prof ian kinloch presentation graphene week 25th june
TRANSCRIPT
- 1. Graphene and other 2D material Introduction and overview Prof Ian Kinloch Professor of Materials Science #GrapheneWeek
- 2. Graphene and other 2-D materials: Introduction and overview Prof. Ian Kinloch Professor of Materials Science [email protected]
- 3. My research EPSRC Challenging Engineering Fellow in Graphene Production Carbon: Graphene, Nanotubes and Fibre Related 2D materials Processing Dispersion Rheology Architecture control Applications Electrochemical power storage Matrix modifiers Matrix reinforcement -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 -4.0x10 -6 -3.0x10 -6 -2.0x10 -6 -1.0x10 -6 0.0 1.0x10 -6 monolayer no defects bilayer multi-layer (graphite) Current/radius/(A/cm) V vs Ag/AgCl (V) WithProf. Young&Dryfe
- 4. Overview Graphene Structure Properties Not all graphene is the same Production Applications Beyond graphene
- 5. The sp2 carbon family Graphene is imensional Buckyballs Carbon Nanotubes Graphite A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov Nat Mater 2007, 6, 183.
- 6. Graphene properties Morphological Thinnest imaginable material one atom Highest surface area 2630 m2/g Transparent to light (97.7 %) Mechanical Stiffness = 1 TPa Strength = 130 GPa Electrical and thermal Record thermal conductivity (6000 W/m/K) Highest current density at room temp (million times of that in copper) Highest intrinsic mobility (100 times more than Si) Lightest charge carrier (Dirac fermions) Longest mean free path at room temp (microns) Chemical Relatively easily functionalised Processable Barrier Impervious to even He but potentially controlled porosity.
- 7. Graphene in reality Monolayer Bilayer Trilayer 10 layer GraphiteGraphene oxide Known since 1850s, 25 to 30 % O Can be reduced Standards & techniques to identify these materials etc need work and input from stakeholders. Flake length Surface chemistry
- 8. The challenge V. Palmero et al., 2D Materials, Submitted.
- 9. Overview Graphene Structure Properties Not all graphene is the same Production Applications Beyond graphene
- 10. Production by removing elements from a large starting material. Assembly of a nanostructure from smaller elements. How to make nanomaterials
- 11. Novoselov et al, Nature, 490, 2012 Routes to graphene: flakes and films
- 12. How to make GRAPHENE?
- 13. Electrochemical exfoliation of graphene Few layer graphene on the gram scale WO2012120264-A1, three others pending filed Cooper et al. Carbon, 66, 340-350, 2014 Abdelkader et al. ACS Applied Mat & Sci, 2014
- 14. Video accelerated by 8 times speed
- 15. Graphene Oxide The production for GO is well established and based on the Hummers method: Natural flake graphite + KNO3 (4.5 g) in concentrated sulfuric acid KMnO4 was added over 70 mins and left for 7 days Disperse mixture into H2SO4 in water + hydrogen peroxide and left overnight. The structural model for GO is still under debate, typically it is given as: Roukeetal.,Ang.Chemie.2011,50(14) The graphene produced is hydrophilic and highly functionalised but low conductivity.
- 16. CVD on copper
- 17. A few example producers. (including plant and by all means not exhaustive)
- 18. Overview Graphene Structure Properties Not all graphene is the same Production Applications Beyond graphene
- 19. A key benefit, especially in the near term, is multi-functionality, e.g. in OLED packing it is transparent, an oxygen barrier, flexible, and conductive. Of course, the big transformative application is probably not yet on the list! Medicine Sensors, delivery
- 20. Applications: Composites & coatings
- 21. Potential of graphene: composites
- 22. Epoxy/Graphene nanoplatelet 25 micron diameter particles, pc = 3 wt% 5 micron diameter particles, pc = 4 wt% Kinloch, Young et al
- 23. 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Thermalconductivity(Wm-1K-1) Wt % Thermal conductivity by laser flash Kinloch, Young et al
- 24. PLAY YOUR BEST WITH GRAPHENE
- 25. Structural reinforcement in engineering polymers Thickness 1 layer = 1 TPa Modulus Layers Optimum 4-6 layers Diameter Minimum length is ~ 3 mm for stress transfer Surface chemistry Balance between performance and aggregation? Random alignment =8/15 DESIGNRULES CF/GF Hybrids Additive manufacture Injection moulded components
- 26. Thermoplastic Composite production 1 cm FLG: 5 micron 3-5 layer FLG: 20 micron 3-7 layer @190 C, 15 min GO-PMMA: Valles et al, Comp.Sci.Tech., 88, 158-164, 2013 FLG-PMMA: Valles et al., Comp. Sci. Tech, 2015 FLG-PP: Valles et al, Faraday Discussions,173, 379, 2014 Graphene oxide 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 0 10 2 10 4 20-GF PMMA 0.5 wt.% 1.0 wt.% 2.0 wt.% 5.0 wt.% 10.0 wt.% (Pa.s) Shear Rate (s-1) (c) Melt PP-FLG
- 27. Selective Membranes for purification Nairetal.,Science,2012
- 28. Applications: Energy
- 29. Energy: Graphene 200 F/g super capacitor Abdelkader, Kinloch, Dryfe, ACS Nano 2014 2 m 2032 COIN CELL Feng et al.
- 30. Energy generation: Thermoelectrics Figureofmerit(higherbetter) Freer, Kinloch et al., App. Mat & Interfaces, Accepted
- 31. Applications: Electronics
- 32. Graphene electronics high frequency FETs IBM produced graphene FETs on a 2 wafer Frequency of 100 GHz for graphene compared to ~40 GHz for silicon. Graphene has no band gap so poor for conventional electronics but good for high frequency (eg communications).
- 33. Graphene radio frequency receiver integrated circuit, S.-J. Han et al.,Nature Communications 5, 3086
- 34. Graphene: ITO replacement ITO is the transparent conducting ceramic used in all solar cells and flat panel displays. ($1.5bn p.a.) The issue is it is very brittle. A number of rival technologies (e.g. silver nanowires) of which graphene is one. GrapheneSquareInc Nat. Nano, doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.226
- 35. Graphene: sensors http://www.graphene-applications-usa-2013.com/media/downloads/9-day-1-jani-kivioja-research-leader-nokia- noon.pdf
- 36. Overview Graphene Structure Properties Not all graphene is the same Production Applications Beyond graphene Patent landscape (2013 UK IPO Report)
- 37. New Class of Crystalline Materials 2-DIMENSIONAL ATOMIC CRYSTALS Initially studied : Graphene Large Variety of Material Properties Unexplored: NbSe2 MoS2 MgB2 BiSCCO ... Lightly Touched: Boron-Nitride Graphane Fluorographene
- 38. These other 2D materials are important for functional materials TMDs give a greater change of band structure, which can still be tuned by flake thickness. BN is insulator and not black! Room temperature photoluminesce.
- 39. 2D-Crystals-Based Heterostructures Graphene Boron-Nitride NbSe2 GraFane Graphane MoS2
- 40. Layered structures by design: 2D solar cell Flexible photovoltaic devices with photoresponsivity > 0.1 A per watt (corresponding to an external quantum efficiency of above 30%) Britnell et al, Science, 340, pp 1311-1314, 2013 Gold nanodots Graphene electrode Graphene electrode MoS2 BN
- 41. Conclusions Graphene and other 2D materials show tremendous potential for a range of applications. New ways to tune materials and structures to gain unique properties. Challenge is how to translate the exception properties seen on single flakes in to industrial applications.