

Solar Heat Exchanger

Solar Radiation

Condenser

~

Air

Fuel

GTG-2 sets of35.2 MW

Aux. Firing Feed water

Steam, 103 b,500 oC

Steam, 103 b,500 oC

Flue gas from GT

BFP

To WHRB

Heat Transfer oil, 291oC

391oC

Gas Turbine sets

Heat exchanger

GTG 2sets of 35 MW each Proposed

ISCC

Solar PV India -2740 kW

Grid connected systems

(25-239 kW) Array efficiency in

field 12-15% Cost Rs 26cr/MW Rs 15-20 /kWh

Vidyut Saudha Building, 100 kWp , APTRANSCO (2001) BHEL

Mousuni Island , 105 kWp, West Bengal Renewable Energy Agency (2003 )

Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant

www.mnes.nic.in

Diffusion Curves for wind energy

0

10000

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50000

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all

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ap

aci

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Actual InstallationDiffusion curve Upper limit of uncertainityLow er limit of uncertainityForecast Values by MNRE

Potential = 45000MW

a1

a2

a

am

Year Projection by MNRE

Projection by diffusion curve

Values in the uncertainty limit of 5%

Lower limit Higher limit

2007 7000 8700 2000 24800

2012 17500 23000 5800 39600

2022 40000 42900 27400 44800

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100012001400160018002000

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hours

Po

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W

january

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Wind Generation

Total Generation

Tamil Nadu 2006-7

Solar Water Heating System

COLLECTOR

STORAGE TANK

FROM OVERHEAD

TANK

TO USAGE POINT

AUXILIARY HEATER

STORAGE TANK

COLLECTOR

PUMP

FROM OVERHEAD

TANK

TO USAGE POINT

Schematic of solar water heating system

AUXILIARY HEATER

Solar Water Heating Systems in India

– Installed Capacity = 1.5 million sq. m. (0.8% of estimated potential)

Load Curve Representing Energy Requirement for Water Heating for Pune

0

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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day

Ene

rgy

Con

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W)

Typical day of January

Typical day of May

Total Consumption =760 MWh/day

Total Consumption = 390 MWh/day

53%

Electricity Consumption for water heating of Pune

Total Consumption =14300 MWh/day

Total Consumption = 13900 MWh/day

Total Electricity Consumption of Pune

5 kWp Solar PV system at Rajmachi village, Maharashtra

Isolated system - Example 0.0

200.0

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0:00:00 4:48:00 9:36:00 14:24:00 19:12:00 0:00:00

time

load Average Load

Single phase, 220 V

100 PV modules of 50 W each

Lead acid battery - tubular type

120 V; 800 Ah

Inverter: 7.5 kVA

Bio-diesel based power plant of 10 kW rating (Raipur, Chattisgarh)Solar Water

pumping system for village

Summing Up Clean Technology- from market seeding to

mainstreaming Different strategies Different mindsets Not constrained by supply Climate Change as a driver- National solar

mission Innovative financing Technology development , R &D Consortia India as a global leader?

End-Note

The use of solar energy has not been opened up because the oil industry does not own the sun

Ralph Nader US Consumer activist

Thank you

References AKNReddy,R H Williams, T. Johannson,Energy After Rio-

Prospects and Challenges-,UNDP, 1997, New York. MNES Annual Reports, 2001-2008 Integrated Energy Policy Report, Planning Commission,

2006 11th Five year plan proposal, MNRE, Govt of India www.mnes.nic.in S.P.Sukhatme, Solar Energy, Tata McGraw Hill, Delhi,1997 Banerjee, Comparison of DG options, Energy Policy, 2006 Pillai, Banerjee, Solar Energy, 2007 Manish, Pillai, Banerjee, ‘Sustainability analysis of

renewables’, Energy for Sustainable Development , December 2006