production, investment, and the current account
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Production, Investment, and the Current Account. Roberto Chang Rutgers University April 2013. Announcements. Problem Set 3 available now in my web page Due: Next week ( April 11 th ). Motivation. Recall that the current account is equal to savings minus investment. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Production, Investment, and the Current Account
Roberto Chang
Rutgers University
April 2013
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Announcements
• Problem Set 3 available now in my web page
• Due: Next week (April 11th)
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Motivation
• Recall that the current account is equal to savings minus investment.
• Empirically, investment is much more volatile than savings.
• Reference: chapter 6, section 3 of FT
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Recall: The Savings Function
• Recall that we had derived a national savings function from a basic model of consumer choice
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Savings
r*
S
S
The Savings FunctionInterestRate
S*
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Savings
Interest Rate
S
S
An increase in savings.This may be due tohigher Y(1).
S’
S’
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The Setup
• Again, we assume two dates t = 1,2
• Small open economy populated by households and firms.
• One final good in each period.
• The final good can be consumed or used to increase the stock of capital.
• Households own all capital.
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Firms and Production
• Firms produce output with capital that they borrow from households.
• The amount of output produced at t is given by a production function:
Q(t) = F(K(t))
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Production Function
• The production function Q(t) = F(K(t)) is increasing and strictly concave, with F(0) = 0. We also assume that F is differentiable.
• Key example: F(K) = A Kα, with 0 < α < 1.
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Capital K
Output F(K)
F(K)
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• The marginal product of capital (MPK) is given by the derivative of the production function F.
• Since F is strictly concave, the MPK is a decreasing function of K (i.e. F’(K) falls with K)
• In our example, if F(K) = A Kα, the MPK is
MPK = F’(K) = αA Kα-1
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Capital K
MPK = F’(K)
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Profit Maximization
• In each period t = 1, 2, the firm must rent (borrow) capital from households to produce.
• Let r(t) denote the rental cost in period t.
• In addition, we assume a fraction δ of capital is lost in the production process.
• Hence the total cost of capital (per unit) is r(t) + δ.
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• In period t, a firm that operates with capital K(t) makes profits equal to:
Π(t) = F(K(t)) – [r(t)+ δ] K(t)
Profit maximization requires:
F’(K(t)) = r(t) + δ
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F’(K(t)) = r(t) + δ
• This says that the firm will employ more capital until the marginal product of capital equals the marginal cost.
• Note that, because marginal cost is decreasing in capital, K(t) will fall with the rental cost r(t).
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Capital K
MPK = F’(K)
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Capital K(t)
MPK = F’(K)
r(t) + δ
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Capital
MPK = F’(K)
r(t) + δ
K(t)
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• Note that K(t) will fall if r(t) increases.
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Capital
MPK = F’(K)
r(t) + δ
K(t)
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Capital
MPK = F’(K)
r(t) + δ
K(t)
r’(t) + δ
K’(t)
A Fall in r:
r’(t) < r(t)
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• K(t) will increase if MPK(t) increases
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Capital
MPK = F’(K)
r(t) + δ
K(t)
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Capital
MPK = F’(K)
r(t) + δ
K(t) K’(t)
An increase in MPK
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Investment
• The amount of capital in the economy at the beginning of period 2 is given by:
K(2) = (1-δ)K(1) + I(1)
• Hence investment in period one is
I(1) = K(2) - (1-δ)K(1)
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Now recall
•K(1) is given as an initial condition
•K(2) is a decreasing function of r(2)
•Hence the equation
I(1) = K(2) - (1-δ)K(1)
implies that I(1) is a decreasing function of r(2)
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The Investment Function
• But in an open economy, r(t) must be equal to the world interest rate r*
Investment in period 1 is a decreasing function of the world interest rate r*
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Investment
r*
The Investment FunctionInterestRate
I*
I
I
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Investment
r*
An increase in investment, May be due to an increase in the future MPK
InterestRate
I*
I
I
I’
I’
I**