product environmental footprint …ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/smgp/pdf/pilots/draft...1 1 2...

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PRODUCTENVIRONMENTAL2

FOOTPRINTCATEGORYRULESFOR3

OLIVEOIL-3RDDRAFT4

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PREPAREDBYTHETECHNICALSECRETARIATFOROLIVEOIL6

Editors:ErwinM.Schau(EuropeanCommission,JointResearchCentre),JuanAntonioPoloPalomino7(CO2Consulting),GeorgeMichalopoulos(RodaxAgro)&CarloRusso(UniversityofFoggia)8

Draftfor3rdpublicconsultationphase9

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Draft Version 0.5 15

22.09.201616

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Table of Contents 18

Table of Contents.......................................................................................................................219

Terms and definitions............................................................................................................620

GeneralinformationaboutthePEFCR...................................................................................................1221

TechnicalSecretariat.........................................................................................................................1222

Consultationandstakeholders..........................................................................................................1223

Dateofpublicationandexpiration....................................................................................................1324

Geographicregion.............................................................................................................................1325

Language(s)ofPEFCR........................................................................................................................1326

Methodologicalinputsandcompliance................................................................................................1327

PEFCRreviewandbackgroundinformation..........................................................................................1328

PEFCRreviewpanel...........................................................................................................................1329

ReviewrequirementsforthePEFCRdocument................................................................................1430

ReasoningfordevelopmentofPEFCR...............................................................................................1431

ConformancewiththePEFCRGuidance............................................................................................1432

PEFCRscope...........................................................................................................................................1433

Functionalunit..................................................................................................................................1434

Productclassification(NACE/CPA)....................................................................................................1535

Systemboundaries–life-cyclestagesandprocesses.......................................................................1636

SelectionoftheEFimpactcategoriesindicators..............................................................................1937

Additionalenvironmentalinformation.............................................................................................2038

Assumptions/limitations...................................................................................................................2139

LifeCycleInventory...............................................................................................................................2240

Screeningstep...................................................................................................................................2241

Dataqualityrequirements................................................................................................................2542

Requirementsregardingforegroundspecificdatacollection...........................................................2943

Requirementsregardingbackgroundgenericdataanddatagaps....................................................3544

Datagaps...........................................................................................................................................3545

Usestage...........................................................................................................................................3546

Logistics.............................................................................................................................................3647

End-of-lifestage................................................................................................................................3648

Requirementsformultifunctionalproductsandmultiproductprocessesallocation.......................3749

Benchmarkandclassesofenvironmentalperformance.......................................................................3850

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Interpretation........................................................................................................................................3951

Reporting,DisclosureandCommunication...........................................................................................3952

PEFDeclaration.................................................................................................................................4053

PEFperformancelabel......................................................................................................................4054

Publicationsinprofessionalpressandnon-professionalpress.........................................................4155

Verification............................................................................................................................................4156

Referenceliterature...............................................................................................................................4357

SupportinginformationforthePEFCR..................................................................................................4458

Listofannexes.......................................................................................................................................4559

ANNEXI. Representativeproduct.................................................................................................4560

ANNEXII. Supportingstudies.....................................................................................................4561

ANNEXIII. Benchmarkandclassesofenvironmentalperformance............................................4962

ANNEXI. Upstreamscenarios(optional).......................................................................................5063

ANNEXII. Downstreamscenarios(optional)..............................................................................5064

ANNEXIII. Normalisationfactors................................................................................................5065

ANNEXIV. Weightingfactors.......................................................................................................5066

ANNEXV. Defaultdata...............................................................................................................5167

ANNEXVI. Backgrounddata........................................................................................................7568

ANNEX VII. EoL formulas.....................................................................................................7869

ANNEX VIII. Background information on methodological choices........................8470

Selection of impact categories...............................................................................................8471

ANNEXIX. Geographicalscope....................................................................................................9072

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TableofFigures74

Figure1:CategoriesofOliveOilsintheEUmarket...............................................................................1575Figure2:SystemDiagram(circlewithdashedline=OliveFruitproductionprocesses,circlewithsolid76line=industrialprocesses)....................................................................................................................1777Figure3:Contributionofdifferentlifecyclestagesonthetotalimpactoftherepresentativeproduct78(avirtualproductconsistingof1litreofpackedoliveoil)....................................................................2379Figure0-2.Lifestagesanditsowners.....................................................................................................278081

ListofTables82

Table1:Functionalunit.........................................................................................................................1483Table2:.ImpactcategoriesthatshallbeincludedinPEFstudiesforoliveoil.....................................1984Table3.Mostrelevantlifecyclestagesandprocessesoftherepresentativeoliveoilstudiedinthe85screeningstudy......................................................................................................................................2386Table0-1.CriteriaforthedataqualityassessmentaccordingtothePEFGuide...................................2987

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Table0-1DatasetNeedsMatrix............................................................................................................3088Table0-2.Foregroundspecificactivitydatarequiredforolivefruitproduction..................................3289Table0-3.DQRguidanceforolivefruitproduction...............................................................................3290Table0-4.Foregroundspecificdatarequiredforoliveoilextraction...................................................3391Table0-5.Qualityratingfordatainoliveoilextractionprocessess......................................................3492Table0-6.Billofmaterials.....................................................................................................................3593Table0-1AveragerecyclingratesfromEurostat2012..........................................................................3794Table0-1Allocationkeysforfirstallocationafterpressingolivefruit..................................................3795Table0-2.Allocationkeysforsecondallocation(contentofwetpomace;ourelaborationonDi96Giovacchinoetal2006).........................................................................................................................3897Table0-3.Allocationkeysforthirdallocation(crudepomace;ourelaborationon).............................3898TableIII-1.DefaultEFnormalisationfactorsperperson.......................................................................5099TableV-1.AverageOlivesProductionEurope.......................................................................................51100TableV-2.OlivesProductionSpainandprocesses................................................................................51101TableV-3.OlivesProductionItalyandprocesses..................................................................................55102TableV-4.OlivesProductionGreeceandprocesses.............................................................................58103TableV-5.Averageoliveoil...................................................................................................................61104TableV-6.Averagevirginoliveoilextraction........................................................................................61105TableV-7.VirginoliveoilextractionGreece..........................................................................................62106TableV-8.VirginoliveoilextractionItaly..............................................................................................62107TableV-9.VirginoliveoilextractionSpain............................................................................................63108TableV-10.Disposingofleaves.............................................................................................................64109TableV-11.RefinedPomaceoliveoil....................................................................................................64110TableV-12.RefinedOliveOilproduction(EU).......................................................................................68111TableV-13.Averagepackaging..............................................................................................................70112TableV-14.Packagingglass...................................................................................................................71113TableV-15.Packagingtincan................................................................................................................72114TableV-16.PackagingPET.....................................................................................................................73115TableV-17.Transporttoconsumer.......................................................................................................74116TableV-18.UsePhase...........................................................................................................................74117

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Abbreviations and Units 123

B2B BusinesstoBusiness

B2C BusinesstoConsumers

BOM Billofmaterials

BREF BestAvailableTechniquesReferenceDocument

CF CharacterisationFactor

COD ChemicalOxygendemand

CPA StatisticalClassificationofProductsbyActivity

DC DistributionCenter

DNM DatasetNeedsMatrix(TableE-1in“PEFCRGuidanceProductsv.5.12015)

DQA DataQualityAssessment

DQR DataQualityRating

EF EnvironmentalFootprint

ELCD EuropeanreferenceLifeCycleDatabase

EMAS EnvironmentalManagementandAuditScheme

EoL EndofLife

EPD EnvironmentalProductDeclaration

FEVE EuropeanContainerGlassFederation

FRT SustainableConsumptionandProductionFoodRoundTable

GHG GreenhouseGases

GRI GlobalReportingInitiative

JRC EuropeanCommission’sJointResearchCentre

ha Hectare

HH Humanhealth(usedinionizingradiationHH)

hl hectoliter(100liter)

ILCD InternationalReferenceLifeCycleDataSystem

ISO InternationalOrganizationforStandardization

kWh kilowatthour

LCA LifeCycleAssessment

LCI LifeCycleInventory

LCIA LifeCycleImpactAssessment

MS MemberState

NACE NomenclatureGénéraledesActivitésEconomiquesdanslesCommunautésEuropéennes

NGO Non-GovernmentalOrganisation

OEF OrganisationEnvironmentalFootprint

OEFSR OrganisationEnvironmentalFootprintSectorialRule

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PAS PubliclyAvailableSpecification

PCF ProductCarbonFootprint

PCR ProductCategoryRule

PEF ProductEnvironmentalFootprint

PEFCR ProductEnvironmentalFootprintCategoryRule

PET PolyethyleneTerephthalate

RP RepresentativeProduct

RUaEP ResourceUseandEmissionProfile

SC SteeringCommittee

SME SmallandMediumEnterprise

TAB TechnicalAdvisoryBoard

TKm Ton-Kilometers

TS TechnicalSecretariat

WRI WorldResourceInstitute

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Terms and definitions 125

Aggregateddataset:Thistermisdefinedasalifecycleinventoryofmultipleunitprocesses(e.g.126materialorenergyproduction)orlifecyclestages(cradle-to-gate),butforwhichtheinputsand127outputsareprovidedonlyattheaggregatedlevel.Aggregateddatasetsarealsocalled“cumulative128inventory”or“Systemprocesses”(Ecoinvent)datasets.Theaggregateddatasetcanhavebeen129aggregatedhorizontallyand/orvertically.Dependingonthespecificsituationandmodellingchoicesa130"unitprocess"datasetcanalsobeaggregated.131

Activitydata:Thistermreferstoinformationwhichisassociatedwithinputoroutputprocesseswhile132modellingLifeCycleInventories.InthePEFguidelines,itisalsocalled“non-elementaryflows”.133Activitydata1ismultipliedbyanLCItoderivetheenvironmentalfootprintassociatedwithaprocess134oranoperation.Examplesofactivitydataincludekilowatt-hoursofelectricityused,quantityoffuel135used,outputofaprocess,hoursequipmentisoperated,distancetravelled,floorareaofabuilding,136etc.InthecontextofPEFthebillofmaterialshallalwaysbeconsideredasactivitydata.137

Backgroundsystem:Thistermreferstothoseprocessesintheproductlifecycleforwhichnodirect138accesstospecificinformationispossible.Thebackgroundprocessisoutsidethedirectinfluenceof139theproducerorserviceoperatoroftheanalysedsystem/product.140

Comparativeassertion–environmentalclaimregardingthesuperiorityorequivalenceofoneproduct141versusacompetingproductthatperformsthesamefunction(adaptedfromISO14025:2006).142

1BasedonGHGprotocolscope3definition

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Comparison–Acomparison,notincludingacomparativeassertion,(graphicorotherwise)oftwoor143moreproductsbasedontheresultsofaPEFstudy,andsupportingPEFCRs.144

Dataset-Adocumentorfilewithlifecycleinformationofaspecifiedproductorotherreference(e.g.,145site,process),coveringdescriptivemetadataandquantitativelifecycleinventoryand/orlifecycle146impactassessmentdata,respectively.147

DataQualityRequirements(DQR):Semi-quantitativeassessmentofthequalitycriteriaofadataset148basedonsixcharacteristics,fiverelatingtothedata(Technologicalrepresentativeness,Geographical149representativeness,Time-relatedrepresentativeness,Completeness,Parameteruncertainty)andone150tothemethod(MethodologicalAppropriatenessandConsistency).Thedataqualityshallbe151consideredbothasthequalityofthedatasetasdocumentedandthedataset’sappropriatenessand152accuracyfortheprocess/productitisintendedtorepresentinthespecificcase2.153

Defaultactivitydata:averagevaluesforactivitydata.Theaveragevaluescouldbeprovidedbytrade154associations,companies,expertsorcouldbederivedbyscientific/bibliographicreferenceslikeBREF155reports.Theyhavetobereviewedatleastthrougharoundofstakeholderconsultationwhen156drafting/revisingaPEFCR.157

Disaggregation:theprocessthatbreaksdownanaggregatedunitprocessdatasetintosmallerunit158processdatasets(horizontalorvertical).Thedisaggregationcanhelpmakingdatamorespecific.This159isparticularlyrelevantduringthePEF/OEFscreeninginordertohaveabetterdefinedhotspots160analysis.Theprocessofdisaggregationshouldnevercompromiseorthreattocompromisethequality161andconsistencyoftheoriginalaggregateddataset.162

Elementaryflow:Materialorenergyenteringthesystembeingstudiedthathasbeendrawnfromthe163environmentwithoutprevioushumantransformation,ormaterialorenergyleavingthesystembeing164studiedthatisreleasedintotheenvironmentwithoutsubsequenthumantransformation.165

Foregroundsystem:Thistermreferstothoseprocessesintheproductlifecycleforwhichdirect166accesstospecificinformationisavailable.Forexample,theproducer’ssiteandotherprocesses167operatedbytheproduceroritscontractors(e.g.goodstransport,head-officeservices,etc.)belongto168theforegroundprocesses.169

Greenclaim–Anyformofcommunicationregardingaproduct’senvironmentalperformance,suchas170reports,labels,environmentalproductdeclarations(EPDs),andpressreleases.Hereinclaimsrefer171exclusivelytothosebasedonalifecycleassessment,orLCA-basedclaims,suchasanEPD,PCForPEF.172Relatedtermsreferredtoasproductclaimsincludeenvironmentalclaimsorclaims.173

2Dataqualityofadatasetnecessarilyreferstothedatasetasitisdocumented,i.e.howwelldoesthedatasetinventoryrepresentthedeclaredprocess/product.Whenusingsuchadatasetforaspecificpurpose–heretoserveasbasisforasemi-specificdatasetofaprocess/product,whichwilloftenmoreorlessdiffer–inadditionthelimitationsofrepresentativenessfortheto-be-representedprocess/producthastobeconsidered.E.g.anexcellentqualitycarbonsteelsheetdatasetmaystillhavelimiteddataqualityifusedtorepresentastainlesssteelsheetassemi-specificdataset.

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Intermediateproduct:Outputfromaunitprocessthatisinputtootherunitprocessesthatrequire174furthertransformationwithinthesystem(ISO14040,44)3175

LifeCycleInventory(LCI)dataset:Adocumentorfilewithlifecycleinformationofaspecifiedproduct176orotherreference(e.g.,site,process),coveringdescriptivemetadataandquantitativelifecycle177inventory4.ALCIcouldbeaunitprocessdataset(UPR)oranaggregateddataset(alsocalledsystem178process(SP)).179

Oliveoil5istheoilobtainedsolelyfromthefruitoftheolivetree(OleaeuropaeaL.)totheexclusion180ofoilsobtainedusingsolventsorre-esterificationprocessesandofanymixturewithoilsofother181kinds.182

PEFGuide-CommissionRecommendation2013/179/EUontheuseoncommonmethodstomeasure183andcommunicatethelifecycleperformanceofproductsandorganizations,184

PEFCRGuidance-EnvironmentalFootprintPilotGuidancedocument(EuropeanCommission)(version1855.2,Sept.2015),alsocalled“PEFCRGuidance”.186

PEFCRSupportingstudy–aPEFstudydoneonthebasisofadraftPEFCR.Itisusedtoconfirmthe187decisionstakeninthedraftPEFCRbeforethefinalPEFCRisreleased.188

Pilotphase-EUPEF/OEFPilotphasewaslaunchedbytheCommissionin2013forthedevelopment189ofPEFsfor25selectedproducts,accordingtotheRecommendation2013/179/EUonTheuseof190commonmethodstomeasureandcommunicatethelifecycleenvironmentalperformanceof191productsandorganisations.192

Primarydata6:Thistermreferstodatafromspecificprocesswithinthesupply-chainofthecompany193applyingthePEFCR.Suchdatamaytaketheformofactivitydata,orLCIdataset.Primarydataare194site-specificorproducerspecific(ifmultiplesitesforasameproduct).Primarydatamaybeobtained195throughmeterreadings,purchaserecords,utilitybills,engineeringmodels,directmonitoring,mass196balance,stoichiometry,orothermethodsforobtainingdatafromspecificprocessesinthevaluechain197ofthecompanyapplyingthePEFCR.Alsocalled"specificdata".198

Secondarydata7:referstodatanotfromspecificprocesswithinthesupply-chainofthecompany199applyingthePEFCR.Thisreferstodatathatisnotdirectlycollected,measured,orestimated,but200rathersourcedfromathird-partylife-cycle-inventorydatabaseorothersources.Secondarydata201includesindustry-averagedata(e.g.,frompublisheddatabases,governmentstatistics,literature202

3PleasenotethatOECD2001,Glossaryofstatisticalterms;https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1431hasanotherdefinition:.goodsandservicesconsumedasinputsbyaprocessofproduction,excludingfixedassets.4EuropeanCommission–JointResearchCentre–InstituteforEnvironmentandSustainability20095AccordingtotheEuropeanlegislationECREGNo1348/2013

6BasedonGHGprotocolscope3definition7BasedonGHGprotocolscope3definition

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studies,andindustryassociations),financialdata,proxydata,andothergenericdata.Primarydata203thatgothroughahorizontalaggregationstepareconsideredassecondarydata.204

TypesofoliveoilintheEuropeanUnion8:205

• sub-category‘Extravirginoliveoil’:virginoliveoilthathasafreeacidity,expressedas206oleicacid,ofnotmorethan0.8%,andtheothercharacteristicsofwhichcorrespondto207thosefixedforthiscategory.208

• sub-category‘Virginoliveoil’:Virginoliveoilthathasafreeacidity,expressedasoleic209acid,from0.8to2%andtheothercharacteristicsofwhichcorrespondtothosefixedfor210thiscategory.211

• sub-category‘Lampanteoliveoil’:virginoliveoilthathasafreeacidity,expressedas212oleicacid,morethan2%andtheothercharacteristicsofwhichcorrespondtothose213fixedforthiscategory.Lampanteoliveoilmaybesolddirectlytotheconsumeronlyif214permittedinthecountryofretailsale.Ifnotpermitted,thedesignationofthisproduct215hastocomplywiththelegalprovisionsofthecountryconcerned.Lampanteoliveoil216whichhasafreeacidity,expressedasoleicacid,ofmorethan3.3%isnotfitforhuman217consumption.Itisintendedforfurtherrefining.218

• sub-category‘Refinedoliveoil’:istheoliveoilobtainedfromvirginoliveoilsbyrefining219methodsthatdonotleadtoalterationsintheinitialglyceridicstructure.Ithasafree220acidity,expressedasoleicacid,ofnotmorethan0.3%anditsothercharacteristics221correspondtothosefixedforthiscategory.Thisdesignationmaybesolddirectlytothe222consumeronlyifpermittedinthecountryofretailsale.223

• sub-category‘Oliveoilcomposedofrefinedandvirginoliveoils’:isamixtureofvirgin224oliveoilandrefinedoliveoilandhasfreeaciditylessthan1.0%.225

• sub-category‘Crudeolive-pomace’istheresiduefromvirginoliveoilproduction.Itdoes226nothavealimitforacidity.Itisintendedforrefiningforuseforhumanconsumption,or227itisintendedfortechnicaluse.228

• sub-category‘Refinedolive-pomaceoil’istheoilobtainedfromcrudeolivepomaceoil229byrefiningmethodsthatdonotleadtoalterationsintheinitialglyceridicstructure.It230hasafreeacidity,expressedasoleicacid,ofnotmorethan0.3%.Thisproductmayonly231besolddirectlytotheconsumerifpermittedinthecountryofretailsale.232

• sub-category‘Olive-pomaceoil’istheoilcomprisingtheblendofrefinedolivepomace233oilandvirginoliveoilsfitforconsumptionastheyare.Ithasafreeacidityofnotmore234than1%.Thecountryofretailsalemayrequireamorespecificdesignation.235

Unitprocessdataset:Smallestelementconsideredinthelifecycleinventoryanalysisforwhichinput236andoutputdataarequantified(ISO14040:2006).InLCApractice,bothphysicallynotfurther237separableprocesses(suchasunitoperationsinproductionplants)andalsowholeproductionsitesare238coveredunder"unitprocess"(ILCDHandbook).239

8AccordingtotheEuropeanlegislationECREGNo1348/2013

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Supply-chain:referstoalloftheupstreamanddownstreamactivitiesassociatedwiththeoperations240ofthecompanyapplyingthePEFCR,includingtheuseofsoldproductsbyconsumersandtheend-of-241lifetreatmentofsoldproductsafterconsumeruse.242

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Terminology:shall,shouldandmay244

ThisPEFCRusespreciseterminologytoindicatetherequirements,therecommendationsandoptions245thatcouldbechosenwhendevelopingaPEF.246

Theterm“shall”isusedtoindicatewhatisrequiredinorderforaPEFtobeinconformancewiththis247PEFCR.248

Theterm“should”isusedtoindicatearecommendationratherthanarequirement.Anydeviation249froma“should”requirementhastobejustifiedwhendevelopingthePEFandmakingittransparent.250

Theterm“may”isusedtoindicateanoptionthatispermissible.Wheneveroptionsareavailable,the251PEFshallincludeadequateargumentationtojustifythechosenoption.252

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INTRODUCTION 256

ThisPEFCRshallbeusedinparallelwiththePEFGuide.AstherequirementsinthisPEFCRareinline257with,butatthesametimemorespecificthanthoseofthePEFGuide,suchspecificrequirementsshall258befulfilled.259

TheuseofthepresentPEFCRisoptionalforin-houseapplications,itisrecommendedforexternal260applicationswithoutcomparison/comparativeassertions,whileitismandatoryforexternal261applicationswithcomparisons/comparativeassertions.262

Inthelattertwoapplicationcontexts,organisationsaretofulfiltherequirementsofthisPEFCR263documentfromsection7to10.264

Asecondpublicstakeholderconsultationtookplacefrom13November2015until11December2652015.266

ThisPEFCRisbasedonthePEFscreeningstudy,performedontheRepresentativeProductand267updatedwithinsidesformthesupportingstudies.268

Thisdocumentisadraftforpublicstakeholderconsultationplacefrom23September2016until21269October2016.270

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GENERALINFORMATIONABOUTTHEPEFCR275

TECHNICALSECRETARIAT276

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TheTechnicalSecretariat(TS)responsibleforthedevelopmentofthePEFCRfortheoliveoilsectoris278composedofthefollowingorganisations:279

• AceitesdelSur280• Alcubilla2000S.L.Spain281• AmbienteItaliaSrl282• APOLIOsrl,283• AziendaAgricolaRitrovatoMatteo284• CAPOSoc.Coop.AgricolaperAzioni,Italy285• CastillodeCanenaOliveJuice,S.L.Spain286• CO2consultingS.L.Spain287• DetNorskeVeritas,Spain288• ECJointResearchCentre289• ELEONASCooperative,Greece290• EPEA.Asociationofandalusiancompanieswithorganicagrifoodsproducts291• MINERVASA292• MoniniS.p.A293• MinistryofAgriculture,FisheriesandRuralDevelopment,GovernmentofAndalusia294• NILEASGroupofFarmers,Greece295• OleificioCericolaEmilia,296• OlivareradelosPedrochesS.C.A,Spain297• RodaxAgroLtd,Greece298• UniversitàdeglistudidiChietiPescara“G.D’Annunzio”,Italy299• UniversityofFoggia,Italy300• IFAPA,TheAndalusianInstituteofAgriculturalandFisheriesResearchandTraining,Spain301• FEVE,EuropeanContainerGlassFederation302• SpanishInterprofesionaloliveoilassociation303• ANEO,Pomaceoilproducer,Spain304• INNOLIVA.305• CEIA3(AgrifoodCampusofInternationalExcellence,ceiA3).306

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CONSULTATIONANDSTAKEHOLDERS308

Thepublicstakeholderconsultationofthescope,functionalunitandrepresentativeproduct,took309placeinOctober–November2014.Commentswerereceivedfrom9differentorganisationsby310writingand8organisations(including6TSmembersand2stakeholders)participatedtotheface-to-311faceconsultationmeetingthatwasheldinBrusselson30October2014.312

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ThepublicstakeholderconsultationofthefirstdraftPEFCRdocumenttookplacefrom13November313to11December2015.Theconsultationwasopenforeverybodywhowasregisteredasastakeholder314fortheoliveoilpilotontheEFwikipage:315https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/wikis/display/EUENVFP/PEFCR+Pilot%3A+Olive+oil.Comments316fromsixorganisationswerereceived.317

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DATEOFPUBLICATIONANDEXPIRATION319

Versionnumber:Draft0.5320

Dateofpublication/revision:22.09.2016321

Dateofexpiration:tobecompleted322

GEOGRAPHICREGION323

ThePEFCRisvalidforalloliveoilproducedforconsumptioninEuroperegardlessofthecountryof324production.325

LANGUAGE(S)OFPEFCR326

PEFCRforoliveoilisinEnglish.TheoriginalEnglishversionsupersedestranslatedversionsincaseof327conflicts.328

METHODOLOGICALINPUTSANDCOMPLIANCE329

ThisPEFCRiscompliantwiththefollowingdocuments:330

- ProductEnvironmentalFootprint(PEF)Guide;AnnexIItotheRecommendation3312013/179/EU,9April2013,publishedintheOfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnionVolume33256,4May2013:http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=OJ:L:2013:124:TOC184333

- GuidancefortheimplementationoftheEUProductEnvironmentalFootprint(PEF)during334theEnvironmentalFootprint(EF)pilotphase-version5.2.[Brussels],EuropeanCommission,335DGEnvironment.AnearlierPCRforvirginoliveoil,firstpublishedin2010bytheInternational336EPD(www.environdec.com),wasexaminedforconsistencyagainstthecriteriaofPEFGuide337andPEFCRGuidancedocuments,forthepossibilitytouseitasthebasisforthepresent338PEFCR.Fromtheresultsofthisexamination,theTShasconcludedthatitcanbeusedasa339basisforthePEFCRinsofartheproductionofvirginoliveoilisconcerned.Also,thatPCRfor340virginoliveoilandthepresentPEFCRcouldbecomparedtoeachotherandachievemutual341recognitionfortheircommonscope.342

PEFCRREVIEWANDBACKGROUNDINFORMATION343

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PEFCRREVIEWPANEL345

TheTShastoappointaPEFCRreviewpanel(pending).346

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REVIEWREQUIREMENTSFORTHEPEFCRDOCUMENT347

ThereportofthePEFCRReviewPanelshouldcoverthefollowingtopics:348

• ConsistencywithPEFGuideandPEFCRGuidancedocuments.349• Clarityanduserfriendlinessforthereader–LCA/PEFpractitioner.350• Noambiguityandroomforinterpretationsispresentforitsrequirements.351• Adequacyofguidanceforcommunicationoftheresultsandproductperformance.352• Suitabilityforusebyanypartyinterestedtouseitforthefinalproduct,includingany353

comparisonsandcomparativeassertions,aswellasforpartoftheoliveoillifecyclestages.354

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REASONINGFORDEVELOPMENTOFPEFCR356

ThemainreasonforthedevelopmentofthePEFCRforoliveoilwastheneedtocreateharmonised357rulesforLifeCycleAssessment(LCA)basedmethodsthatcouldbeusedforcomparativeassertions.358ThesecondreasonisanattempttoalignthePEFCRwiththeexistingEnvironmentalProduct359Declarations(EPDs)forvirginoliveoil.360

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CONFORMANCEWITHTHEPEFCRGUIDANCE362

Alltherequirementsofthepresentdocumentsareinlinewiththedocument“Environmental363FootprintPilotGuidance”(version5.2,Feb.2016)(EuropeanCommission).364

PEFCRSCOPE365

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FUNCTIONALUNIT367

Thefunctionalunitisalitreofpackedoliveoilusedbyconsumersassaladdressingandforcooking.368ThespecificationsofthedefinitionarepresentedinTable1.“Howlong”wasdeterminedbythe369commonexpirydateofoliveoil,whichisgenerallyset18monthsafterbottling370

Table1:Functionalunit371

WHAT Oliveoil(includingextravirgin,virgin,refinedand/orrefinedpomaceoliveoil

HOWMUCH 1litrepacked

HOWLONG Untilexpirydate(18months)

HOWWELL Suitableforhumanconsumption

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Virginoliveoils(extravirginandvirgin)andlampanteoliveoilareprimaryproductsobtainedby373pressingolives.Thetype(quality)ofoliveoilobtainedisdeterminedbyphysical,chemicaland374

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organolepticcharacteristicsoftheprimaryoliveoilandisrelatedtothequalityandthestorage375conditionsoftheolivefruitusedasinputtotheoliveoilmill.376

Extravirginandvirginoliveoilsaremarketedasfoodwithoutfurtherprocessing.Lampanteoliveoil377hastogothroughrefiningprocessbeforeitcanmarketedasfood.378

Inaddition,refinedpomaceoliveoilisasecondaryproductextractedfromtheleftoversofthe379pressingprocess(pomace)byusingrefiningmethods.380

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PRODUCTCLASSIFICATION(NACE/CPA)382

Oliveoilsareclassifiedinthe“StatisticalclassificationofeconomicactivitiesintheEuropean383Community”withNACEcode10.41(Manufactureofoilsandfats)9,andwithCPAcodesasshownin384Figure1.385

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Figure1:CategoriesofOliveOilsintheEUmarket388

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9AccordingtotheISIC–CPC2.0classificationitbelongstoClass:2153-Vegetableoils,crude(seehttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf)

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SYSTEMBOUNDARIES–LIFE-CYCLESTAGESANDPROCESSES390

SYSTEMDIAGRAM391

Thesystemboundariesare“cradle-to-grave”,startingfromextractionofresourcesfromnatureand392endingtoemissionsfromthewastetreatment(Figure2).393

Dependingonthetypeoftheoliveoilandthetraderelationships,thecompanyresponsibleforthe394productmaybe:395

a) theoliveoilmill(ifittradestheextravirginandvirgin),396b) therefineryorthepomacefactoryfortherespectiverefinedproducts,inwhichcasetheoliveoil397

millisupstream,or398c) thepacker/blender(mixingthevariousoliveoiltypestostandardizeandpackanoliveoilwitha399

desiredcommercialquality)inwhichcaseallorsomeoftheabove,i.e.theoliveoilmill,the400refineryandthepomacefactoryareupstream.401

Thefourfacilitiesmayornotcoincideunderasingleownership/management.ItIalsopossibleand402quitecommoninsomeareasthatafarmers’group,acooperativeisthe‘owner’oftheproductfor403whichaPEFstudyistobemade.Inthiscasethefarmers’groupmaypossessorsub-contracttheolive404oilmill,whichinthiscaseis‘downstream’.Olive-fruitproductionmaythusbeeitherforegroundor405backgroundprocessdependingonthecase.Formoredetailsseesection5.2.Asaconsequenceofthe406above,theoliveoilproductionisexaminedastwobroadstages,thefieldstageandtheindustrial407stage.408

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Figure2:SystemDiagram(circlewithdashedline=OliveFruitproductionprocesses,circlewithsolidline=industrial410processes)411

412

FIELDPHASE:OLIVE FRUIT PRODUCTION PROCESSES 413

Olivefruitproductiontakesplaceintheolivegroves.Inthematureones,i.e.afterthe8th-10thyears414fromplanting,fruitproductionfollowsanannualcycletypicallystartingfromthenextdayafter415harvestingandendingthelastdayofharvestinginthenextyear(roughly,butalmostneverexactly416365days).Thesequenceoffarmingactionsthattakesplaceduringthisperiodincludesfertilization,417pruning,soil&weedmanagement,chemicalweedcontrolandapplicationsoffungicidesand418pesticides,irrigationand-intheend-harvesting.419

InthesystemboundariesfortheOlivefruitproductionthefollowingprocessesareincluded420

fromthecradletogateintheannualproductioncycle:421

o Useofagrochemicalinputsused,suchasfertilisersandplantprotectionproducts(pesticides422etc.)usedforsprayingthetrees.Spreadingofmanureandcompostisincludedinthisentity,423whiletheirproductionisexcludedsincetheyareconsideredtobeburden–free.424

18

o Useoffuelsforthefarmoperations(mainlysoilcultivation,pruning,sprayingand425harvesting)andfortransportation.426

o Useofagriculturalmachineryofvariablecomplexity(tractors,chainsawsetc.).427o Productionofelectricityusedforirrigation.428o Wastemanagement(pruningwaste,usedpackaging,usedlubricantsetc.).429o Wooduseasby-productofrenovationpruningorendoflifeofolivetrees.Inthiscontextthe430

typeofpruning–inrelationtotheamountandthefateofthewoodremoved-shallbe431described,asitcanvaryfromverylightpruningtoacomplete‘decapitation’ofsomeofthe432treesoftheolivegroveforrenovationpurposes.433

o Extractionanduseofwater.434o Auxiliarymaterialsforharvesting(nets,crates,detergentsetc.).435o Biogeniccarbonflows(includingolivefruit,soilandvegetation).(Thisisoption1inthe436

Climatechangemodellingissuepaper(DeScryveretal.2016))437o Transportationofinputstotheproductionsitesandtransportationofolivefruittotheolive438

oilmill439

Theaboveapproachisbasedonthefactthatolivegrovesareexpectedtohaveaproductivelifeover440100years,sotheusualperennialcroppingsystemisnotsuitable.Infact,mostoftheexistingolive441grovesinsouthEuropeareaged>50years,sothisPEFCRisfocusedonmatureolivegroves.442

443

Forthecasesthatneworyoungerolivetreeplantationsareassessed(olivetreeswereplantedless444than20yearsago)thefollowingactivitydatashallbeprovided.445

o Operationsforthetransformationofland.TheIPCCvaluesforcarbonstockchanges446shallbeused,takingaccountofthetypeoflandusebeforetheestablishmentofthe447newolivegrove.448

o Operationsfortheestablishmentoftheolivegroveincludingtheprovisionofseedlings/449youngtrees,theestablishmentoftheirrigationsystem.450

o Operationsforthegrowthoftheolivetrees(asdescribedin1-10above)andthesumof451theyieldsforalltheyearsoftheolivegroveuptothedayoftheassessment.452

453

454

INDUSTRIALPROCESSES/SCENARIOS455

o Cleaningandpossiblewashingofolivefruit,removalofleavesandforeignmaterials.456o Extraction,i.e.crushingofolivefruit,centrifugationandseparationofvirginoliveoilfrom457

solidsandwatersolublematerial,includingtheuseofwater(ifapplicable)andfiltering(if458applicable).459

o Refiningprocess460o Pomaceoilextractionprocess461o Managementofwasteorby-products(mainlypomace)462o Storageofoliveoil463o Wastetreatmentofwastegeneratedduringmanufacturing464o Wateruse465o BottlingandPackaging466

19

o Transportationofpackaging&rawmaterialsandenergywarestothebottlingplant467o Transportationofoliveoiltothepackagingunit468o Packagingofoliveoil(materialsofpackaging)469o Internaltransportation470

471

DOWNSTREAMPROCESSES/SCENARIOS472

Downstreamprocesses(backgroundsystem)includethefollowing:473

o Distribution474o Transportationfromfinalproduction/storagesitetoanaveragedistributionplatform,if475

applicable.476o Transportationtoretailer,ifapplicable477

Usephase478

o Energyrequirementforcooking.479o Energyrequirementfordeep-frying.480

Theend-of-life:481

o Endoflifeoftheoliveoilpackagingmaterials.482O Endoflifeofthewasteoliveoilleftafterdeep-frying. 483

484

SELECTIONOFTHEEFIMPACTCATEGORIESINDICATORS485

486

TheTSjudgedthenormalisedresultsnotrobustenoughtorelyonlyonthemfortheselectionofthe487EFimpactcategories.Thereforeinadditiontothefindingsofthescreeningstudy,alsothefindingsof488earlierLCAstudiesforEnvironmentalProductDeclarationaswellasonsocietalconcernswasusedin489theselectionprocess.Allthebackgroundinformationconcerningtherationalefortheselectionof490themostrelevantimpactcategoriesisprovidedinAnnexXI.ThePEFstudiesshallcontaintheimpact491categorieslistedinTable2.492

493

Table2:.ImpactcategoriesthatshallbeincludedinPEFstudiesforoliveoil494

EFImpactCategory EFImpactAssessmentModel EFImpactCategoryindicators Source

Recommen-dationlevel

ClimateChange Bernmodel-GlobalWarmingPotentials(GWP)overa100yeartimehorizon.

kgCO2equivalent IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,2007

I

OzoneDepletion EDIPmodelbasedontheODPsoftheWorldMeteorological

kgCFC-11equivalent

WMO,1999 I

20

Organization(WMO)overaninfinitetimehorizon.

Ecotoxicityforaquaticfreshwater

USEtoxmodel CTUe(ComparativeToxicUnitforecosystems)

Rosenbaumetal.,2008 II/III

ParticulateMatter/RespiratoryInorganics

Humbert(2009)(USEtox(Rosenbaumetal.2008)isusedforprimaryPMandCO,Grecoetal.(2007)forsecondaryPMfromSO2andNOx,VanZelmetal.(2008)forsecondaryPMfromNH3andRiskPoll(RablandSpadaro2004)todifferentiateamonghigh-stack,low-stack,andground-levelemissionsofprimaryPMforurbanandruralconditions,respectively

kgPM2.5equivalent Humbert,2009

I

Acidification AccumulatedExceedancemodel molH+eq Seppäläetal.2006;Poschetal.2008

II

Eutrophication–terrestrial AccumulatedExceedancemodel molNeq Seppäläetal.,2006;Poschetal.,2008

II

Eutrophication–aquatic EUTRENDmodel freshwater:kgPequivalentmarine:kgNequivalent

Struijsetal.,2009asimplementedinReCiPe

II

ResourceDepletion–water SwissEcoscarcitymodel m3wateruserelatedtolocalscarcityofwater

Frischknechtetal.,2008 III

ResourceDepletion–mineral,fossil

CML2002model kgantimony(Sb)equivalent

vanOersetal.,2002 II

LandUse SoilOrganicMatter(SOM)model Kgcarbondeficit MilàiCanalsetal.,2007 III

495

Theclimatechangeimpactcategoryshallbeprovidedasfourresults:496

1) Climatechange-total(thesumofthefollowing)4972) Climatechange–fossil4983) Climatechange–biogenic4994) Climatechange–landuseandlandtransformationa(separatedintotransformationand500

occupation)10.501

502

ADDITIONALENVIRONMENTALINFORMATION503

10Fordetails,seeTechnicalAdvisoryBoardIssuePaperonbiogeniccarbonmodelling:https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/wikis/display/EUENVFP/Documents+of+common+interest#Documentsofcommoninterest-TABissuepapers

21

Soilcarbonstorage504

Longtermcarbonstorageinthesoilofolivegroveshasasignificantpotentialtogrow,assoilorganic505matterpercentageincrementindepthofsoilreachingupto120cm.Theannualnetbiogeniccarbon506flowstosoilandfromsoilsshallbereportedasadditionalenvironmentalinformation(seeAnnexXI507undertheentity“Modellinglongtermcarbonstorageinthesoilofolive-groves”fordetails).508

Biodiversity509

Regardingtheimpactsonbiodiversity,thePEFstudiesshallreportthepercentageofolivessupplied510fromorganicproductionsystemsandotherproductionsystemsthatareshowntohavehigherlevelof511biodiversitycomparedtothestandardoliveproductionpractices(seeAnnexXIformoredetails).In512thecasethattheoriginoftheolivesisnotknown,thepercentageofolivescomingfromunknown513systemsshallbereported.514

515

ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS516

517

Oliveproductionsystems518

Datainthescreeningstudyrefertotraditional-conventionalolivegrovewithmorethan30-50years519ofageandaplantingdensityofabout180treesperhectare.However,highvariationisknownto520existwithinthis‘mainstream’setofplantations,withregardtoboth:activitydataandyielddata.To521ensureelementaryaccuracyofdata,encompassingalsoothersituationssuchasnewplantation522withinthelast20years,super-intensiveoliveplantations,organicorbio-dynamicfarmingpractices,523etc.datashallbecollected.524

525

Geographicallimitations526

Inthescreeningstudy,onlyoliveproductionandoliveoilmillsystemsinSpain,ItalyandGreecewere527modelledrepresentingover95%ofEuropeanoliveoilproduction.Therefore,backgrounddatafor528productionsystemsinotherEUcountriesandoutsideoftheEUwerenotgenerated.Forcomparative529assertionsofoliveoilproducedoutsideEurope.,seeANNEXXI.530

531

Packagingmaterialsandunusedoliveoil532

Inthescreeningstudy,itwasassumedthattheshelflifeofoliveoilisthesameregardlessofthe533packagingmaterialused.Oliveoilshavelongshelflifeasexpirydateisgenerallyindicatedas18534monthsafterbottlingdate.Therefore,thelossesofunusedoliveoilfromsupermarketsand535householdswereassumedtobenegligible.Duetothelackofdatatoprovethatactuallossesof536unusedoliveoilvarydependingonthepackagingmaterialused,theimpactofpackagingmaterialon537theshelflifeofoliveoilwasnotaddressedinthisversionofthePEFCRdocument.Thismaybe538changedinthefutureversionsofthePEFCRinthecasethatsuitabledataisavailable.Accidental539

22

lossesofoliveoilfromsupermarketsandhouseholdsmaybeassumedtobenegligibleinPEFstudies540followingthisPEFCR.541

Theproducershallrelatetheshelflifetothepackagingmaterialused.542

Limitationrelatedtothemulti-functionalityofthepackaging543

PackagingisincludedinthescopeofthePEFCRasitisanintegralpartofthefinalpackedwater544products.InaccordancewiththePEFPilotGuidancev.5.2,paragraph2.3,“Meaningfulcomparisons545canonlybemadewhenproductsarecapableoffulfillingthesamefunction(asexpressedinthe546functionalunit)”and“anequallyimportantobjective[ofaPEFCR]istoenablecomparisonsand547comparativeassertionsinallcaseswhenthisisconsideredfeasible,relevantandappropriate”.548

Packagingisamulti-functionalproduct:accordingtoareportoftheUNEP/SETACLifeCycleInitiative,549“themostimportantroleofpackagingistoprotectandcontaintheproductduringdistributionand550storage.Whendesignedintelligently,itcanensureproductsafety—particularlyimportantforfood551andbeverages—andminimizelosses.Inthefoodandbeverageindustry,packagingalsoservesto552preservetheproductandpreventspoilage,provideinformation,provideconvenienceandportion553control,andmarkettotheconsumer”11554

However,itisrecognizedthatthemulti-functionalityofpackagingisnotfullycapturedbythecurrent555LCAandPEFmethodology1213withparticularrelevanceinthecontextofcomparisonorcomparative556assertions.InthePEFCRofoliveoil,thedescriptionofthefunctionalunitdoesnotcaptureadequately557thefunction(s)ofpackaging:e.g.,oliveoilcanbekeptlongerthan18monthsinsomepackaging558materials;thelevelofquality,“howwell”,isnotspecifictopackaging.559

Asaresult,thereisalimitationontheapplicationofcomparisonorcomparativeassertionbetween560differentpackagingmaterialsofoliveoils.561

LIFECYCLEINVENTORY562

SCREENINGSTEP563

AscreeningstudywasperformedbytheTechnicalSecretariatoftheoliveoilpilot,andthe564conclusionsarepresentedinAnnex1.Themostrelevantlifecyclestagesidentifiedinthescreening565studyarepresentedinFigure3andTable6.ThemostrelevantprocessesarepresentedinTable6.566

11UNEP/SETACLifeCycleInitiative,2013:AnAnalysisofLifeCycleAssessmentinPackagingforFood&BeverageApplications12Finkbeiner,M.,2016:HIGH-LEVEL-ANALYSISOFGAPSFORCOMPARABILITYOFPACKAGINGMATERIALSINTHEEUPRODUCTENVIRONMENTALFOOTPRINT(PEF),TECHNISCHEUNIVERSITÄTBERLIN13OutcomesoftheEFTABmeeting,31stMay2016

23

567

Figure3:Contributionofdifferentlifecyclestagesonthetotalimpactoftherepresentativeproduct(avirtualproduct568consistingof1litreofpackedoliveoil)569

570

Table3.Mostrelevantlifecyclestagesandprocessesoftherepresentativeoliveoilstudiedinthescreeningstudy571

Impactcategory Lifecyclestages Contributingprocesses

Globalwarming,inclbiogeniccarbon

Use-(48.88%) Oliveoilforsaladdressing<u-so>-Use-(23.04%)

Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(-19.94%)

Cooking-Use-(20.76%)

Productionofprimaryproduct-(10.2%) Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(-18.47%)

Packaging-(8.67%) RefinedPomaceOliveOilproduction(EU)-Productionofprimaryproduct-(10.84%)

WasteOilfromdeep-fryingMulti-functionalityinEnd-of-LifeSituations(PEFguide,AnnexV,Copy)-Endoflife-(9.47%)

Globalwarming,exclbiogeniccarbon

Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(64.19%)

Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(59.3%)

Packaging-(14.96%) Oliveoilpackaging-Packaging-

24

(13.82%)

Use-(11.2%) Cooking-Use-(8.12%)

Globalwarming(biotic)

Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(-48.07%)

Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(-48.06%)

Use-(34.94%) Oliveoilforsaladdressing<u-so>-Use-(20.59%)

Cooking-Use-(14.23%)

Ozonedepletion



Packaging-(17.85%) Oliveoilpackaging-Packaging-(17.85%)

Distribution-(11.71%) Transporttoconsumer(packedoliveoil)-Distribution-(11.71%)

Humantoxicitycancereffects




Endoflife-(-14.0%) TinplateMulti-functionalityinEnd-of-LifeSituations(PEFguide,AnnexV)-Endoflife-(-11.13%)

Humantoxicitynon-canc.Effects





Acidification




Use-(8.51%) Cooking-Use-(6.24%)

Particulatematter/Respiratoryinorganics





Ecotoxicityforaquaticfreshwater



Ionisingradiation,humanhealtheffectmode



25


Photochemicalozoneformation



Productionofprimaryproduct-(27.06%) RefinedPomaceOliveOilproduction(EU)-Productionofprimaryproduct-(26.24%)


Terrestrialeutrophication




FreshwatereutrophicationRawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(93.62%)


MarineeutrophicationRawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(96.83%)


LanduseRawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(94.92%)


ResourcedepletionwaterRawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(99.98%)


ResourceDepletion(fossilandmineral)




Productionofprimaryproduct-(14.23%) OliveOilMill-Productionofprimaryproduct-(13.0%)

572

573

DATAQUALITYREQUIREMENTS574

5751. Dataqualityrequiredshallbethehighestpossiblefortheprocessesunderthedirector576

indirectcontrolofthecompanyapplyingthePEFstudy.Asthescopeoftheactivityofthe577companymaylayanywhereinthevaluechain,betweenoliveoilproductionandtrading,578accordingtothemodularityconcept,thefieldstagemaybedealtwithindependentlyofthe579nextstage(oilmill).Bearinginmindtheresultsofthescreeningstudy,aswellasLCAstudies580ofvariouspreviousoccasions,datasetsforthefieldstageshalltakeaccountofthefollowing:581• Crophusbandrypracticesthatleadtodifferentcarbonstoragepotentialinthesoil(see582

AnnexXI,2)shallbechosenamongthe4PEFcompliantdatasetstobeprovidedbythe583presentPEFCR.Thejustificationforthechoiceshallbedocumented.Foracompanythat584

26

correspondstosituation2or3ofDatasetsNeedMatrix(DNM)itisacceptabletousea585combinationofchoicesatvariousproportions,asitmaypurchaseolivefruitfromolive586producersthatfollowdifferentpractices.587

• Inordertoovercomethehighvariabilityofolivefruityieldsoftheolivegroves,suitable588PEFcompliantdatasetsperyieldclassshallbeavailablebythepresentPEFCR.The589justificationforthechoiceoftheyieldclassshallbedocumented.590Asasecondmeasuretheresultsshowingtheperformanceofthefinalproductshallbe591expressedindualmode.a)PEFscoreperfunctionalunitoftheproduct,allowingthus592productcomparisonstobemadeandb)perhectare(applicableonlyforthefieldstage)593whichprovidesenvironmentalinformationindependentoftheyieldachievedevery594year.595

ThepresentPEFCRcanbeusedforcomparativeassertionsorcomparisonsonlyifthefollowingtwo596requirementsarefulfilled,atleastonemodule(olivefruitsproduction,oliveoilprocessing,pomace597oilproduction,refining,blending,packaginganddistribution)isownbythecompanyperformingthe598PEFstudyandprimarydataisavailableforatleastoneofthesemodules.599

600

ThePEFstudyshalldeclarethelifecyclestagesandtheprocessesthatareunderthedirectorindirect601controlofthecompanyapplyingforPEF,asonlythese‘company-owned’processesmaydifferentiate602theperformanceofthefinalproductagainsttherepresentativeone,i.e.wherethecompanycan603focusforenvironmentalimprovement.Theymayormaynotcontainhighrelevanceprocessesandlife604cyclestages.Theactivitydataandthedatasetrequirementsaredetailedintable5-1.Examplesof605suchspecific‘ownership’oflifestagesareshownwithdifferentcoloursintheflowchartbelow.606

607

27

EVOO

OLIVEOILMILL

VOO LAMPANTDRY/WETPOMACE

OLIVEOILREFINERY POMACEREFINERY

REFINEDOLIVEOIL REFINEDPOMACEOIL

OLIVEOILBLENDINGFACILITY

POMACEOILBLENDINGFACILITY

OLIVEOIL POMACEOLIVEOILEXTRAVIRGINANDVIRGINOLIVEOIL

OLIVEOILPACKINGFACILITY

OLIVEOILPACKINGFACILITY

POMACEOILPACKINGFACILITY

OLIVESORCHARDS

MARKET

FARMERS

PRODUCERS

BOTTLERS

EXTRAVIRGINANDVIRGINOLIVEOIL

OLIVEOIL POMACEOLIVEOIL

608

Figure4:Lifestagesanditsowners609

610

Foralltheotherlifecyclestagesandprocesses(i.e.notinfluencedbythecompany,asinsituation3611ofDNM),comparisons&comparativeassertionsshallonlybemadeifthe-publiclyavailable-612secondarydatasetschosenarethedatasetsincludedinthisPEFCR.613

Processesthatarenotsubjecttochoicesuchaselectricitygridandtransportationmeans(e.g.byroad614foranisland,orbyboatforaninlandproducer)differentdatasetsareaccepted,butthedifference615shallbehighlighted.616

Company-ownedactivitydata,datasetsandevenresultsofLCA/PEFstudiesproducedbysuppliersof617intermediateproducts(socalledmodules)canbeusedbythecompanyapplyingforPEF,ifverifiedby618

28

areviewertobecomplyingwithPEFrules.InthecaseofLCA/PEFstudiestheseshallbefulli.e.not619restrictedtoonlythemostrelevantimpacts,processesandlifecyclesub-stages.Inthissensea“chain620ofcustody”(introducedbythecertificationschemeGLOBALGAP,butalsoanestablishedelementof621organiccertification,albeitnotnamedexactlyaschainofcustody)forintermediateproductscanbe622accepted,insofaraseachofthelinksofthevaluechaindeliversdatainPEFcompliantlevel.623

Environmentalperformanceofintermediateproductsshallnotbecommunicatedinrelationtothe624presentPEFCR..625

Itcanalsobeappliedbycompaniesthatonlytrade,butwishtoapplyforPEFlabelledoliveoilbased626ontheirsuppliersdata.Thisisanextensionofsituation3ofdnmforthewholeoflifecycle.Sucha627situationisprovidedforinRegulation834/07fororganicagriculture,andmaybeusedforoliveoil628promotedasorganicwithaquantifiedenvironmentalperformance.629

630

AccordingtotheEuropeanCommission(2013)(PEFGuide),thedataqualityofthedatasetsusedshall631beassessedbasedonthefollowingsixcriteria:632

•Fiverelatingtothedata:633

o Technologicalrepresentativeness(TeR)634o Geographicalrepresentativeness(GR)635o Time-relatedrepresentativeness(TiR)636o Completeness(C)637o Parameteruncertainty(P)638

Fivequalitylevelsaredefinedforeachcriterion:639

o Verygood(1);640o Good(2);641o Fair(3);642o Poor(4);643o Verypoor(5)644

TheoverallDataQualityRating(DQR)shallbecalculatedbysumminguptheachievedqualityrating645foreachofthequalitycriteria,dividedbythetotalnumberofcriteria(i.e.six).14646

647

Equation0-1.Dataqualityratingcalculation648

14By2016,allrequirementrelatedtothemethodologyshallbefulfilledaccordingtothePEFGuide(EC2013),however,inthepilotphase,ithasbecomeevidentthattheRecyclingEndofLifeformulamayneedsomeadjustment.Therefore,supportingstudiesshallclearlyindicatehowtheycalculatethedataqualityofthedatasetsused,andespeciallyhowtheonerequirementrelatedtomethodologyhasbeensolved.

29

TheDataQualityRating(DQR)shallcorrespondtoadataqualityleveldefinedasfollows:649

o Overalldataqualityrating(DQR)≤1.6:excellentquality.650o Overalldataqualityrating(DQR)from1.6to2.0:verygoodquality.651o Overalldataqualityrating(DQR)from2.0to3.0:goodquality.652o Overalldataqualityrating(DQR)from3to4.0:fairquality.653o Overalldataqualityrating(DQR)>4:poorquality654

Thissemi-quantitativeassessmentshallbedoneatleastforthedatasetsrelatedtothemostrelevant655processesidentifiedinthehotspotanalysis.Thequalityscoringshallbeperformedbyusingthe656criteriapresentedinTable7.2-1.657

Table0-1.CriteriaforthedataqualityassessmentaccordingtothePEFGuide658

TECHNOLOGY(TeR) GEOGRAPHY(GR)

TIME(TiR)

VeryGood-1-

Thespecifictechnologyconsideredintheanalysis Countryspecificdata 2012-2015

Good

-2-Averagetechnologyusedinthecountry Datafromsimilarcountries 2010-2011

Fair

-3-AveragetechnologyusedintheEU EUaveragedata 2005-2009

Poor

-4-Averagetechnologyusedintheregionofassessmentforothersimilarproducts.

Datafromothersimilarregions 2000-2004

Verypoor

-5-Otherorunknown Globalaverage Before2000

659

660

AlltheotherparametersintheDQRformulashallremainasquantifiedintheoriginaldataset.661

REQUIREMENTSREGARDINGFOREGROUNDSPECIFICDATACOLLECTION662

Inthenexttable,thedatarequirementsperlifecyclestageandprocessesrelevancearedescribed663accordingtotheDatasetNeedsMatrixofPEFCRGuidance5.2(TableE-1).Companyinthistableis664meanttobetheoneapplyingthePEFCRforaPEFstudy.665

30

Table0-1DatasetNeedsMatrix.15666

MOST RELEVANT PROCESS OTHER PROCESS

SITUATION 1: PROCESS RUN BY THE COMPANY APPLYING THE PEFCR

OPT

ION

1 PROVIDE COMPANY-SPECIFIC DATA

(AS REQUESTED IN THE PEFCR) AND CREATE A COMPANY SPECIFIC DATASET PARTIALLY DISAGGREGATED AT LEAST AT LEVEL 116 (DQR ≤1.6).

PROVIDE COMPANY-SPECIFIC DATA (AS REQUESTED IN THE PEFCR) AND CREATE A COMPANY SPECIFIC DATASET PARTIALLY DISAGGREGATED AT LEAST AT LEVEL 154 (DQR ≤1.6).

OPT

ION

2

USE DEFAULT SECONDARY DATASET, IN AGGREGATED FORM (DQR ≤3.0)

SITUATION 2: PROCESS NOT RUN BY THE COMPANY APPLYING THE PEFCR BUT WITH ACCESS TO (COMPANY-)SPECIFIC INFORMATION

Option1

PROVIDE COMPANY-SPECIFIC DATA (AS REQUESTED IN THE PEFCR) AND CREATE A COMPANY SPECIFIC DATASET PARTIALLY DISAGGREGATED AT LEAST AT LEVEL 157 (DQR ≤1.6).

USE DEFAULT SECONDARY DATASET, IN AGGREGATED FORM (DQR ≤4.0) O

PTIO

N 2

STARTING FROM THE DEFAULT SECONDARY DATASET PROVIDED IN THE PEFCR, USE COMPANY-SPECIFIC ACTIVITY DATA FOR TRANSPORT (DISTANCE), AND SUBSTITUTE THE SUB-PROCESSES USED FOR ELECTRICITY MIX AND TRANSPORT WITH SUPPLY-CHAIN SPECIFIC PEF COMPLIANT DATASETS. THE NEWLY CREATED DATASET SHALL HAVE A DQR ≤3.0.

SITUATION 3: PROCESS NOT RUN BY THE COMPANY APPLYING THE PEFCR AND WITHOUT ACCESS TO (COMPANY)-SPECIFIC INFORMATION

OPT

ION

1

USE DEFAULT SECONDARY DATASET, IN AGGREGATED FORM (DQR ≤3.0)

15PEFCRGuidance5.2(TableE-1)16Theunderlyingsub-processesshallbebasedonPEF-compliantsecondarydatasets.

31

667

OLIVEPRODUCTION668

Olivefruitproductionisahotspotforthemajorityofimpactcategories.Therefore,thisstageshall669alwaysbeincludedinthescopeofthePEFstudy.Duetothefactthatoliveproductionphasecanbe670eitherforegroundorbackgroundprocess,therequirementsvarydependingonthecase.TheData671NeedMatrixapplies(cf.AnnexEinthePEFCRGuidancedocumentv.5.2).672

673

Thefollowingrequirementsshallbefollowedwhengeneratingcompanyspecificdatasets:674

• Fertilisers,plantprotectionandherbicidetreatments:priorityshallbegiventospecificdata675wheneverpossible.676

• Directemissionsatthefarm:methane(CH4),directandindirectnitrousoxide(N2O),677nitrogenoxide(NOx),ammonia(NH3),nitrate,phosphorusandphosphateemissionsfrom678fertilizationand/ormanuremanagement,emissionsoffrombiomassburning,shallallbe679included.680

• Landusechangeanddeforestation:TakingaccountthatOliveOrchardisanperennialcrop,681andoften,ithasreplacedarablecropsorgrasslandareas,emissionsand/orremovalofCO2682shallbeincludedaccordingwithAnnexVIofPEFrecommendation(EuropeanCommission6832013)orfurtheroperationalrecommendationsfromtheTAB.684

• CO2removalsbycropsandvegetationshallnotbeincluded685• StoredCO2insoils.Thefollowingcalculationsshallbeincluded:686

o CO2storageinsoilshallbeincluded.TheproposedCO2modeltoestimatethe687accumulationofCO2insoilistheRothamstedmodel(RothC)17688

Olivefruitsusedinoliveoilsgenerallycomefromseveralmethodsofcropsystems.Arepresentative689sampleoffarmsinthesupplychainshouldbedefined,inawaythatproperlyrepresentsthe690variabilityofthecropsystems.Mainaspectsinfluencingsuchvariability,andwhichshouldbe691consideredwhendefiningthesamplesare:692

o OliveVariety693o Density(treesperHa)694o Ageofplantation695o Irrigationorrain-feedsystem696o Conventionalororganiccrop697o Yieldperhectare698

699Yieldinitsturnisstronglydependentonfactorsotherthancroppingsystemandthe700intensityofinputs,i.e.onpruningquality,onweatherconditionsduringflowering,on701

17http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/sustainable-soils-and-grassland-systems/rothamsted-carbon-model-rothc

32

autumnrainfallfortherainfedtreesandlastlyonunpredictablepestoutbreaks.Thusadirect702relationshipbetweeninputsandyieldistooriskytoquantify.703Duetotheabovesourcesofuncertainty,LCIAresultsaremostlycase-specific,areasonfor704which‘company-specificdatasets’shouldstrivetoincludeatleastthreeyearsofprimary705data.706Ifsuchdataarenotavailablethecompanyhastochoosefromthesetof‘default-datasets’707proposedwiththisPEFCR.Thedefaultdatasetsmayonlybealteredfortransportand708electricity.Furtherchangesthanthat,leadtothembeingconsideredasprimarydatasetsand709theirDQRshallbecalculatedanew.710ThedefaultdatasetsproposedbythisPEFCRcorrespondtofourdifferentolivetree711husbandrypracticesthataffectindifferentdegreelanduseandcarbonstorageinthesoil.712Thesepracticesandthecorrespondingdatasetsarepresentedinsection12.11.2.713

Giventheseasonalvariabilityofthiscrop,alldatashouldbecollectedforaminimumof1yearof714exploitationoracompletecampaign.Averagedatacollectedover3+yearsispreferable,when715available.Therepresentativenessfortheselectedyearshouldbejustified.716

Table0-2.Foregroundspecificactivitydatarequiredforolivefruitproduction717

Parameter Unit

GeneralInformation

Variety

Location

CropDensity NumberoftreesperHa

Ageofplantation Years

Previoususeofthisarea

Yield KgsolivefruitperHa

ProductionArea has

Inputparameters

Fertilizers KgofeachoneperHa

Phytosanitarytreatments KgofeachoneperHa

Useofmachinery HoursofeachmachineperHa

Irrigation CubicmetersperHa

StoredCO2 KgperHa

Fuelusebymachinery LperHa

Electricityusedonirrigation KwhperHa

Outputparameters

Olivesfruit KgperHa

Directfieldemissions KgperHa

718

Table0-3.DQRguidanceforolivefruitproduction719

Qualityrating

Timerepresentativeness Technologicalrepresentativeness Geographicalrepresentativeness

VeryGood-1-

Productionaverageover3+years,intheprevious5years,withrespecttodateofassessment.

Sourceofdatarepresents>80%oftotalsupplychain Allareasformpartofsupplychain

33

Good

-2-


Sourceofdatarepresents>60%oftotalsupplychain

Sourcedataareasrepresenting>50%ofsupplychain

Fair

-3-



Sourcedataareasrepresenting>30%ofsupplychain

Poor

-4-

Productiondataforasingleyear,intheprevious5years,withrespecttodateofassessment.


Sourcedataareasrepresenting<30%ofsupplychain

Verypoor

-5-

Productiondataforasingleyear,intheprevious10years,withrespecttodateofassessment

Singlefarm Unknownorproxy

720

721

OLIVEOILEXTRACTION722

Oncetheolivesarriveatthemill,itisnecessarytopreparetheolivesandremovetheremainsof723leaves,branches,mud,etc.thatmaybebroughtfromthefield.Forthis,ablowairpressureisapplied724totheolives,inwhichtheolives,theremainsofbranchesandleavesareseparated.Subsequently,the725leavesandforeignmaterialsareremoved,andolivesarewashedwhennecessary.726

Toobtaintheoil,olivesaremilledwithdoublescreenandspeedreducerwithoutheatingthedough.727Inthebatter,theolivepasteisremovedslowlyandinacontinuousmannerinstainlesssteel(mixers)728semi-cylindricalorhemisphericalshape,bearingasuitableheating.729

Themodernsystemofextractionnamedlike“twophases”includesahorizontalcentrifuge(decanter)730allowingsolid/liquidseparationandthen,thepomaceleavesoneendofthecentrifugeandtheoil731andwaterontheopposite.Inathreephasesystem,includingvirginoliveoil,pomaceandwater,are732extractedduringthecentrifugation.733

“Refinedoliveoil”isobtainedblendingtherefinedlampanteoliveoilwithafractionofvirginor734extravirginoliveoil.735

“OlivePomaceOil,isobtainedblendingtherefinedPomaceOliveOilwithafractionofvirginorextra736virginoliveoil.737

Giventhemultifunctionalityofoliveoilextractionprocesses,primarydatashallbeusedtomodelit738wheneveravailable.Themanufacturingofdifferenttypesofoliveoilistypicallyamulti-processes739activity,startingwithasinglecommoninput(olivefruit)andresultinginseveralproductswithvarious740chemicalandphysicalproperties.741

Table0-4.Foregroundspecificdatarequiredforoliveoilextraction742

Parameter Unit

Inputparameters

Olivesfruit Kgperyear

Electricityused Kwhperyear

Water Cubicmetersperyear

Gasoil Ltperyear

34

Transports Tkmofeachtypeperyear

Cleaningagents(cellulosefilters,diatomaceoussands,etc.) Kgperyear

Outputparameters

ExtraVirginOliveoil Kgperyear

VirginOliveOil Kgperyear

LampanteOliveOil Kgperyear

RefinedOliveOil Kgperyear

PomaceOliveOil Kgperyear

By-products(olivesbones,exhausteddrypomace,leaves,branches,etc) Kgofeachoneperyear

Wastewater Cubicmetersperyear

743

Table0-5.Qualityratingfordatainoliveoilextractionprocessess744

Qualityrating

Timerepresentativeness Technologicalrepresentativeness Geographicalrepresentativeness

VeryGood-1-


Allamountsandtypesofinputsandoutputsareknownandreported.Energyandwateruseareattributabletospecific

Products.

Originsofallingredientsareknownandreported

Good

-2-


Allamountsandtypesofinputsandoutputsareknownandreported.Energyandwaterusearereportedonanaggregateamountincludethewholeprocessordifferenttypesofoliveoil.

Originof>60%ingredientsareknownandreported

Fair

-3-


Amountsandtypesofmaininputs,outputsandby-productsareknownandreported.EnergyandwateruseareattributabletospecificProducts.


Poor

-4-

Productiondataforasingleyear,intheprevious5years,withrespecttodateofassessment.

Amountsandtypesofmaininputs,outputsandby-productsareknownandreported.Energyandwaterusearereportedonanaggregateamountincludethewholeprocessordifferenttypesofoliveoil.


Verypoor

-5-

Productiondataforasingleyear,intheprevious10years,withrespecttodateofassessment

Onlyamountsandtypesofolivefruits,andanyco-productsareknownandreported.Proxysareusedforallotherinputsoroutputs.

Originsareunknownandnotreported

745

746

PACKAGING747

748

Packaginggenerallytakesplaceattheoliveoilmill,andistherefore,aforegroundprocess.The749informationpresentedinTable13shallbecollectedperlitrepackagedoliveoilincludingsecondary750packaging.751

35

Table0-6.Billofmaterials752

Material Unit

Steelcan g

Tincanclosure g

Adhesivetape g

Cardboardbox g

Label g

PETbottle g

PETbottleclosure g

Glassbottle g

Glassbottleclosure g

Bag-in-boxclosure g

Bag(forbag-in-box) g

Nondripspout g

753

REQUIREMENTSREGARDINGBACKGROUNDGENERICDATAANDDATAGAPS754

Backgrounddataincludeproductionofinputmaterials,transportation,usephaseandendoflife755management.ThisPEFCRprovidesdefaultvaluestobeusedforthoseprocessesinAnnexV.756Transportationdistancesshouldbeadjustedwhenknown.757

758

DATAGAPS759

AccordingtoEuropeanCommission(2013),“datagapsexistwhenthereisnospecificorgenericdata760availablethatissufficientlyrepresentativeofthegivenprocessintheproduct’slifecycle”.Forsome761itemsnosecondarydatahavesofarbeenidenfiedforthefollowingitems:762

o Treereplacementprocesses.Thisisanerraticactivitytakenplacerandomlyifsomeofthe763treeshavebeendamagedbyfrostordisease.Thisisquiterare.764

o Productionofsimpleagriculturaltoolsandequipment(hand-saws,pruningscissors,ladders765etc.).766

o CalciumhydroxideusedforOil-MillWasteWater(OMWW)treatment(applicableonlyto767three-phaseoilmills).768

769

NOTE:TheTechnicalSecretariatisinterestedinreceivinginformationonavailablelifecycleinventory770dataorLCAstoclosethisdatagaps.771

USESTAGE772

773

Thescenariofortheusephaseshallbeincludedaccordingtothespecificationsoftheproduct,i.e.ifit774forsaladdressing,forcookingorfordeepfrying.Ifforsaladdressing,nofurtherdataarerequired,775

36

butifforcookinganddeepfryingtheelectricityconsumptionperprocesshastobeincludedinthe776model.777

Fordeep-fryingitisassumedthattheoiliscooked10minutesin180°C,whereasfornormalcookingit778isassumedthattheoiliscookedfor10minutesin100°C779

Thewasteoftheproductinuse(e.g.theoliveoilleftaftercookinganddeepfrying)isexludedfrom780theusestage,butispartoftheendoflifestage(c.f.5.8).781

LOGISTICS782

783

Calculationsoftransportationofpackedoliveoiltodistributioncentersandtheretailstorestoreach784theconsumershallbebasedonhistoricaverages(forestablishedmarkets)orperspectiveroutesfor785newones.Datashallbeonayearbasisandshalltakeintoaccountgrossweight(includingpallets786weight,ifapplicable),packagingtypesandsizes,distancesbyroadandbysea,vehiclesof787transportation.Forlorriesandtrucks,datashallbeprovidedontheirprevailingtransportcapacityin788tonsandtechnology,e.g.EURO4etc.ActivitydatashallbeexpressedinTkmperKgofoliveoil.789

Theconsumertransportstothestoreareexcluded.790

791

END-OF-LIFESTAGE792

793

ThePEFformulashallbeusedtomodeltheEoLoftheremainingoliveoilaftertheusephase(e.g.794productresiduesafterbeenusedfordeep-frying).Materialrecycling(R2)(e.g.esterificationof795vegetableoiltobiodiesel),energyrecovery(R3)anddisposal(withoutenergyrecovery)shallbe796modelled.Thedefaultvaluesifnoprimaryactivitydatacanbefound,isthatallusedoliveoilgoesto797energyrecovery(R3=1).798

ThePEFformulashallbeusedtomodeltheEoLofpackagingmaterialsandproductresidues(e.g.799afterbeenusedfordeepfrying).TheEoLformulashallbeappliedtothepartofdeepfryingoilthat800doesnotgointotheproduct.Ifnocompany/countryspecificdataareavailable,thegenericdataof801thedocumentavailableinthePEF-OEF_EOLDefaultData_V1.2availableontheEFwiki-spaceshallbe802used.803

Ifnoprimarydatacanbefound,theR2valueintherecyclingEoLformulashalltaketheaverage804recyclingratesofthepackagingmaterialsinthecountrywheretheproductissoldbasedonEurostat805statistics18.806

18http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=ten00063&language=fr

37

807

Table0-1AveragerecyclingratesfromEurostat2012808

Materials Recyclingrate

Glass 70.0%

Plastic 35.3%

Paper/cardboard 83.8%

Metal 72.5%

Wood 37.9%.

809

BasedondatafromEurostat,theaveragemanagementofnon-recycledwasteinEU-27consistsof81042%incinerationand58%landfill.811

812

REQUIREMENTSFORMULTIFUNCTIONALPRODUCTSANDMULTIPRODUCTPROCESSES813ALLOCATION.814

Theupstreamimpactshallbeallocatedbetweentheco-productsfromoliveoilmillbyusingeconomic815allocation.Site-specificdataforthemassfractionsandtheunitpricesprovidedinTable14-16shallbe816used.Inthecasethatalldataisnotavailableonsite,thedefaultvaluesprovidedinTables14-16shall817beused.818

819

820

821

Table0-1Allocationkeysforfirstallocationafterpressingolivefruit19822

Mass%ofcleanedolives

UnitvalueEuro/kg

Allocationfactor%

Extravirginoliveoil 9.14 1.88 46.14

Virginoliveoil 6.50 1.73 30.34

Lampanteoliveoil 4.67 1.61 20.26

Olivepits 9.30 0.07 0.95

Wetpomace(70%moisture) 70.40 0.01 2.32

19Salomone,R.,Cappelletti,G.M.,Malandrino,O.,Mistretta,M.,Neri,E.,Nicoletti,G.M.,Notarnicola,B.,Pattara,C.,Russo,C.,Saija,G.,2015.LifeCycleAssessmentintheOliveOilSector.In:Notarnicola,B.,Salomone,R.,Petti,L.,Renzulli,P.A.,Roma,R.,Cerutti,A.K.(Eds.),LifeCycleAssessmentintheAgri-foodSector:CaseStudies,MethodologicalIssuesandBestPractices.SpringerInternationalPublishing,pp.57-121.

38

823

Table0-2.Allocationkeysforsecondallocation(contentofwetpomace;ourelaborationonDiGiovacchinoetal200620)824

Mass%ofwetpomace

UnitvalueEuro/kg

Allocation%

Crudepomace 91.60 0.79 100

Drypomace 8.40 0 0

825

Table0-3.Allocationkeysforthirdallocation(crudepomace;ourelaborationon21)826

Mass%ofcrudepomace

UnitvalueEuro/kg

Allocation%

Refinedpomaceoliveoil 2.8 1.11 86.92

Drypomace 26.0 0.01 9.47

Olivepit 1.8 0.07 3.61

Wastewater 69.4 0.00 0.00

827

Duringthesupportingstudies,alternativeallocationcriteriawillbetested,basedonmassbalance,fat828contentinintermediateproductsandmixcriteriausingboth.829

BENCHMARKANDCLASSESOFENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCE830

831

Thebenchmarkisperdefinitiontheresultsofthescreeningstudyoftherepresentative(average)832product.833

Therangeforthebenchmarkandclassesofenvironmentalperformancehavebeendeveloped834followingtheIssuePaperonDeterminingtheEFbenchmarkandperformanceclasses(Galatola,835KerkhofandWoutersfromMarch2016).836

20DiGiovacchino,L.,Prezioso,S.,2006.Utilizationofolivemillby-products.ProceedingsofOlivebioteq,379-389.

21Salomone,R.,Cappelletti,G.M.,Malandrino,O.,Mistretta,M.,Neri,E.,Nicoletti,G.M.,Notarnicola,B.,Pattara,C.,Russo,C.,Saija,G.,2015.LifeCycleAssessmentintheOliveOilSector.In:Notarnicola,B.,Salomone,R.,Petti,L.,Renzulli,P.A.,Roma,R.,Cerutti,A.K.(Eds.),LifeCycleAssessmentintheAgri-foodSector:CaseStudies,MethodologicalIssuesandBestPractices.SpringerInternationalPublishing,pp.57-121.

39

ThebestandworstcasehavebeendeterminedwiththefollowinginputdefinedinTable7.3-5and837withthehelpoftheresultsfromthescreeningstudyoftheaveragerepresentativeproduct.838

Table0-5.Inputtothedefinitionoftheperformanceclasses839

Input(activitydata) Unit Lifecyclestage WorstcaseBestcase

Resonableaverage(forcheckingclassC)

Nitrogen(N) kg/ha FieldStage 325 0 69

Phosporus(P) kg/ha FieldStage 187 0 21

Electricity kwh/ha FieldStage 8667 0 76

Water m3/ha FieldStage 14444 0 180

Copper(Cu) kg/ha FieldStage 9.11 0 0.16

Organo-Phosporous(O-Ps) kg/ha FieldStage 19.50 0 0.09

Pyrethroids kg/ha FieldStage 0.58 0 0

Glyphosate kg/ha FieldStage 6.55 0 0.40

Dimetheoate kg/ha FieldStage 12.5 0 0

Electricitykwh/100kg

olives Industrialstage 5.24 0.36 3

Waterkg/100kg

olives Industrialstage 124.6 10 30

840NOTE:TheTechnicalSecretariatisinterestedinreceivingfeedbackfromstakeholders841iftheyhaveinput(activitydata)higherthanworstcaseandlowerthanthebestcase842andafeedbackonthereasonableaverage(forcheckingclassC).843

TheresultingperformanceclassescanbefoundinannexIII.844

NOTE:Theperformanceclassesandbenchmarkneedtobeupdatedwiththeremodelingandtheuse845ofthenewEFdata.Inthiscontext,alsoadditionallythreedifferentbenchmarksfortheproductsextra846virginoliveoil,oliveoilandpomasseoliveoilwilbetestedwithasimilarapproachasdescribedin847AnnexIII.848

INTERPRETATION849

TheinterpretationofthePEFresultsshallincludethefollowing:850

• AssessmentoftherobustnessofthePEFmodel851• Identificationofhotspots852• Estimationofuncertainty853• Conclusions,limitationsandrecommendations854

ComparativeassertionsofPEFfollowingthisPEFCRareallowedforproductswhichdifferinatleast855onePEF-compliantcompany-dataset(s)basedonhighquality(DQR>1.6)primarydata.Allother856datasetsusedinthePEFsshallbeidenticalforthecomparedproducts,i.e.thedefaultdatasets857providedbythePEFCR.858

859

REPORTING,DISCLOSUREANDCOMMUNICATION860

40

ThischapterdescribesthreewaysofcommunicatingtheresultsofaPEF-profileforoliveoilbusiness861tobusinessandbusinesstoconsumer.Theseshallbetestedinthesupportingstudies.Each862supportingstudyshalltest1-2ofthedescribedcommunicationvehicles.863

Theimpactcategoriesthatshallbecommunicatedandtestedbythesupportingstudiesinthe864communicationtestingare:ClimateChange,EcotoxicityforaquaticfreshwaterandResource865Depletion–water.AlsotheadditionalenvironmentalinformationofSoilcarbonstorageshallbe866testedinthecommunicationtestingphase.867

NOTE:Thispartwillbefinishedwhenthecommunicationtestingisready.868

PEFDECLARATION869

ThePEFprofilecanbecommunicatedthroughaPEFdeclarationpubliclyavailableoravailableupon870request.ThePEFdeclarationshallbebasedonthePEFCRforoliveoilandshallbesupportedbya871specificPEFstudy.872

ThePEFdeclarationshallinclude:873

• Identificationanddescriptionoftheorganizationmakingthedeclaration,874• Type(s)ofoliveoilcoveredbythePEFandproductidentificationi.e.tradename,packsizes875

andmaterials,876• PEFCRidentification,877• Dateofpublicationandperiodofvalidityofthedeclaration,878• ResultsofthePEFcalculationatleastfortheEFimpactcategoriesidentifiedasmostrelevant879

inthePEFCR,880• Additionalenvironmentalinformation,881• InformationonthespecificscopecoveredbytheLCA/PEF(see#7.3)declaringwhichlife882

cyclestagesareconsidered,ifthedeclarationisnotbasedonanPEFstudycoveringalllife883cyclestages,884

• Statementthatenvironmentaldeclarationsfromdifferentprogrammesmaynotbe885comparable,886

• Websiteaddresswhereexplanatorymaterialandallsupportinginformationrelatedtothe887calculationsdoneisavailable,888

• Informationabouttheverification.889

890

PEFPERFORMANCELABEL891

PEFlabelshallbeusedonpackedoliveoilbatches(lots)thatcanbetracedbacktotheactivitydata892usedfortheLCA.Therequirementsfortheuseofthelabel,itscontentanditslayoutwillbedescribed893atalaterstage.894

IfpossibletheperformancelabelcanbecombinedwithQRcode,leadingtoadedicatedwebpage895withfurtherenvironmentalinformation896

TheBackgroundDocumentfortheTestingofCommunicationVehiclesintheEnvironmentalFootprint897PilotPhase2013-2016v1.1providesinAnnexIfurtherguidanceonthePEFperformancelabel.898

41

899

PUBLICATIONSINPROFESSIONALPRESSANDNON-PROFESSIONALPRESS900

Thecriteriaforthepubliccommunicationthroughmassmedia,andsocialmedia(includingsocial901networks)willbedevelopedduringthesupportingstudyphase.902

903

904

VERIFICATION905

906

Inthischapter,therequirementsfortheverificationdependingontheintendedapplicationand907communicationvehiclesused,willbeendescribed908

Theobjectivesoftheverificationare:909

o ToassesscomplianceofthePEFanditsresultswiththepresentPEFCR;910o Toverifythetraceabilityandvalidityoftheinformation/data,bothprimaryandcomingfrom911

suppliers,andotherformsofsecondarydatausedinthesupportingstudies.Thistaskmight912involvecross-checkcomparisonofdocuments(e.g.invoices,billsofsale,etc.)bothprovided913bytheorganisationproducingthePEFprofileandthesuppliers;914

o ThepresentationofenvironmentalperformanceincludedinthePEFprofile;915o OtheradditionalenvironmentalinformationincludedinthePEFprofile,ifany.916

917

Inverifyingtheunderlyingdataofthelifecycleinventory,theverifierwillexaminethat:918

o TheunitprocessesaredefinedasspecifiedinthepresentPEFCR;919o Thesourceofinputandoutputdata(thatis,referencedliterature,vendor-supplied920

databases,andLCIdatabases)usedforaunitprocess/moduleofspecifiedunitprocessesare921atleastofthequalityrequestedinthepresentPEFCR;922

o Allrelevantinformationisdocumentedforeachunitprocess/informationmodule/PEFCR923module,i.e.beingconsistentandunderstandabletoenableanindependentevaluationof924therelevanceofthedatainaccordancetothereferencePEFCR.Inparticulartheverifier925shouldcheckthatanyadditionaldocumentationoftheLCAprocessdata(sources,926correspondence,traceablereferencestoorigin,andsoforth)isprovided,especiallyifthis927informationinfluencedLCAprocessdataselection;Tothiseffectitisrequiredthatthe928companyapplyingthePEFCRhasestablishedaQualityorEnvironmentalManagement,929equivalenttothecurrenteditionofISO9001orISO14001,orEMAS,certifiedornot,butin930anycasewitharobustsystemformonitoringandfordocumentcontrol.Forolivefruit931producingcompaniesGLOBALGAPisalsoconsideredadequate.932

o TheDataQualityRequirementsaremet.933

934

42

IncaseofexistenceofsecondarydataintheLCAresultswhichhavebeenalreadyverifiedaccording935torulesinthePEFGuide,theseshallnotbesubjectforfurtherverificationregardingthecriteria936methodologicalconsistency,completenessanduncertainty.Howevertheappropriatenessoftheuse937ofthesedataforthespecificproductneedstobeverified.Thisverificationsneedstocoverthe938aspectsoftime,geographicalandtechnologicalrepresentativenessofthesecondarydatafortheuse939inthespecificPEFprofile.940

Inverifyingtheresultsfromtheimpactassessment,theverifiershallcheckthatthecalculationsare941madeinacorrectwaybasedonthelifecycleinventoryandrecommendedcharacterisation,942normalisationandweightingfactors.943

Withregardtocheckinginformationofthelifecycleinventory,theverifiershallmakeuseofsample944checksfortheunitprocesses/informationmodules/PEFCRmodulestochecktheirconformanceto945originaldatasources.Theorganisationshallprovidetheverifierwithinformationaboutthe946underlyingdataandcalculationscarriedoutuponrequest.947

Samplechecksmaypreferablybecarriedoutforthoseunitprocesses/informationmodules/PEFCR948moduleshavingasignificantinfluenceonthelifecycleinventory,andrandomlychosenunit949processes/informationmodules/PEFCRmodules.950

Whenalargevarietyofproducts(e.g.seriesofproducts)aresubjectforverification,sampling951methodsfortheLCAstudyshallbeused.Ifaspecificsamplingmethodhasbeendevelopedbyan952organisation,thismethodshallbeverifiedbyathirdpartyverifierandspecifiedinthePEFprofile.953

Insummary,theverifierisduetoexamineandconfirm:954

o Theaccuracyandreliabilityoftheactivitydataused955o Thevalidityofassumptionsforthesecondarydataused956o ThepropermodelimplementationinLCAsoftware957o Thevalidityofthecalculations958o Therelevanceoftheinterpretationagainsttheresults959

960

Theverificationprocessshallbeperformedintwostages,a)internallybythecompanyaspartofthe961internalauditandb)byathirdpartyverifier.962

Verifiers,bothinternalandthirdpartyshallhavedemonstratedcompetencetoperformthework963accordingtoPEFGuide,section9.3Theirrecordsdocumentingcompetenceshallbeavailabletothe964reviewer.965

Ifexternaltothecompany,verifiersshallhavesignedaconfidentialityagreement.966

Verifiersshallnothavebeeninvolvedinthepartofthestudythattheyverify.967

Internalverificationshallbebasedondocumentedrecordsbythecompanyorbythesupplying968companyorotherthathascontractobligationorcommitmenttomakeavailableallprimarydata969used.970

Theinternalverificationreportshallbeendorsedbythecompany’smanagementbeforethirdparty971verificationisperformed.972

43

973

974

REFERENCELITERATURE975

O 12.LIFEPROJECTOLIVECLIMA,-LIFE11ENV/GR/942–OLIVECLIMA,976«INTRODUCTIONOFNEWOLIVECROPMANAGE-MENTPRACTICESFOCUSEDON977CLIMATECHANGEMITIGATIONANDADAPTATION».(AVAILABLEAT:978WWW.OLIVECLIMA.EU)979

O DESCHRYVER,A.,GALATOLA,M.,SCHAUE.M.,BENINIL.,PANTR.,2016:GUIDANCE980ANDREQUIREMENTSFORBIOGENICCARBONMODELLINGINPEFCRS,VERSION2.2–981FEBRUARY2016982

O EUROPEANCOMMISSION(2013)."ANNEXIITORECOMMENDATION(2013/179/EU)983ONTHEUSEOFCOMMONMETHODSTOMEASUREANDCOMMUNICATETHELIFE984CYCLEENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCEOFPRODUCTSANDORGANISATIONS.985

o FINKBEINER,M.,2016:HIGH-LEVEL-ANALYSISOFGAPSFORCOMPARABILITYOFPACKAGING986MATERIALSINTHEEUPRODUCTENVIRONMENTALFOOTPRINT(PEF),TECHNISCHE987UNIVERSITÄTBERLIN988

O LIFEPROJECTSAGE10,LIFE09/ENV/GR/000302-SAGE10,“ESTABLISHMENTOF989IMPACTASSESSMENTPROCEDUREASATOOLFORTHESUSTAINABILITYOF990AGROECOSYSTEM:THECASEOFMEDITERRANEANOLIVES”,(AVAILABLEAT:991WWW.SAGE10.GR)992

O LORENZOBENINI,LUCIAMANCINI,SERENELLASALA,SIMONEMANFREDI,ERWINM.993SCHAU,RANAPANT(2014).NORMALISATIONMETHODANDDATAFOR994ENVIRONMENTALFOOTPRINTS,JOINTRESEARCHCENTREINSTITUTEFOR995ENVIRONMENTANDSUSTAINABILITY,REPORTEUR26842EN996(HTTP://EC.EUROPA.EU/ENVIRONMENT/EUSSD/SMGP/PDF/JRC_NORMALISATION_997METHOD_AND_DATA_EF_WEB.PDF)998

O NARDINO,M.,PERNICE,F.,ROSSI,F.,GEORGIADIS,T.,FACINI,O.,MOTISI,A.,&999DRAGO,A.(2013).ANNUALANDMONTHLYCARBONBALANCEINANINTENSIVELY1000MANAGEDMEDITERRANEANOLIVEORCHARD.PHOTOSYNTHETICA,51,63-74.1001

O O.M.NIETO1,J.CASTRO,E.FERNÁNDEZANDP.SMITH,SIMULATIONOFSOIL1002ORGANICCARBONSTOCKSINAMEDITERRANEANOLIVEGROVEUNDERDIFFERENT1003SOIL-MANAGEMENTSYSTEMSUSINGTHEROTHCMODEL.SOILUSEAND1004MANAGEMENTVOLUME26,ISSUE2,PAGES118–125,JUNE20101005

O REGULATION(EC)NO451/2008OFTHEEUROPEANPARLIAMENTANDOFTHE1006COUNCILOF23APRIL2008ESTABLISHINGANEWSTATISTICALCLASSIFICATIONOF1007PRODUCTSBYACTIVITY(CPA)ANDREPEALINGCOUNCILREGULATION(EEC)NO10083696/931009

44

O SOFOA,NUZZOV,PALESEAM,XILOYANNISC,CELANOG,ZUKOWSKYJP,DICHIOB1010(2005)NETCO2STORAGEINMEDITERRANEANOLIVEANDPEACHORCHARDS.1011SCIENTIAHORTICULTURAE107(1):17-241012

o UNEP/SETACLIFECYCLEINITIATIVE,2013:ANANALYSISOFLIFECYCLEASSESSMENTIN1013PACKAGINGFORFOOD&BEVERAGEAPPLICATIONS1014

1015

SUPPORTINGINFORMATIONFORTHEPEFCR1016

1017

Openstakeholderconsultations1018

https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/wikis/display/EUENVFP/PEFCR+Pilot%3A+Olive+oil1019

1020

45

1021

1022

LISTOFANNEXES1023

1024

ANNEXI. REPRESENTATIVEPRODUCT1025

Therepresentativeproductisdescribedindetailinthescreeningstudyforoliveoilthatisprovidedin1026aseparatedocumentintheEFwikipageforoliveoilpilotstakeholders.1027

Therepresentativeproducthasbeenmodelledasavirtualoliveoilbasedon:1028

• theaveragemixofdifferenttypesofoliveoilsconsumedinEurope(Table2),1029• thedifferentagriculturalpractices(percountry)inthefield,1030• thedifferentoliveoilprocessingtechnologies(Table3)1031• thedifferentpackagingmaterials(Table4)1032

1033

TheaverageoliveoilconsumedinEuropewasmodelledbasedondatafromSpain,ItalyandGreece1034asthosecountriesproduceover95%ofalloliveoilproducedinEuropeandmoreoliveoilthanis1035consumedinEurope.1036

1037

1038

Oilmills %

Threephase 75%

Twophase 25%

1039

Packaging %

Glass 60

PET 20

Steelcan 20

1040

ANNEXII. SUPPORTINGSTUDIES1041

SevensupportingstudieshavebeencarriedoutfortestingthedraftPEFCRforcalculatingthe1042environmentalfootprintof7products:fiveExtraVirginOliveOilproducts,oneOliveOilproductand1043

Oliveoiltype % Spain Italy Greece

Extravirginandvirgin 70.00 39.41% 17.43% 13.16%

RefinedOliveOil 20.70 17.60% 1.84% 1.26%

OlivePomaceOil 9.30 3.25% 4.92% 1.13%

TOTAL 100.0 60.26% 24.19% 15.55%

46

oneOlivePomaceOilproductthatareproducedinSpain,GreceandItalyandexportedtoalloverthe1044world.TheError!Referencesourcenotfound.showstheprincipalcharacteristicsoftheassessed1045products.1046

Therearenotrerelevantdifferencesbetweenresultsoftheimpactcategories.Theresultsare1047homogeneousandareintotheperformanceclasses.Evensomeresultsarelowerthan1048“A”performanceclasse.Nocategoryshowsavaluehigherthan“E”performanceclasse.1049

Theimpactcategoriesreportedinthesomesupportingstudiesarenotthecategorieslistedinthe1050PEFCR.Insomecases,theresultsreportedareonlypercentagevalues.1051

ThefollowingaspectsweresuggestedforimprovingthisPEFCR:1052

- 501:ClearestinformationregardingDataqualityassessment.Ittakesalotoftimeto1053understandtheproposedmethodologytogetherwithinformationinPEFGuidanceandPEF1054Recommendation(e.g.indicationsonthecriteriaEoL).1055

- 440and498:toputinorderinthesamewayimpactcategories.1056

- 440and1060:impactcategoriesaredifferentinbothtables(e.g.in440Photochemical1057ozoneformationismissing).1058

- Numerationoftablesisnotcorrect.1059

1060

Limitationsonthestudy:1061

- Thedatafortheolivefruitcultivationoperationsarecollectedonlyfromafewfarmsthatin1062somecaseshaveestimateddata.1063

- Backgrounddatasetsdonotprovidesufficientdataforallprocesses,andtherefore,proxies1064wereusedinsomecases(e.g.capitalgoodsoftheoliveoilmill).1065

- Theimpactofdistributioncentresandretailarenotincludedintheassessment.1066

Therearelimitationsregardingtheimpactassessmentmethodsandnormalisationfactors.1067

Recommedationofthestudy:1068

- PEFCRforoliveoildoesnotcontainaproposalforperformanceclassesperse,butonlya1069proposalfor“performancelabel”consideredasasynonym.Inthisrespect,weproposeto1070useamarkonthebottleindicatingthelowestperformanceclass.1071

Infact,themarkshouldmakeacleardistinctionbetweenthePEFvalueforthefunctionalunit(the1072primarymessage)andtheperformanceoffieldlifestage.1073

ItisproposedthataratiobetweenthePEFvalueandthePerformancevalueperHectareshouldbe1074usedinthecontextofperformanceclasses,asadditionalenvironmentalinformation.Themilderthe1075interventionsinthefield,thelowertheratiowouldbe.1076Infactthisratiocouldbecomeanincentivefortheolivegrowerstoincreasetheiryieldswithout1077investingininputs,butonlyinthenon-inputfarmingpracticeslikepruning,composting,green1078

47

manureetc.inthelineofahighyieldingorganicoliveculture.Ithasbeenrepeatedlyshownthatolive1079treeishighlyresponsivetoproperorganicpractices,soincreasedfarmer’sattentionmayjustsuffice1080forincreasedyields,evenvsconventional(non-organic)olivegroves.1081

So,withregardtothesingle-farmerorganicXVOOthatisthesubjectofthissupportingstudytheratio1082betweenfieldvalueandPEFforthethreeselectedimpactcategoriesisasfollows,comparedtothe1083othertwooptionsavailable.1084

- Itisproposedthattheprimarydataobtainedinarepresentativesurfaceinfieldshouldbe1085usedtodeterminatethefunctionalunitandtheyshouldbeextrapolatedtotherestof1086farmland.Sincethelandbelongingtothesamecompanyhavesimilarcultivationpractices1087andsoilmanagementtoproducethefinalagronomicproduct.1088

- Inthecasethattherearemultipleprovidersofproductsinthelifecycle,weproposetouse1089therepresentativesupplier,thatistosay,thesedatashouldbeusedtocalculatethe1090functionalunit.1091

48

1092

TablaII-1.Characteristicsoftheproductsassessedinthesupportingstudies.1093

Product ExtraVirginOliveOil

ExtraVirginOliveOil

ExtraVirginOliveOil

ExtraVirginOliveOil

ExtraVirginOliveOil OliveOil OlivePomaceOil

NACECode 10.41-Manufactureofoilsandfats

CPAcode 10.41.23-VirginandExtraVirginOliveOil 10.41.53-OliveOil 10.41.59-OlivePomaceOil

Producedby Innoliva(Portugal-Spain)

BorgesInternationalGroup(Spain)

DCOOP(Spain)

KANAKIS(Grece)

Monini(Italy)

Acesur(Spain)

S.O.LEDIVINCENZOPETRONIeCSNC

(Italy)

Geographicvalidity Portugal,Spain,France,Italy

EE.UU.,Brazil,France,Russia,Spain,China,SouthKorea,ReinoUnido,NewZealand

(Backgrounddatasets)

France World

UK,Finland,Norway,Australia,EE.UU.Sweden,

Singapore,Ecuador

World

PERCRapplied PEFCRforOliveOil(Draftversion0.5-June2016).

49

ANNEXIII . BENCHMARKANDCLASSESOFENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCE1094

1095Theperformanceclassesareincludedinthefollowingtable.ClassCisthebenchmarkandtheresultofthescreeningstudyiswithinthisC-range.1096

TableIII-1.TheBenchmarkandclassesofenvironmentalperformance.1097

PerformanceclassesPEFoliveoil

Impactcategories

Units

A B C-Benchmark D E

Best from to from to from to Worst(lowerthan) (higherthan)

Climatechange(fossil) kgCO2-Equiv. < 3.31 3.31 3.74 3.74 5.30 5.30 8.00 > 8.00

Ozonedepletion kgCFC-11eq < 3.25E-07 3.25E-07 3.75E-07 3.75E-07 5.23E-07 5.23E-07 7.69E-07 > 7.69E-07

Humantoxicitycancereffects(withoutlongterm) CTUh < 3.19E-08 3.19E-08 3.53E-08 3.53E-08 4.43E-08 4.43E-08 5.90E-08 > 5.90E-08

Humantoxicitynon-canc.effects(withoutlong-term)

CTUh < 2.43E-06 2.43E-06 2.79E-06 2.79E-06 3.10E-06 3.10E-06 3.36E-06 > 3.36E-06

Acidification MoleofH+eq. < 0.026 0.026 0.030 0.030 0.040 0.040 0.057 > 0.057

Particulatematter/Respiratoryinorganics kgPM2,5-Equiv. < 3.46E-03 3.46E-03 3.88E-03 3.88E-03 4.84E-03 4.84E-03 6.33E-03 > 6.33E-03

Ecotoxicityforaquaticfreshwater(withoutlong-term)

CTUe < 95 95 282.1 282 377 377 381 > 381

Ionisingradiation,humanhealtheffectmodel kgU235eq < 5.37 5.37 7.39 7.39 19.11 19.11 40.53 > 40.53

Photochemicalozoneformation kgNMVOC < 0.029 0.029 0.032 0.032 0.037 0.037 0.045 > 0.045

Terrestrialeutrophication MoleofNeq. < 0.097 0.097 0.106 0.106 0.136 0.136 0.187 > 0.187

Freshwatereutrophication kgPeq < 5.00E-04 5.00E-04 6.61E-04 6.61E-04 1.49E-03 1.49E-03 2.99E-03 > 2.99E-03

Marineeutrophication kgN-Equiv. < 6.89E-03 6.89E-03 7.38E-03 7.38E-03 1.01E-02 1.01E-02 1.49E-02 > 1.49E-02

Landuse(SOM) kgCdeficiteq < 62.5 62.5 63.4 63.4 65.3 65.3 68.1 > 68.1

Resourcedepletionwater,SwissEcoscarcity m³eq. < 0.457 0.457 1.371 1.371 4.837 4.837 10.86 > 10.86

ResourceDepletion,fossilandmineral kgSb-Equiv. < 5.43E-04 5.43E-04 6.19E-04 6.19E-04 7.18E-04 7.18E-04 8.40E-04 > 8.40E-04

50

ANNEXI. UPSTREAMSCENARIOS(OPTIONAL)1098

Reportdescribingupstreamscenariosa1099

ndprocessesasaresultofthe1stvirtualconsultationmaybeaddedlater.1100

1101

ANNEXII. DOWNSTREAMSCENARIOS(OPTIONAL)1102

Reportdescribingdownstreamscenariosandprocessesasaresultofthe1stvirtualconsultationmay1103beaddedlater.1104

1105

ANNEXIII . NORMALISATIONFACTORS1106

ListofnormalisationfactorstobeusedinthePEFCRpilotphase:1107

1108

TableIII-1.DefaultEFnormalisationfactorsperperson1109

Impactcategory UnitNormalisationFactorperPerson(domestic)

OverallRobustness

Climatechange kgCO2eq 9.22E+03 VeryHigh

Ozonedepletion kgCFC-11eq 2.16E-02 Medium

Humantoxicity-cancereffect CTUh 3.69E-05 Low

Humantoxicity-noncancereffect CTUh 5.33E-04 Low

Acidification molH+eq 4.73E+01 High

Particulatematter kgPM2.5eq 3.80E+00 VeryHigh

FreshwaterEcotoxicity CTUe 8.74E+03 Low

Ionizingradiations kBqU235eq 1.13E+03 Medium

Photochemicalozoneformation kgNMVOCeq 3.17E+01 Medium

Terrestrialeutrophication molNeq 1.76E+02 Medium

Freshwatereutrophication kgPeq 1.48E+00 MediumtoLow

Marineeutrophication kgNeq 1.69E+01 MediumtoLow

Landuse kgCdeficit 7.48E+04 Medium

Resourcedepletionwater m3watereq 8.14E+01 MediumtoLow

Mineral,fossil&renewableresourcedepletion kgSbeq 1.01E-01 Medium

1110

1111

1112

ANNEXIV. WEIGHTINGFACTORS1113

51

Alternativeweightingfactorswerenottested.1114

1115

ANNEXV. DEFAULTDATA1116

1117

TableV-1.AverageOlivesProductionEurope1118

OlivesProductionEurope

INPUT UNIT perFU % OUTPUT UNIT perFU %

OlivesproductionGR kg 5.42E-01 15.01 OlivesEU kg 3.61E+00 100

OlivesproductionES kg 2.31E+00 63.99

OlivesproductionIT kg 7.58E-01 21.00

1119

1120

TableV-2.OlivesProductionSpainandprocesses1121

OlivesProductionSpain

INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU

Harvesting sqm 9.48E+00 Olives kg 2.31E+00

Irrigating sqm 9.48E+00Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg -2.12E+00

PPP&Herbicides sqm 9.48E+00

SoilManagement sqm 9.48E+00

Pruning sqm 9.48E+00

Fertilisers sqm 9.48E+00

Harvesting


Dembling[workprocesses] sqm 9.48E+00Harvesting(Raccolta)[workprocesses]

sqm 9.48E+00

transport,tractorandtrailer,agricultural[allocatableproduct]

tkm 1.20E-01Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 1.59E-01

GLO:petrol,two-strokeblend[allocatableproduct]

kg 1.27E-02Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 8.39E-03

GLO:polyethylene,linearlowdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]

kg 9.48E-04Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 5.32E-03

GLO:yarn,jute[allocatableproduct]

kg 9.48E-04Nitrogenmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 1.08E-03

NMVOC(unspecified)[GroupNMVOCtoair]

kg 4.55E-04

Dust(PM2.5)[Particlestoair]

kg 2.57E-04

52

Nitrogendioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 5.68E-05

Benzene[GroupNMVOCtoair]

kg 3.19E-05

Methane[Organicemissionstoair(groupVOC)]

kg 2.45E-05

Nitrousoxide(laughinggas)[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 5.28E-06

Ammonia[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 1.52E-06

Sulphurdioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 1.07E-06

Dembling


GLO:lubricatingoil[allocatableproduct]

kg 1.39E-03 Pruning[workprocesses] sqm 9.48E+00


kg 1.27E-03Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 1.59E-02

Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 8.39E-04

Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 5.32E-04

Nitrogenmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 1.08E-04


kg 4.55E-05


kg 2.57E-05


kg 5.68E-06


kg 3.19E-06


kg 2.45E-06


kg 5.28E-07


kg 1.52E-07


kg 1.07E-07

Irrigating


ES:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]

MJ 9.95E-01Irrigation[workprocesses]

sqm 9.48E+00

53


kg 2.92E-02

GLO:polyethylene,highdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]

kg 8.31E-03

Water(groundwater,regionalized,ES)[Water]

kg 1.04E+03

PPP&Herbicides


applicationofplantprotectionproduct,byfieldsprayer[allocatableproduct]

sqm 1.90E-01 Pesticides[Pesticide] sqm 9.48E+00


kg 1.90E-02Dimethoate[Pesticidestofreshwater]

kg 1.84E-02

GLO:organophosphorus-compound,unspecified[allocatableproduct]

kg 1.84E-02Glyphosate[Pesticidestofreshwater]

kg 5.96E-04

transport,freight,inlandwaterways,bargetanker[allocatableproduct]

tkm 1.74E-03Glyphosate[Pesticidestoair]

kg 3.94E-05


tkm 9.83E-04Dimethoate[Pesticidestoagriculturalsoil]

kg 1.29E-05

GLO:glyphosate[allocatableproduct]

kg 6.35E-04Glyphosate[Pesticidestoagriculturalsoil]

kg 4.45E-12

GLO:pyrethroid-compound[allocatableproduct]

kg 9.48E-06

SoilManagement


tillage,harrowing,byspringtineharrow[allocatableproduct]

sqm 9.48E+00Soilmanaging[workprocesses]

sqm 2.00E+00

tillage,ploughing[allocatableproduct]

sqm 9.48E+00

tillage,rotarycultivator[allocatableproduct]

sqm 9.48E+00

mowing,byrotarymower[allocatableproduct]

sqm 9.48E+00

transport,freight,lorry7.5-16metricton,EURO5[allocatableproduct]

tkm 1.61E-05

Pruning



tkm 7.70E-04 Pruning[workprocesses] sqm 9.48E+00

GLO:agriculturalmachinery,unspecified[allocatableproduct]

kg 6.64E-05Wasteheat[Otheremissionstoair]

MJ 1.46E+00

Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 9.99E-02

Nitrogenoxides[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 1.25E-03


kg 1.54E-04

54


kg 1.28E-04


kg 7.61E-05


kg 3.24E-05

Zinc(+II)[Heavymetalstoagriculturalsoil]

kg 4.69E-06


kg 4.15E-06


kg 3.85E-06


kg 6.43E-07


kg 2.35E-07

Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAH,carcinogenic)[GroupPAHtoair]

kg 1.06E-07

Copper(+II)[Heavymetalstoair]

kg 5.47E-08

Zinc(+II)[Heavymetalstoair]

kg 3.21E-08

Lead(+II)[Heavymetalstoagriculturalsoil]

kg 8.05E-09

Nickel(+II)[Heavymetalstoair]

kg 2.25E-09

Cadmium(+II)[Heavymetalstoagriculturalsoil]

kg 1.80E-09

Chromium[Heavymetalstoair]

kg 1.60E-09

Benzo{a}pyrene[GroupPAHtoair]

kg 9.62E-10

Cadmium(+II)[Heavymetalstoair]

kg 3.21E-10

Selenium[Heavymetalstoair]

kg 3.21E-10

Fertilising


fertilising,bybroadcaster[allocatableproduct]

sqm 3.80E-01Fertilizers[mineralfertiliser]

sqm 9.48E+00


tkm 5.48E-02Nitrate[Inorganicemissionstofreshwater]

kg 1.26E-01

GLO:nitrogenfertiliser,asN[allocatableproduct]

kg 2.84E-02Potassium[Inorganicemissionstofreshwater]

kg 3.30E-03

GLO:potassiumfertiliser,asK2O[allocatableproduct]

kg 1.14E-02Nitrogen(atmosphericnitrogen)[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 2.56E-03

55

GLO:borax,anhydrous,powder[allocatableproduct]

kg 2.60E-03Ammonium[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 5.69E-04


tkm 1.16E-03Nitrousoxide(laughinggas)[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 3.56E-04


tkm 2.64E-04Nitrogenoxides[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 7.47E-05

1122

1123

TableV-3.OlivesProductionItalyandprocesses1124

OlivesProductionItaly


Harvesting sqm 2.79E+00 Olives kg 7.58E-01


kg -6.95E-01





Harvesting



tkm 2.10E-02Harvesting(Raccolta)[workprocesses]

sqm 2.79E+00



kg 2.63E-02


kg 3.68E-04


kg 3.34E-05

Dust(PM2.5)[Particlestoair] kg 3.31E-05


kg 2.28E-05


kg 8.49E-06

Zinc[Heavymetalstoair] kg 1.43E-06


kg 1.09E-06


kg 1.01E-06

Ammonia[Inorganicemissionstoair] kg 1.69E-07

Benzene[GroupNMVOCtoair] kg 6.15E-08

Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAH,unspec.)[GroupPAHtoair]

kg 2.77E-08

56

Copper[Heavymetalstoair]

kg

1.43E-08

Zinc[Heavymetalstoagriculturalsoil] kg 8.43E-09

Lead[Heavymetalstoagriculturalsoil]

kg 2.37E-09

Nickel[Heavymetalstoair] kg 5.89E-10

Cadmium[Heavymetalstoagriculturalsoil]

kg 5.42E-10

Chromium[Heavymetalstoair] kg 4.22E-10

Benzo{a}pyrene[GroupPAHtoair] kg 2.53E-10

Selenium[Heavymetalstoair]

kg

8.43E-11

Cadmium[Heavymetalstoair] kg 8.43E-11

Irrigating


IT:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]

MJ 2.93E-01 Irrigation[workprocesses] sqm 2.79E+00


kg 8.61E-03


kg 2.44E-03

Water(groundwater,regionalized,IT)[Water]

kg 3.07E+02

PPP&Herbicides



sqm 1.27E+01 Pesticides[Pesticide] sqm 2.79E+00

Water[Water] kg 5.31E-01Copper(+II)[Heavymetalstoagriculturalsoil]

kg 2.29E-03

GLO:copperoxide[allocatableproduct]

kg 2.54E-03Dimethoate[Pesticidestofreshwater]

kg 4.49E-04


tkm 5.52E-04 Glyphosate[Pesticidestofreshwater] kg 3.22E-04


kg 4.50E-04Paraffinoil[Organicemissionstoagriculturalsoil]

kg 2.21E-04

RER:insecticides,atregionalstorehouse[Pesticide]

kg 4.40E-04Cyclohexanone[Hydrocarbonstofreshwater]

kg 3.27E-05


kg 3.43E-04Copper(+II)[Heavymetalstofreshwater]

kg 2.54E-05

GLO:paraffin[allocatableproduct]

kg 2.33E-04 Glyphosate[Pesticidestoair] kg 2.13E-05

57

GLO:cyclohexanone[allocatableproduct]

kg 4.74E-05 Cyclohexanone[GroupNMVOCtoair] kg 1.47E-05


tkm 1.55E-05Dimethoate[Pesticidestoagriculturalsoil]

kg 3.15E-07

Glyphosate[Pesticidestoagriculturalsoil]

kg 2.40E-12

SoilManagement



sqm 2.44E+00 SoilManagement sqm 2.00E+00


sqm 1.96E+00


sqm 1.47E+00


kg 4.16E-04

Pruning



kg 4.09E-04 Pruning[workprocesses] sqm 2.79E+00



kg 6.42E-03


kg 3.38E-04


kg 2.14E-04

Nitrogenmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 4.35E-05


kg 1.83E-05



kg 2.29E-06



kg 9.88E-07


kg 2.13E-07

Ammonia[Inorganicemissionstoair] kg 6.12E-08


kg 4.32E-08

Fertilising



sqm 2.44E+00 Fertilizers[mineralfertiliser] sqm 2.79E+00


kg 2.11E-02Nitrate[Inorganicemissionstofreshwater]

kg 5.79E-02

58


kg 1.95E-02Potassium[Inorganicemissionstofreshwater]

kg 5.66E-03

GLO:phosphatefertiliser,asP2O5[allocatableproduct]


kg 1.90E-03

transport,freight,lorry>32metricton,EURO5[allocatableproduct]

tkm 3.88E-03Phosphate[Inorganicemissionstofreshwater]

kg 6.99E-04


tkm 7.77E-05Ammonium[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 4.22E-04


kg 2.64E-04


kg 5.54E-05

1125

1126

1127

1128

1129

TableV-4.OlivesProductionGreeceandprocesses1130

OlivesProductionGreece


Harvesting sqm 2.00E+00 Olives kg 5.42E-01


kg -4.97E-01





Harvesting



kg 1.66E-05Harvesting(Raccolta)[workprocesses]

sqm 2.00E+00


tkm 3.62E-05Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 1.34E-02

GLO:yarn,jute[allocatableproduct]

kg 2.00E-04Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 7.08E-04


tkm 4.94E-04Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 4.49E-04


kg 9.65E-04Nitrogenmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 9.10E-05


tkm 2.71E-03NMVOC(unspecified)[GroupNMVOCtoair]

kg 3.84E-05

59



kg 4.79E-06



kg 2.07E-06


kg 4.46E-07


kg 1.28E-07


kg 9.03E-08

Irrigating


GR:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]

kWh 2.53E-02 Irrigation[workprocesses] sqm 2.00E+00

Water(groundwater,regionalized,GR)[Water]

kg 3.28E+01

PPP&Herbicides



sqm 9.64E-01 Pesticides[Pesticide] sqm 2.00E+00

Water[Water] kg 7.24E-02Dimethoate[Pesticidestofreshwater]

kg 2.40E-05


tkm 2.89E-04Glyphosate[Pesticidestofreshwater]

kg 7.69E-06


tkm 4.13E-05 Glyphosate[Pesticidestoair] kg 5.08E-07


kg 2.40E-05Dimethoate[Pesticidestoagriculturalsoil]

kg 1.68E-08

RoW:wastepolyethylene[Waste]

kg 1.80E-05Glyphosate[Pesticidestoagriculturalsoil]

kg 5.74E-14


kg 8.44E-06


kg 8.20E-06


tkm 1.32E-06

SoilManagement


60


sqm 5.53E-01 Soilmanaging[workprocesses] sqm 2.00E+00


sqm 3.14E-01


sqm 7.08E-02


kg 2.98E-04


tkm 8.03E-05

Pruning



kg 3.90E+00 Pruning[workprocesses] sqm 1.00E+04


tkm 2.58E+00Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 5.04E+01


tkm 1.94E+00Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 2.66E+00


kg 1.85E+00Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 1.68E+00


tkm 3.69E-01Nitrogenmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 3.41E-01


kg 1.44E-01



kg 1.80E-02



kg 7.75E-03


kg 1.67E-03


kg 4.80E-04


kg 3.39E-04

Fertilising



sqm 1.75E+00 Fertilizers[mineralfertiliser] sqm 2.00E+00


tkm 2.07E-02Nitrate[Inorganicemissionstofreshwater]

kg 3.01E-02



kg 7.30E-04

61


tkm 2.96E-03Potassium[Inorganicemissionstofreshwater]

kg 6.97E-04

GLO:phosphatefertiliser,asP2O5[allocatableproduct]

kg 2.41E-03Phosphate[Inorganicemissionstofreshwater]

kg 1.75E-04


kg 2.40E-03Ammonium[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 1.62E-04

GLO:magnesiumsulfate[allocatableproduct]

kg 1.08E-03Nitrousoxide(laughinggas)[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 1.01E-04


tkm 2.96E-04Nitrogenoxides[Inorganicemissionstofreshwater]

kg 2.13E-05

GLO:borax,anhydrous,powder[allocatableproduct]

kg 9.28E-05

GLO:ironsulfate[allocatableproduct]

kg 7.70E-05


kg 5.91E-05

GLO:zincoxide[allocatableproduct]

kg 7.70E-06

1131

1132

1133

TableV-5.Averageoliveoil1134

Averageoliveoil

INPUT UNIT perFU % OUTPUT UNIT perFU %

Virginoliveoil kg 6.44E-01 70.04 Oliveoil kg 9.20E-01 100

Pomaceoliveoil kg 1.90E-01 20.66

Refinedoliveoil kg 8.55E-02 9.30

RoW:oilmill[allocatableproduct]

Numberofpieces

5.11E-09

1135

1136

TableV-6.Averagevirginoliveoilextraction1137

Virginoliveoilextraction(Europe)

perliterofEVO perFU Averageoliveoil

Virginoliveoilextraction(Italy) Virginoliveoil(kg) 0.229 0.1603 24.89%

Virginoliveoilextraction(Spain) Virginoliveoil(kg) 0.518 0.3626 56.30%

Virginoliveoilextraction(Greece) Virginoliveoil(kg) 0.173 0.1211 18.80%

0.920 0.644 100.00%

1138

1139

62

TableV-7.VirginoliveoilextractionGreece1140

Oliveoilextraction

INPUT UNITperliterofEVO

perFU OUTPUT UNITperliterofEVO

perFU

Virginoliveoilfromthreephases

kg 0.156 1.09E-01Virginoliveoil(IT)

kg 0.173 1.21E-01

Virginoliveoilfromtwophases

kg 0.0173 1.21E-02

Oliveoilextraction(threephase)



perFU

Cleanedolives kg 0.823 5.76E-01 Wastewater kg 0.00122 8.54E-04


kWh 0.0363 2.54E-02 Pomace kg 0.373 2.61E-01


kg 1.03 7.21E-01 Oliveoil kg 0.156 1.09E-01

Leaves kg 0.105 7.35E-02

Oliveoilextraction(twophase)



perFU



kWh 0.000272 1.90E-04 Pomace kg 0.0801 5.61E-02


kg 0.0563 3.94E-02 Oliveoil kg 0.0173 1.21E-02

Leaves kg 0.00805 5.64E-03

1141

1142

TableV-8.VirginoliveoilextractionItaly1143

Cleaningandrinsing



perFU

HarvestedOlives kg 5.68 3.98E+00 Stones kg 0.397 2.78E-01


kWh 0.0119 8.33E-03 Leaves kg 0.17 1.19E-01


kg 0.511 3.58E-01 Wastewater kg 0.511 3.58E-01

Cleanedolives kg 5.11 3.58E+00

Oliveoilextraction



perFU

Virginoliveoilfromthreephases kg 0.1603 1.12E-01 Virginoliveoil(IT) kg 0.229 1.60E-01

Virginoliveoilfrompressing kg 0.0687 4.81E-02

63

Oliveoilextraction(threephase)



perFU

Cleanedolives kg 0.919 6.43E-01 Wastewater kg0.475423913

3.33E-01


kWh0.011001957

7.70E-03 Pomace kg0.469721739

3.29E-01


kg1.386445652

9.71E-01 Oliveoil kg 0.1603 1.12E-01

Oliveoilextraction(pressing)



perFU



kWh 0.00631 4.42E-03 Pomace kg 0.2033 1.42E-01


kg 1.28 8.96E-01 Oliveoil kg 0.0687 4.81E-02

1144

1145

1146

TableV-9.VirginoliveoilextractionSpain1147

Eliminationofleavesandstones



perFU

HarvestedOlives kg 3.02 2.11E+00 Stones kg 0.116 8.12E-02


kWh 0.0084 5.88E-03 Leaves kg 0.0725 5.08E-02

Cleanedolives kg 2.83 1.98E+00

Washing



perFU

Cleanedolives kg 2.83 1.98E+00 Wastewater kg 0.925 6.48E-01


kWh 0.00787 5.51E-03 Cleanedolives kg 2.83 1.98E+00


kg 0.925 6.48E-01

Oliveoilextraction(twophases)



perFU

Cleanedolives kg 2.83 1.98E+00 Pomace kg 2.312 1.62E+00


kWh 0.05513 3.86E-02 Oliveoil kg 0.518 3.63E-01


kg 0.105 7.35E-02

cellulosefibers kg 0.0007268 4.09E-04

1148

1149

64

TableV-10.Disposingofleaves1150

Disposingofleaves


perFU OUTPUT UNIT perliterofEVO perFU

LeavesIT kg 0.170 1.19E-01 ThermalEnergy kWh 0.347 2.43E-01

LeavesGR kg 0.113 7.92E-02ThermalEnergyfromNaturalGas

kWh -0.347 -2.43E-01

LeavesES kg 0.073 5.08E-02

1151

TableV-11.RefinedPomaceoliveoil1152

Refinedpomaceoliveoil

INPUT UNITperliterofPRO

perFU OUTPUT UNITperliterofPRO

perFU

RefinedpomaceoliveoilIT kg 0.321 6.64E-02RefinedpomaceoliveoilEU

kg 0.920 1.91E-01

RefinedpomaceoliveoilES

kg 0.488 1.01E-01

RefinedpomaceoliveoilGR

kg 0.112 2.31E-02

RefiningpomaceoliveoilIT



perFU

crudepomaceoliveoil[Olive&Oil]

kg 0.3308 6.85E-02RefinedpomaceoliveoilIT

kg0.32067192

6.64E-02


MJ 0.0502 1.04E-02Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg0.00435175

9.01E-04


kg 0.0331 6.85E-03Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg0.00000096

1.99E-07

GLO:steam,inchemicalindustry[allocatableproduct]

kg 0.0274 5.67E-03

COD,ChemicalOxygenDemand[ecoinventlong-termtofreshwater]

kg0.95622047

1.98E-01

GLO:naturalgas,frommediumpressurenetwork(0.1-1bar),atservicestation[allocatableproduct]

kg 0.0015 3.08E-04Fattyacid[Organicintermediateproducts]

kg0.00430299

8.91E-04

GLO:phosphoricacid,industrialgrade,withoutwater,in85%solutionstate[allocatableproduct]

kg 0.0007 1.35E-04Methane[Organicemissionstoair(groupVOC)]

kg0.00000045

9.24E-08

GLO:activatedbentonite[allocatableproduct]

kg 0.0006 1.32E-04Nitrogenoxides[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg0.00002155

4.46E-06

GLO:sodiumhydroxide,withoutwater,in50%solutionstate[allocatableproduct]

kg 0.0005 1.10E-04Phospolidesandgum[Olive&Oil]

kg0.00555564

1.15E-03

Waste(deposited)[Stockpilegoods]

kg0.00076498

1.58E-04

wastewater,average[Waste]

m30.05151797

1.07E-02

65

PomaceoliveoilextractionIT



perFU

Pomacefromthreephasessystem[Olive&Oil]

kg 6.8791 1.42E+00crudepomaceoliveoil[Olive&Oil]

kg0.330785348

6.85E-02

Pomacefrompressing[Olive&Oil]

kg 1.7198 3.56E-01Exhaustedpomace[Olive&Oil]

kg3.955503779

8.19E-01

Exhaustedpomace[Olive&Oil]

kg 1.3842 2.87E-01Ash[Wasteforrecovery]

kg0.062774177

1.30E-02


MJ 0.5820 1.21E-01Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg0.954153386

1.98E-01



kg6.73146E-09

1.39E-09

transport,freight,lorry16-32metricton,EURO3[allocatableproduct]

tkm 0.1652 3.42E-02Dust(combustion)[Particlestoair]

kg5.60799E-08

1.16E-08

GLO:hexane[allocatableproduct]

kg 0.0129 2.67E-03Hexane(isomers)[GroupNMVOCtoair]

kg0.012898382

2.67E-03

Hydrogenchloride[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg5.34086E-08

1.11E-08

Iron[Heavymetalstoindustrialsoil]

kg7.93185E-06

1.64E-06

Mineraloil(tetradecane)[Organicemissionstoindustrialsoil]

kg9.91482E-07

2.05E-07


kg1.6824E-07

3.48E-08

Steam[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg0.412913389

8.55E-02


kg8.07925E-09

1.67E-09

Totalorganicboundedcarbon[Analyticalmeasurestofreshwater]

kg8.92334E-06

1.85E-06

VOC(unspecified)[Organicemissionstoair(groupVOC)]

kg2.46939E-09

5.11E-10

Watervapour[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg4.29946063

8.90E-01

Zinc(+II)[Heavymetalstoindustrialsoil]

kg1.98296E-06

4.11E-07

RefiningpomaceoliveoilES



perFU


kg 0.5062 1.05E-01RefinedpomaceoliveoilES

kg0.48776903

1.01E-01


MJ 0.0769 1.59E-02Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionsto

kg0.00652945

1.35E-03

66

air]



kg0.00000144

2.98E-07


kg 0.0419 8.68E-03


kg1.46330709

3.03E-01



kg0.00658488

1.36E-03



kg0.00000067

1.38E-07



kg0.00003229

6.69E-06



kg0.00850181

1.76E-03


kg0.00117065

2.42E-04


m30.07883811

1.63E-02

PomaceoliveoilextractionES



perFU

Pomacefromtwophasessystem[Olive&Oil]

kg 13.1771 2.73E+00crudepomaceoliveoil[Olive&Oil]

kg0.50620182

1.05E-01



kg6.061450424

1.26E+00


MJ 0.8918 1.85E-01Ash[Wasteforrecovery]

kg0.096195728

1.99E-02


kg 0.6328 1.31E-01Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg1.462153437

3.03E-01


tkm 0.2531 5.24E-02Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg1.03154E-08

2.14E-09


kg 0.0198 4.09E-03Dust(combustion)[Particlestoair]

kg8.59374E-08

1.78E-08

Hexane(isomers)[GroupNMVOCtoair]

kg0.019765599

4.09E-03


kg8.18439E-08

1.69E-08


kg1.21548E-05

2.52E-06


kg1.51936E-06

3.15E-07

Nitrogenoxides[Inorganicemissionsto

kg2.57812E-07

5.34E-08

67

air]


kg0.63275228

1.31E-01


kg1.23807E-08

2.56E-09


kg1.36742E-05

2.83E-06


kg3.78411E-09

7.84E-10


kg6.588533069

1.36E+00


kg3.03871E-06

6.29E-07

RefiningpomaceoliveoilGR



perFU


kg 0.1158 2.40E-02RefinedpomaceoliveoilGR

kg0.11155906

2.31E-02



kg0.00126455

2.62E-04



kg0.00000028

5.78E-08


kg 0.0096 1.98E-03


kg0.33467717

6.93E-02



kg0.00150605

3.12E-04



kg0.00000013

2.68E-08



kg0.00000626

1.30E-06



kg0.00194447

4.03E-04


kg0.00026774

5.54E-05


m30.01803129

3.73E-03

PomaceoliveoilextractionGR

68



perFU

Pomacefromtwophasessystem[Olive&Oil]

kg 3.0138 6.24E-01crudepomaceoliveoil[Olive&Oil]

kg0.115774872

2.40E-02



kg1.386331731

2.87E-01


MJ 0.2040 4.22E-02Ash[Wasteforrecovery]

kg0.022001201

4.56E-03


kg 0.1447 3.00E-02Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg0.334413311

6.92E-02


tkm 0.0579 1.20E-02Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg2.35925E-09

4.89E-10


kg 0.0045 9.36E-04Dust(combustion)[Particlestoair]

kg1.9655E-08

4.07E-09

Hexane(isomers)[GroupNMVOCtoair]

kg0.004520647

9.36E-04


kg1.87188E-08

3.88E-09


kg2.77997E-06

5.76E-07


kg3.47496E-07

7.20E-08


kg5.8965E-08

1.22E-08


kg0.144718591

3.00E-02


kg2.83163E-09

5.86E-10


kg3.12747E-06

6.48E-07


kg8.65475E-10

1.79E-10


kg1.506882316

3.12E-01


kg6.94992E-07

1.44E-07

1153

1154

TableV-12.RefinedOliveOilproduction(EU)1155

RefinedOliveOilproduction(EU)

INPUT UNITperliterofRO

perFU OUTPUT UNIT perliterofRO perFU

RefinedoliveoilIT kg 0.082 7.60E-03 RefinedoliveoilEU kg 0.920 8.55E-02

RefinedoliveoilES kg 0.782 7.27E-02

RefinedoliveoilGR kg 0.056 5.21E-03

69

RefinedoliveoilIT



lampanteoliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 0.0849 7.89E-03 RefinedoliveoilIT kg 0.08178800 7.60E-03



kg 0.00111651 1.04E-04

Water[Water] kg 0.0085 7.89E-04Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]

kg 0.00000025 2.29E-08


kg 0.0070 6.53E-04


kg 0.24533333 2.28E-02



kg 0.00110400 1.03E-04



kg 0.00000011 1.06E-08



kg 0.00000553 5.14E-07



kg 0.00142539 1.32E-04


kg 0.00019627 1.82E-05


m3 0.01321774 1.23E-03

RefinedoliveoilES



lampanteoliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 0.8118 7.54E-02 RefinedoliveoilES kg 0.78218400 7.27E-02



kg 0.01047173 9.73E-04


kg 0.00000235 2.18E-07


kg 0.0672 6.25E-03


kg 2.34680702 2.18E-01



kg 0.01056063 9.81E-04



kg 0.00000109 1.02E-07



kg 0.00005179 4.81E-06

GLO:sodiumhydroxide,withoutwater,in50%


kg 0.01363495 1.27E-03

70

solutionstate[allocatableproduct]


kg 0.00187745 1.74E-04


m3 0.12643814 1.18E-02

RefinedoliveoilGR



lampanteoliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 0.0582 5.41E-03 RefinedoliveoilGR kg 0.05602800 5.21E-03



kg 0.00063583 5.91E-05


kg 0.00000014 1.30E-08


kg 0.0048 4.48E-04


kg 0.16818246 1.56E-02



kg 0.00075682 7.03E-05



kg 0.00000007 6.04E-09



kg 0.00000315 2.92E-07



kg 0.00097714 9.08E-05


kg 0.00013455 1.25E-05


m3 0.00906111 8.42E-04

1156

1157

TableV-13.Averagepackaging1158

Packaging


Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 9.20E-01 Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 9.20E-01

Oliveoil1Lglassbottle[Olive&Oil] pcs. 6.00E-01

Oliveoil5LTincan[Olive&Oil] pcs. 4.00E-02

Oliveoil5LPET[Olive&Oil] pcs. 4.00E-02

1159

1160

71

TableV-14.Packagingglass1161

1Lglassbottlepackaging


Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 5.52E-01Oliveoil1Lglassbottle[Olive&Oil]

pcs. 6.00E-01

GLO:glassbottle1L[Flows] kg 4.00E-01 Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 5.52E-01

GLO:cardboardBox[Flows] kg 6.00E-02

GLO:glassBottleClosure[Flows] kg 6.00E-03

GLO:adhesivetape[Flows] kg 3.00E-03

GLO:nondripspout[Flows] kg 1.50E-03

GLO:label[Flows] kg 6.00E-04

GLO:glassbottle1L[Flows]


GLO:packagingglass,green[allocatableproduct]

kg 4.00E-01 GLO:glassbottle1L[Flows] kg 4.00E-01


tkm 1.40E-01GLO:packagingglass,green[allocatableproduct]

kg 4.00E-01

GLO:cardboardBox[Flows]


GLO:corrugatedboardbox[allocatableproduct]

kg 6.00E-02 GLO:cardboardBox[Flows] kg 6.00E-02


tkm 4.20E-03GLO:corrugatedboardbox[allocatableproduct]

kg 6.00E-02

GLO:glassBottleClosure[Flows]


GLO:sheetrolling,aluminium[allocatableproduct]

kg 6.00E-03 GLO:glassBottleClosure[Flows] kg 6.00E-03


tkm 1.80E-03GLO:sheetrolling,aluminium[allocatableproduct]

kg 6.00E-03

GLO:adhesivetape[Flows]


GLO:extrusion,plasticfilm[allocatableproduct]

kg 3.00E-03 GLO:adhesivetape[Flows] kg 3.00E-03

GLO:polypropylene,granulate[allocatableproduct]

kg 2.85E-03GLO:polypropylene,granulate[allocatableproduct]

kg 2.85E-03


tkm 4.20E-04GLO:syntheticrubber[allocatableproduct]

kg 1.50E-04

GLO:syntheticrubber[allocatableproduct] kg 1.50E-04

GLO:nondripspout[Flows]


GLO:injectionmoulding[allocatableproduct] kg 1.50E-03 GLO:nondripspout[Flows] kg 1.50E-03


kg 1.50E-03GLO:polyethylene,highdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]

kg 1.50E-03


tkm 5.25E-04

GLO:label[Flows]


transport,freight,lorry7.5-16metricton, tkm 1.50E-02 GLO:label[Flows] kg 6.00E-04

72

EURO5[allocatableproduct]

GLO:printedpaper,offset[allocatableproduct]

kg 6.00E-04GLO:printedpaper,offset[allocatableproduct]

kg 6.00E-04

1162

TableV-15.Packagingtincan1163

5Ltincanpackaging


Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 1.84E+00 Oliveoil5LTincan[Olive&Oil] pcs. 4.00E-02

GLO:oliveoiltinCAN[Flows] kg 2.20E-01 Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 1.84E+00

GLO:cardboardBox[Flows] kg 6.00E-02

GLO:oliveOilTincanClosure[Flows]

kg 2.40E-03

GLO:adhesivetape[Flows] kg 2.00E-03


oliveoiltinCAN



tkm 5.50E+00 GLO:oliveoiltinCAN[Flows] kg 2.20E-01

GLO:sheetrolling,steel[allocatableproduct]

kg 3.83E-01 GLO:sheetrolling,steel[allocatableproduct] kg 3.83E-01

GLO:tinplatedchromiumsteelsheet,2mm[allocatableproduct]

sqm 2.20E-02GLO:tinplatedchromiumsteelsheet,2mm(modified)[allocatableproduct]

kg 3.43E-01

cardboardBox


GLO:corrugatedboardbox[allocatableproduct]

kg 6.00E-02 GLO:cardboardBox[Flows] kg 6.00E-02


tkm 4.20E-03GLO:corrugatedboardbox[allocatableproduct]

kg 6.00E-02

oliveOilTincanClosure


transport,freight,lorry3.5-7.5metricton,EURO3[allocatableproduct]

tkm 6.00E-01 GLO:oliveOilTincanClosure[Flows] kg 2.40E-03

GLO:injectionmoulding[allocatableproduct]


kg 1.20E-03


kg 1.20E-03GLO:polyethylene,linearlowdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]

kg 1.20E-03


kg 1.20E-03

adhesivetape


GLO:extrusion,plasticfilm[allocatableproduct]

kg 2.00E-03 GLO:adhesivetape[Flows] kg 2.00E-03

GLO:polypropylene,granulate[allocatableproduct]

kg 1.90E-03GLO:polypropylene,granulate[allocatableproduct]

kg 1.90E-03

73


tkm 2.80E-04 GLO:syntheticrubber[allocatableproduct] kg 1.00E-04

GLO:syntheticrubber[allocatableproduct]

kg 1.00E-04

label



tkm 1.00E-02 GLO:label[Flows] kg 4.00E-04



kg 4.00E-04

1164

1165

TableV-16.PackagingPET1166

5LPETpackaging


Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 1.84E+00 Oliveoil5LPET[Olive&Oil] pcs. 4.00E-02

GLO:PETBottle[Flows] kg 2.72E-02 Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 1.84E+00

GLO:PETBottleClosure[Flows] kg 2.00E-03


PETBottle



tkm 6.80E+00 GLO:PETBottle[Flows] kg 2.72E-02

GLO:polyethyleneterephthalate,granulate,bottlegrade[allocatableproduct]

kg 2.72E-02GLO:polyethyleneterephthalate,granulate,bottlegrade[allocatableproduct]

kg 2.72E-02


kg 2.72E-02

PETBottleClosure



kg 2.00E-03 GLO:PETBottleClosure[Flows] kg 2.00E-03



kg 2.00E-03


tkm 5.00E-04

Label



tkm 1.00E-02 GLO:label[Flows] kg 4.00E-04



kg 4.00E-04

1167

74

TableV-17.Transporttoconsumer1168

Transporttoconsumer



tkm 1.09E+00 Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 9.20E-01

Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 9.20E-01


tkm 6.40E-01

1169

TableV-18.UsePhase.1170

UsePhase


Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 9.20E-01 Oliveoilforfrying[Olive&Oil] kg 6.44E-02

Oliveoilforcooking[Olive&Oil] kg 3.50E-01

Oliveoilforsaladdressing[Olive&Oil]

kg 5.06E-01

Deepfrying


Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 6.44E-02

oliveoillosses(evaporation)[Renewableresources]

kg2.90E-03

RoW:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]

MJ 4.17E-01


kg8.12E-03

ExhaustedOliveoil(afterfrying)[Olive&Oil]

kg6.15E-02

Cooking


GLO: natural gas, from medium pressure

network (0.1-1 bar), at service station

[allocatable product]

kg 5.07E-02

Methane [Organic emissions to air (group VOC)]

kg 2.66E-05

Olive oil for cooking [Olive & Oil]

kg 3.50E-01

Carbon monoxide [Inorganic emissions to air]

kg 5.73E-05

Nitrogen oxides [Inorganic emissions to air]

kg 1.29E-03

olive oil losses (evaporation) [Renewable resources]

kg 1.57E-02

Carbon dioxide [Inorganic emissions to air]

kg 2.60E-01

Exhausted Olive oil (after cooking) [Olive & Oil]

kg 3.34E-01

75

Carbon dioxide (biotic) [Inorganic emissions to air]

kg 2.67E-01

Salad dressing

INPUT

per FU OUTPUT

per FU

Olive oil for salad dressing [Olive & Oil] kg 5.06E-01 Carbon dioxide (biotic)

[Inorganic emissions to air] kg 3.87E-01

1171

ANNEXVI. BACKGROUNDDATA.1172

1173

Data Backgrounddataset Source Comment

electricity,lowvoltage ES:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1 Usesupplierspecificorcountryspecificelectricitymix

activatedbentonite GLO:activatedbentonite[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

agriculturalmachinery,unspecified

GLO:agriculturalmachinery,unspecified[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

borax,anhydrous,powder GLO:borax,anhydrous,powder[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1


Ecoinventv.3.1


Ecoinventv.3.1

corrugatedboardbox GLO:corrugatedboardbox[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1 Is100%virginmaterial

cyclohexanone GLO:cyclohexanone[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

extrusion,plasticfilm GLO:extrusion,plasticfilm[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

glyphosate GLO:glyphosate[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

hexane GLO:hexane[allocatableproduct] Ecoinventv.3.1

injectionmoulding GLO:injectionmoulding[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

ironsulfate GLO:ironsulfate[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

lubricatingoil GLO:lubricatingoil[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

naturalgas,frommediumpressurenetwork(0.1-1bar),atservicestation


Ecoinventv.3.1

naturalgas,frommediumpressurenetwork(0.1-1bar),atservicestation


Ecoinventv.3.1

nitrogenfertiliser,asN GLO:nitrogenfertiliser,asN[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

76

nitrogenfertiliser,asN GLO:nitrogenfertiliser,asN[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

organophosphorus-compound,unspecified


Ecoinventv.3.1

packagingglass,green GLO:packagingglass,green[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1 Is99.99%recycledglass

paraffin GLO:paraffin[allocatableproduct] Ecoinventv.3.1

petrol,two-strokeblend GLO:petrol,two-strokeblend[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

phosphoricacid,industrialgrade,withoutwater,in85%solutionstate


Ecoinventv.3.1

polyethyleneterephthalate,granulate,bottlegrade

GLO:polyethyleneterephthalate,granulate,bottlegrade[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1 Is100%virginmaterial

polyethylene,highdensity,granulate


Ecoinventv.3.1 Ifsuitablefor1)Irrigationpipes,2)Harvestingnets

polyethylene,linearlowdensity,granulate


Ecoinventv.3.1 Ifsuitableforbottlecapclosure?

polypropylene,granulate GLO:polypropylene,granulate[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

potassiumfertiliser,asK2O GLO:potassiumfertiliser,asK2O[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.2

potassiumfertiliser,asK2O GLO:potassiumfertiliser,asK2O[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

printedpaper,offset GLO:printedpaper,offset[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

pyrethroid-compound GLO:pyrethroid-compound[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

sheetrolling,aluminium GLO:sheetrolling,aluminium[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

sheetrolling,steel GLO:sheetrolling,steel[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

sodiumhydroxide,withoutwater,in50%solutionstate


Ecoinventv.3.1

steam,inchemicalindustry GLO:steam,inchemicalindustry[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

syntheticrubber GLO:syntheticrubber[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

tinplatedchromiumsteelsheet,2mm

GLO:tinplatedchromiumsteelsheet,2mm[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1 Isamixofrecycledandvirginchromiumsteel

yarn,jute GLO:yarn,jute[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1 Harvest

zincoxide GLO:zincoxide[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]


Ecoinventv.3.1 Usesupplierspecificofcountryspecificelectricitymix

mowing,byrotarymower mowing,byrotarymower Ecoinventv.3.1

77

[allocatableproduct]

insecticides,atregionalstorehouse

RER:insecticides,atregionalstorehouse[Pesticide]

Ecoinventv.3.1

electricity,lowvoltage RoW:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1 Usesupplierspecificofcountryspecificelectricitymix

oilmill RoW:oilmill[allocatableproduct] Ecoinventv.3.1

ThermalEnergyfromNaturalGas

ThermalEnergyfromNaturalGas Thinkstep Usesupplierspecificofcountryspecificmixifavailable

tillage,harrowing,byspringtineharrow


Ecoinventv.3.1

tillage,ploughing tillage,ploughing[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

tillage,rotarycultivator tillage,rotarycultivator[allocatableproduct]

Ecoinventv.3.1

transport,freight,inlandwaterways,bargetanker


Ecoinventv.3.1

transport,freight,lorry>32metricton,EURO3


Ecoinventv.3.1

transport,freight,lorry7.5-16metricton,EURO5


Ecoinventv.3.1

transport,tractorandtrailer,agricultural


Ecoinventv.3.1

Water(groundwater,regionalized,ES)


Ecoinventv.3.1 Useregionalisedonwatersheedoratleastcountry

1174

78

1175

ANNEXVII. EoLformulas1176

DefaultEnd-of-lifeformulaprovidedinthePEFguideshallbeused.1177

EoLBACKGROUNDDATA1178

(Qp = quality of the primary material; Qs = quality of the secondary material)1179

Waste Oil from deep-frying Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)

End of life formula paramenters

INPUT per FU OUTPUT per FU Flows in OUTPUT modified respect to the process of Ecoinvent or PE dataset

per FU R1 R2 R3 Qs/ Qp

Exhausted Olive oil (after frying) [Olive &

Oil] kg 6.15E-02 RoW: Landfill of deep-

frying oil (Ecoinvent) kg 3.26E-02 Methane (biotic) [Organic emissions to air (group

VOC)] kg 1.73E-02 0% 40% 27% 1

Electricity mix EU MJ -9.70E-02 Carbon dioxide (biotic)

[Inorganic emissions to air] kg 4.57E-02 Thermal energy from

natural gas MJ -2.20E-01 U-27: Incineration (PE) kg 1.66E-02 Electricity [Electric power] MJ 9.70E-02

RER: Market for diesel kg -1.34E-02 Steam (MJ) [steam] MJ 2.20E-01

Carbon dioxide (biotic)

[Inorganic emissions to air] kg 4.65E-02

RoW: treatment of waste deep-frying oil. purified. esterification (Ecoinvent)

kg 1.23E-02 Carbon dioxide (biotic) [Inorganic emissions to air] kg 3.45E-02

Tin plate Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)

INPUT per FU OUTPUT per FU R1 R2 R3 Qs/ Qp

GLO: tin plated chromium steel sheet.

2 mm (modified) [allocatable product]

kg 1.72E-02 treatment of scrap tin sheet. sanitary landfill kg 1.08E-02 0% 74% 0% 1

GLO: market for tin plated chromium steel

sheet. 2 mm kg -6.36E-03 GLO: scrap tin sheet

[Waste] kg 6.36E-03

79

1180

Steel Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)

INPUT per FU OUTPUT per FU


GLO: sheet rolling. steel [allocatable product]

kg 1.91E-02

CH: treatment of scrap steel. inert material

landfill kg 1.20E-02 0% 74% 0% 1

GLO: market for sheet rolling. steel ecoinvent

kg -7.07E-03 GLO: market for scrap

steel kg 7.07E-03

Aluminum Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)



GLO: sheet rolling. aluminium [allocatable

product]

kg 3.00E-03

RoW: treatment of waste aluminium. sanitary

landfill kg 1.55E-03 0% 70% 14% 1

Electricity mix EU MJ -2.40E-03

Thermal energy from natural gas

MJ -5.47E-03 U-27: Incineration (PE) kg 4.12E-04 Electricity [Electric power] MJ 2.40E-03

GLO: market for sheet rolling. aluminium

ecoinvent

kg -1.04E-03 Steam (MJ) [steam] MJ 5.47E-03

GLO: aluminium scrap. post-consumer [Recyclable]

kg 1.04E-03

Paper Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)



GLO: printed paper. offset [allocatable product]

kg 3.40E-04

RoW: treatment of waste graphical paper. sanitary

landfil kg 1.73E-04 0% 85% 7% 0.85

Electricity mix EU MJ -1.34E-04

Thermal energy from natural gas

MJ -3.05E-04 U-27: Incineration (PE) kg 2.30E-05 Electricity [Electric power] MJ 1.34E-04

GLO: market for printed paper. offset ecoinvent


GLO: waste graphical kg 1.45E-04

80

paper [Waste]

1181

Cardboard Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)



GLO: corrugated board box [allocatable

product] kg 3.30E-02

RoW: treatment of waste paperboard. inert material

landfill kg 1.68E-02 0% 84% 7% 0.85

Electricity mix EU MJ -1.39E-02 Thermal energy from

natural gas MJ -3.15E-02 U-27: Incineration (PE) kg 2.38E-03 Electricity [Electric power] MJ 1.39E-02 GLO: market for

corrugated board box ecoinvent


GLO: waste paperboard

[Waste] kg 1.39E-02

PET Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)



GLO: polyethylene terephthalate.

granulate. bottle grade [allocatable

product]

kg 1.36E-03 EU-27: Landfill of plastic waste PE kg 7.24E-04 0% 36% 29% 0.9



polyethylene terephthalate.

granulate. bottle grade ecoinvent


DE: Plastic granulate secondary (simplified. non

specific) [p-agg] kg 2.41E-04

81

1182

1183

Rubber Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)



GLO: synthetic rubber [allocatable product] kg 8.00E-05 EU-27: Landfill of plastic

waste PE kg 4.26E-05 0% 36% 29% 1


natural gas MJ -3.08E-04 U-27: Incineration (PE) kg 2.32E-05 Electricity [Electric power] MJ 1.36E-04 GLO: market for synthetic rubber

ecoinvent kg -1.35E-05 Steam (MJ) [steam] MJ 3.08E-04



PP Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)



GLO: polypropylene. granulate [allocatable

product] kg 1.52E-03 EU-27: Landfill of plastic

waste PE kg 8.09E-04 0% 36% 29% 1


natural gas MJ -5.86E-03 U-27: Incineration (PE) kg 4.41E-04 Electricity [Electric power] MJ 2.58E-03 GLO: market for polypropylene.

granulate ecoinvent kg -2.56E-04 Steam (MJ) [steam] MJ 5.86E-03



1184

82

1185

PE-LD Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)



GLO: polyethylene. linear low density.

granulate [allocatable product]

kg 6.00E-05 EU-27: Landfill of plastic waste PE kg 3.19E-05 0% 36% 29% 1


natural gas MJ -1.68E-03 U-27: Incineration (PE) kg 1.74E-05 Electricity [Electric power] MJ 7.40E-04 DE: Polyethylene Low

Density Granulate (LDPE/PE-LD) PE

kg 1.01E-05 Steam (MJ) [steam] MJ 1.68E-03



Glass Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)

INPUT per FU OUTPUT per FU per FU R1 R2 R3 Qs/ Qp

GLO: packaging glass. green [allocatable

product] kg 2.00E-01 EU-27: Landfill for inert

matter (Glass) PE kg 7.28E-02 0% 70% 0% 1

GLO: market for packaging glass. green ecoinvent

kg 7.28E-02

GLO: market for glass

cullet. sorted kg 1.27E-01

1186

1187

83

1188

PE-HD Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)



GLO: polyethylene. high density.

granulate [allocatable product]

kg 9.10E-04 EU-27: Landfill of plastic waste PE kg 4.84E-04 0% 36% 29% 1



polyethylene. high density. granulate

ecoinvent

kg 1.54E-04 Steam (MJ) [steam] MJ 3.51E-03



1189

84

1190

ANNEXVIII . BACKGROUNDINFORMATIONONMETHODOLOGICALCHOICES1191

1192

SELECTION OF IMPACT CATEGORIES 1193

DuetothehighuncertaintyrelatedtotheILCDnormalisationfactors,thenormalisedresultsofthe1194

screeningstudywereusedonlyasastartingpointintheselectionofthemostrelevantimpact1195

categories.PreviousEnvironmentalProductDeclarationstudiesdoneforoliveoilandsociety’s1196

interestincertainenvironmentalimpactcategorieswereusedasadditionaljustifications.1197

1198

Themostrelevantimpactcategoriesselected1199

1200

Climatechange:accordingtotheresultsofthe409Eurobarometerreport,halfofEuropeansthink1201

climatechangeisoneofthemostseriousproblemsthattheworldfaces,againplacingthirdbehind1202

poverty,hungerandlackofdrinkingwater,andtheeconomicsituation.Oliveplantationsstore1203

carbonandthecarbonstorageinsoilscanbeincreasedbyusingcertainolivegrovemanagement1204

practices.OliveproducerscanalsoinfluenceintheamountofGHGemissionsthroughmanagement1205

decisionsrelatedtouseoffertilisersandsoilmanagementpractices.1206

1207

Resourcedepletion,wateruse:Oliveproductiontakesplaceinareaswherewaterresourcesare1208

limited.Irrigationofolivegroveshasmajorcontributiontothewaterwithdrawalinthoseareas.Olive1209

groverscaninfluenceintheamountofirrigationneededbymanagementpractices.Thesoilwater1210

retentioncanbeimprovedbypropermulchingpruning,andsoilmanagement(zerotillage)practices.1211

Irrigationisnotusedinallolivegroves.1212

1213

Freshwaterecotoxicitywasthemostcontributingprocessinthenormalisedresultsandthereforeis1214

selectedasamostrelevantimpactcategory.Oliveproducerscaninfluenceinthisimpactcategoryby1215

adjustingthequantitiesandtypesofplantprotectionproductsandherbisidesused.1216

1217

Eutrophication(includingterrestrial,freshwaterandmarine)isimportantimpactcategoryin1218

agriculturalprocessesasmostofthetotalimpactinEuropeiscausedbyagriculture.1219

AcidificationwasselectedasitisacommonimpactcategoryincludedinagriculturalLCAstudies.1220

Landuse:Sinceolivetreeshaveexpandedinthelongpasttoalmostalltheavailablelandin1221

MediterraneanBasin,landusealsoconsideredasamostrelevantimpactcategory.Thepotentialof1222

olivetreestoprotectthesoilfromerosion(beingevergreen)andtofeedsoilwithorganiccarbonisof1223

greatimportancenotonlyforremovingCO2fromtheatmospherebutalsotostoreitinthesoil,1224

contributingtoitslong-termfertility.Olivetreescanbemanagedinsuchawayastobeclosertoa1225

85

forest,anenvironmentalimprovementofgreatimportance,asitmightcontributetoimproved1226

biodiversitytoo.1227

Resourcedepletion(fossilandmineral)withregardtofossilfuelsandmineralshasanintermediate1228

importanceasitrelatestofertilizersuseandtotheuseoffuelsforsoilcultivationandtoalesser1229

extentforpruning,harvestingandspraying.Also,fortheoliveoilmillandrefinementprocesses1230

(electricity)andfortheproductionofpackagingmaterials.Thefieldphaseuse-andimpacts-canbe1231

reducedinacourseofenvironmentalimprovement.Resourcedepletion(fossilandmineral)hadalso1232

relativelycontributiontothetotalimpactafternormalisationandweighting.1233

OzonedepletionandPhotochemicalOzoneFormationcanberelevanttooliveoilasburningof1234

branchesandleavesinoliveplantationsstillhappensinsomeregions.1235

1236

Impactcategoriesnotconsideredrelevant1237

1238

Humantoxicity(noncancereffect)appearrelativelyhighinthenormalizedresultsrather1239

unjustifiably,asthemethodologyisconsiderstheinherentpropertiesoftheagrochemicalsandnot1240

theactualexposurerisk.InthecountriesofsouthEuropethedegreeoffarmers;conformancewith1241

labelprecautionsandtheuseofPersonnalProtectionEquipmentdonotjustifyfortheresult.In1242

additionhumantoxicityimpactassessmentmethodsandnormalisationfactorshavelowlevelor1243

robustness.1244

ParticulatematterandIonizingradiationhadlowcontributiontothetotalimpactafternormalisation1245

andweighting.Asalloftheseimpactcategorieshavehighormediumleveloftheirimpactassessment1246

methodsandnormalisationfactorstheresultisrelativelyreliable.1247

Impactcategoriesforcommunicationpurpose1248

Especiallyconsumercanonlyhandlealimitedamountofinformationatonetime,thereforetheTS1249

selected(basedonaTSsurvey)amongthemostrelevantimpactcategoriesthesethreeplusoneto1250

becommunicated:Climatechange,Resourcedepletion-wateruseandfreshwaterEcotoxicity.Also1251

theadditionalenvironmentalinformationonSoilcarbonstorageshallbecommunicated.1252

1253

1254

Additionalenvironmentalinformation1255

1256

Modellinglong-termcarbonstorageinthesoilofolive-groves1257

Carbonstorageinsoilisanissuefortwoimpactcategories:climatechangeandlanduse.Therefore,1258

theTSoftheoliveoilpilotisworkingonthedevelopmentofactivitydataforannualnetcarbon1259

updatebysoilsofolivegroves.Thisinformationcanbeusedtoaccountthebiogeniccarbonflows1260

includedintheClimatechange(biotic)impactcategory.Thesameinformationwillalsobeusedfor1261

86

developmentoflandusecharacterizationfactorsfordifferentolivegrovemanagementtypes.The1262

currentlandusecharacterizationfactorsprovideonlyonevalueforpermanentcropsandthereforeit1263

isnotpossibletodistinguishbetweendifferentsoilmanagementpractices.1264

1265

Theapproachusedhereforquantificationoftheendpointisbasedonassumptionsbasedona1266

reviewoftheavailableliterature(Sofoetal2005,Testietal2008,Nietoetal2013,Nardinoetal1267

2013).1268

Thenetcarbonassimilatedbyolivetreesrangescloseto30TonsCO2/Ha/y[14].Another15Tons1269

1000CO2/Ha/yisaddedbywinterweeds/covercrops.1270

WithregardtoCO2removalsfromtheolivegrove,oliveoilperseremovesaverysmallamountof1271

carbon.Foranominalproductionof1000Kgofoliveoil/Hathecarbonthatisremovedinthefinal1272

productisequivalentto2,8TonsCO2/Ha/y22.TheamountofCO2removedintheolivefruitis1273

approximately5timesmore,i.e.14TonsCO2/Ha/y[14].Exceptfortheoliveoilthatisremovedfrom1274

thesystem,alltherestoftheprocesswaste/byproductisreturnabletotheolivegroveasafertilizer-1275

soilconditioner.Thispracticecouldbeadvocatedwhenitspriceasbyproductsisnegligible.1276

TheremainingoftheassimilatedCO2staysintheolivegrove.Partofit,estimatedtobeabout191277

Tons/Ha/yisdistributedto:growthofthecanopy,increaseofthemassoftrunkandrootsoftheolive1278

trees.About25TonsCO2/Ha/ywillenduponsoil,asdeadleavesandweeds,prunedwoodand1279

returnedoilmillsludgeorpomace.Allthisorganicmaterialisasubstratefortopsoilmicro-fauna1280

scavengerstobreakitdown.So,itisestimatedthatabout20ofthe25TonsCO2/Ha/ywilleventually1281

enterthesoilandapartofitwillcontributetoSoilOrganicMatter(SOM),mainlyintheformof1282

humus(underthepresentclimaticconditions).Although-underaconventional-butconservative-soil1283

cultivationregime-alargepartofthisorganicmatterwillre-entertheatmosphereviathecarbon1284

cycle,asmallpartwillgraduallybecomestablehumuswithalifetimeofmorethan500years,soit1285

maycountaslong-termcarbonstorage.Theproportiontobetransformedtostablehumuscanbe1286

calculatedbyRothCmodelinrealcases.Assumingthoughthat5%ofthe20Tonswillbeeventually1287

stabilized,itcanbeconcludedthat1TonCO2/Ha/ywillbecomeunavailabletotheyearlycarbon1288

cycle,remainingpermanentlyboundintheground(Clong-term-storage).Consideringthatasoilwith1289

2,5%organicmatter(avaluethatcorrespondswiththefindingsforSOMfoundinseveralGreekolive1290

groves,asshowninfigureXX,whichsummarizespartoftheresultsofLIFE09/ENV/GR/00302SAGE101291

2010-2014)containsabout200TonsofCO2/Ha,theincrementis0,5%,overtheexistingvalue.1292

Therefore,theannualnetcarbonuptakebysoilforconventionalbutconservativesoilcultivationuse1293

oflandisproposedtobe-1TonCO2/Ha/y,insteadof0.0thatiscurrentlysetbyIPCC.1294

1295

22ThenumberisbasedonthemolecularformulaC18H34O2foroleicacid,theprincipalconstituentof

oliveoil.Thus,carbonis0,766Tonsor2,8tonsofCO2.

87

1296

1297

TheproportionofsoilcarbonthatismineralizedandthenoxidizedtoreturnasCO2tothe1298

atmosphereisinfluencedbysoilcultivationpracticesandmaybeminimizedbyminimumorzero1299

tillage,usingalternativemethodstocontrolunwantedvegetation(weeds,shrubsetc.).1300

Thismethodenhancessoilbiodiversityandconsequentlytherateoforganicmatterincorporationin1301

thesoil,evenwithoutitsdisturbance.Additionally,theamountoforganicmatterthatisdepositedon1302

thesoiloftheolivegrovecanbeenhancedbytheuseofcompost,manureetc.Thecombinationof1303

minimum/zerotillagewithdedicatedenrichmentoftheolivegrovefloorwithorganicmatteris1304

estimatedtodoubletherateofincreaseofSOM%andconsequentlyofthepartthatwillbecome1305

stablehumus.Thusforthistypeoflandusei.e.enhancedenrichmentofsoilwithorganicmatter1306

underzerotillage,thelongtermcarbonstorageisestimatedtobeatleast1%increment23ofcarbon1307

storedperyear.Therefore,theannualnetcarbonuptakebysoilofzerotillagesystemsisproposedto1308

be-2TonsCO2/Ha/y.Aproperresolutionoftheabovehypotheticalcalculationsisexpectedthrough1309

theLIFEprojectLIFE11/ENV/GR/942oLIVECLIMA(Partner:UniversityofBasilicata,Prof.Xiloyannis)1310

runningcurrently(2012-2017)inGreece.1311

Accordingtotheabove,5typologiesofcrophusbandrycanbeproposed.Foreachofthemadistinct1312

carbonuptakecanbeproposed.1313

a)Intensivesoilcultivation,e.g.ploughing,rotatingordiscingandtinecultivatingformorethan1-21314

timesperyear.Inthiscaseitisproposedthatacarbondeficit(mainlyduetoerosionoftopsoil)of1-1315

2%peryear,belowtheexistingvalues.1316

b)Conventional‘mild’olivegrovehusbandry,inwhichamixtureofalighttinecultivation,contact1317

herbicidesandmowingispracticed.Insuchacaseitcouldbethatcarbonissoilwillremainrelatively1318

constant,ifnotinaslightdeclineofc.0,2%-0,5%/y,dependingonthedegreeof(bare)soilexposure1319

toerodingfactors,i.e.forhowlongisthesoilsurfaceunprotectedbymulch.1320

c)Lowinput,rain-fedoliveculture:Thistypecorrespondstosemi-abandonment,orreturntothewild1321

olive-foreststate,inwhichtheonlyhumaninterventionisoccasionalharvesting.Aforest-like1322

23Thisvalueisjustindicative,basedonobservationsinGreeceduringthelast15years.Systematic

measurementshavestartedin2011inthecourseofLIFESAGE10andmorespecificallyonthe

comparisonbetweentypes(includingtypeeofnextparagraph)havestartedin2013andwillbe

finalizedin2017inthecourseofLIFEoLIVECLIMAproject.

88

behaviorofthetreesmarginallyincreasessoilorganicmatterduetothesenescentleavesandtwigs1323

aswellastothenaturalvegetation,coupledtothelackofsoildisturbance.1324

d)Organicagriculture.AccordingtotherequirementofReg.834/07anorganicgrowerhastotake1325

measuresinordertomaintainorincreasesoilorganiccarbon.Asthisisnotalways‘dedicatedSOC1326

increase’,aslightincreaseofSOMabout0.5%–1,0%peryearisproposed.Itshouldbestressedthat1327

thereisnoprovisioninReg.834/07andinReg.889/08againstintensivesoilcultivation,exceptfora1328

vaguerequirementfororganicfarmerstotakemeasuresagainstsoilerosion.Thisisusually1329

interpretedasonlyasuggestiontocultivateverticallytotheslope!1330

e)Dedicatedenrichmentofsoilwithorganicmatterincombinationtominimum/zerotillage1331

(practicesuggestedintheLIFEprojectoLIVECLIMA).TheacronymD.E.S.OM.0.Tisproposed.The1332

expectedincreaseofsoilorganicmatterisintherangeof1,0%to2,0%peryear.Noequilibriumpoint1333

isenvisagedforaperiodof100years.1334

1335

Thetwocriticalfactorsintheabovetypologiesare,byorderofimportance:1336

1. Eliminationoftheyearlysoildisturbancebycultivation,and1337

2. Externaladditionoforganicmattertothesoil.1338

Otherparameterssuchasirrigation,treeage&cropdensity,slope&erosioncontrol,soilbiodiversity1339

etc,andothersnotdependentonfarmers’choicelikeclimaticconditionsplayaroleinthe1340

accumulationoforganicmatterontopsoilandeventuallyincreaseofSOM.1341

Aformulatolinkallthoseparametersinapredictivesense,basedontheRothCmodelisproposedas1342

follows.1343

TheconsideredCarbonflowsshallbe:1344

1.Removalsbytheolivetreesisquantifiedindirectlybyassessingthemassofthefollowingoutputs:1345

1a.Olivefruitremovedbyharvesting.1346

1b.Woodformedasrootandabovegroundgrowth,partlyremovedbypruning.1347

1c.Deadleavesfallingoffthetreetothegroundbynaturalsenescence1348

2.Sequestrationcovercropsendinguponandinsoil.1349

1350

Severaldataas(soilcontents,depth,specificgravity,etc)areneededforthecharacterizationandfor1351

theassessmentofCarboncontentinsoil.1352

1353

Withthesedata,thefirststepiscalculatingtheinitialTotalOrganicCarboninthesoil,IOM.1354

1355

UsingtheRoth-cmodel,climatescenariosforeachcampaignmustbebuilt,usingtheweatherdata.1356

89

1357

TheproposedformulatocalculatetheincreaseofSOCinsoilis:1358

TOC*change(t/Ha)= 1359

1360

Where:1361

• “CII”isacultivationIntensityIndex24expressedin(t/Ha/year).ThevaluesforCIIdepending1362

oftheintensityandfrequencyofagriculturalpracticesascanbeobtainedfromthenext1363

table:1364

Heavy Light Reduced Zero

-0,2 -0,1 -0,02 0,2

1365

Where:Heavy(frequency>2-3/y,depth>10cm),Light(1-2/y,depth<10cm),Reduced(<1/y,depth1366

<5cm),Zero(never)1367

1368

• “Ry”istheyearlynetTOCincrease,obtainedfromRoth-cmodelwiththeassumptionsthat1369

only50%oftheorganiccarbonaddedonthesoilsurfacewillfinditswayinthetopsoil,tobe1370

exposedtomoreintensefungalandbacterialdecomposition.This50%willbeeventually1371

foundtocontributetothe1-30cmmeasuredSoilOrganicCarbon(SOC)orTotalOrganic1372

Carbon(TOC).1373

1374

ItisimportantthatifPEFstudiesclaimcreditsforlongtermcarbonstorageinthesoil,calculations1375

shallbebasedonlyonprimarydataontheorganicmaterialsadditionandoncultivationactivities,as1376

wellassoilanalysisdataonSOM%shallbeprovided.1377

DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIVERSITY INDICATORS FOR OLIVE PRODUCTION 1378

ThemethodforaddressingbiodiversityisbasedontheissuepaperAddressingbiodiversityinthe1379

EnvironmentalFootprintpilotsversion2.3FinalavailableonEFwikipage1380

(https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/wikis/display/EUENVFP/Documents+of+common+interest).As1381

olivegrovesdominatethelandscapeinthemainoliveproductionareas,oliveproductionhasamajor1382

impactonbiodiversityinthoseareas.Thelevelofbiodiversityinolivegrovesisinfluencedby1383

24approvedbyTechnicalSecretariatinFeb,2016.

90

managementpractices.Generally,organic farminghasbeenshowntohavehigherlevelof1384

biodiversitythanconventionalfarming25.However,alsointegratedfarmingpracticesandcertain1385

specificpracticesincludedinthecommonagriculturalpolicies(especiallyagri-environmental1386

schemes)canenhancethelevelofbiodiversity.Therefore,thepefforoliveoilshallreportthe1387

percentageofolivescomingfromorganicfarmingandfromothersystemsthatenhancethelevelof1388

biodiversity.Thepefreportshallprovideevidencewhycertainpracticesorsystemsareseento1389

improvethelevelofbiodiversity.Thepefreportsshallalsoreportthepercentageofolivescoming1390

fromsourceswheretheinformationabouttheoliveproductionsystemisnotsufficienttodetermine1391

thelevelofbiodiversity. 1392

ANNEXIX. GEOGRAPHICALSCOPE1393

1394

ThisPEFCRhasbeendevelopedonthedataandinformationprovidedbythemostimportant1395

producerareasintheEuropeanUnion.Thesareasrepresentsover95%offeuropeanoilveoil1396

production,whileadditionallytheycoversufficientlytheproductioninTurkey(quitesimilartothe1397

Aegeanislandoliveculture)andthemajorityofTunisianolivegroves,whichareveryclosetothe1398

easterCrete’sones,insouthernGreece.1399

WhenPEFstudiesareperformedforsystemsthatuseolives/oliveoilproducedinthirdcountries,1400

primarydatashallbecollectedoralternatively,secondarydatashallbeadaptedtothecountry1401

specificconditionsbyregionalisingwater,electricityandfuelinputs,adjustingyields,andagricultural1402

inputs,andbyselectingoliveoilmilltypesrepresentativeofthecountry.1403

Anyway,thedataqualityrequirementsestablishedinAnnexEoflatestversionofProductGuidance1404

shallbefulfilled.1405

Thenextgraphshowstheevolutionofproduction,consumption,exportantionandimportantion1406

extraUEinthecampaigns2013/14to2015/16.TheimportationextraEUoverEUCconsumptionis1407

only8%betweencampaigns2013/14to2015/16.1408

25Tuomisto,H.L.,Hodge,I.D.,Riordan,P.andMacdonald,D.W.(2012c).Doesorganicfarmingreduce

environmentalimpacts?–Ameta-analysisofEuropeanresearch.JournalofEnvironmental

Management,112,309-320.

91

1409

FiguraIX.1.OliveOilNetTradeinEU.1410

*ImportextraEUoverEUCconsumisexpressedinpertentageinthesecongaxisofthegraph.1411

92

1412

ANNEXX.SUPPORTINGSTUDIES´SUMMARIES1413

SummaryofthesupportingstudyforINNOLIVA´SExtraVirginOliveOil1414

ThesupportingstudyispartofthePEF/OEFpilotphaseandincludesthefollowinggoals:1415

i. TotestthedraftPEFCR1416ii. To validate the outcomes of the screening study (such as the selection of relevant impact1417

categories,lifecyclestages,processesandelementaryflows)1418iii. Tohelpdefiningperformanceclasseswherepossible1419iv. ToperformsupplementaryanalysislistedinthedraftPEFCR1420v. ToprovideresultsthatcanbeusedasthebasisforcommunicatingthePEFprofile.1421

ThereareseveralreasonswhyInnolivaS.L.hascommissionedtoCO2Consultingthisstudyare1422essentiallythree:1423

• ImproveandoptimizetheefficiencyofprocessesandproductmanagementinInnoliva.1424

• Tocontributeinthedevelopingoftheharmonizedmethodologytocommunicatetomarket1425thebenefitsfortheenvironmentthroughtheconsumptionofExtraVirginOliveOil.1426

• To be the first Portuguese olive oil producers to communicate the environmental1427performanceofextravirginoliveoil.1428

ThefunctionalunitisonelitreofpackedExtraVirginOliveOilusedbyconsumersassaladdressing1429andforcooking.Thespecificationsofthedefinitionarepresentedhere.1430

ü WHAT ExtraVirginOliveOil

ü HOWMUCH 1litrepacked

ü HOWLONG Untilexpirydate(18moths)

ü HOWWELL Suitableforhumanconsumption

Innolivawasestablishedin2004.Theytrackthefruitfromwhenitfirstsproutsuntilitisconverted1431intotheoliveoil.ThissystemguaranteestheTraceabilityoftheirproduct.1432

Todaytheyhavemorethan5,000hectaresoftheirownolivegrovesinSpainandPortugal,countries1433withagreatolive-growingtraditionandcultureinwhichtheenvironmentandtheclimateensurethat1434theolivetreesarewelllookedafterthroughouttheyear,providingthemwithexcellentsensoryand1435healthqualities.Theyhave9millionolivestreesandproducing8millionkilosofExtraVirginOliveOil.1436

Thesystemboundariesare“cradletograve”,startingfromtheplantationofolivetreesandending1437withtheemissionsformtheendoflifeoftheproduct,asshowedinthenextfigure:1438

93

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AlluseddataforfieldphaseoflifecycleinventoryareprimarydataprovidedbyInnoliva.Collected1456datafromthreelastcampaignsforeachfarmwasused.Allneededolivesfruitsforproducetheevoo1457includeinthefunctionalunitareobtainedfromthesethreefarms.1458

Innolivahavetwooliveoilmills.Primarydatafromeachfacilitywascollectedforoliveoilproduction1459phase.1460

Thedatainputinthemodelwastheweightedaveragerelatedtotheamountofoliveoilproducedby1461eachmill,becausetheprocessandthetechnologyarethesamebetweentwosites.1462

Giventhattheagronomicalpracticesarethesameforeachfarm,theactivitydataincludedinthe1463inventoryhavebeentheamountofeachinputdividedintothefarm´ssurface.1464

TheobtainedaggregatedaveragevalueforDQRis1,83asindicatedinAnnex2.1465

Thekeyallocationrulesforthecalculationofmultifunctionalitywerebasedonamixcriterion1466betweeneconomicvalueandmassbalance,asindicatedinPEFCR.1467

Thenextpictureshowsthecharacterizedresults(beforeweightingandnormalisation)forallimpact1468categories.1469

94

1470

Thesupportingstudyendeavourstobecompliantwiththerequirementsofthe‘Product1471EnvironmentalFootprint(PEF)Guide’(AnnexIItoRecommendation(2013/179/EU),the“Guidance1472fortheimplementationoftheEUPEFduringtheEFPilotPhase”(versionno.5.0.)andthePEFCR1473ProductEnvironmentalFootprintCategoryRulesforOliveOil(Draftforsupportingstudies,version0.51474datedon8June2016).1475

SummaryofthesupportingstudyforBORGES´ExtraVirginOliveOil1476


vi. TotestthedraftPEFCR1478vii. Tovalidatetheoutcomesofthescreeningstudy(suchastheselectionofrelevantimpact1479

categories,lifecyclestages,processesandelementaryflows)1480viii. Tohelpdefiningperformanceclasseswherepossible1481ix. ToperformsupplementaryanalysislistedinthedraftPEFCR1482x. ToprovideresultsthatcanbeusedasthebasisforcommunicatingthePEFprofile.1483

ThereareseveralreasonswhyBorgeshascommissionedtoCO2Consultingthisstudyareessentially1484two:1485

• ImproveandoptimizetheefficiencyofprocessesandproductmanagementinBorges.1486





95

ü HOWLONG Untilexpirydate(18months)


BorgesisafoodandagriculturalfamilyGroupthat,fromitsfoundationin1896,hasremainedfaithful1491toitsorigins,totheland,toitsfamilytraditionandtosomevaluesinharmonywiththe1492MediterraneanLifeStyle.Fromthebeginningtheyhavechasedtheexcellenceandhavebeenableto1493maintainboththefamilycharacterandahighdegreeofprofessionalismthatmaintainaconstant1494spiritofgrowthandexcellence.1495

Theirproductsarecurrentlypresentin111countriesonvecontinentsbymeansoftheirbranches,1496whichconsistof14commercialsofcesand12productivecenterslocatedintheoriginsandstrategic1497marketsfortheGroup,inadditiontoanextensivecollaboratornetworkintherestoftheworld.1498

Thisinternationalvisionhasbeenpartoftheiridentityaswellaspartoftheirteams’since1957when1499theyinitiatedtheinternationalizationprocessofthecompany.Todaytheycanrelyonanetworkof1500morethan6.000professionals,bothinternalandexternal,whoattendtheirclientsandconsumers1501aroundtheworldeveryday,allowingthebrandBorgestohavethemostimportantinternational1502presenceinthesector.1503

69%ofthevalueofBorges´salescomesfromtheinternationalmarkets.BorgesareMediterranean1504becauseoftheirorigin,theircultureandtheirproducts.It´spermanenttargetisthecreationof1505sustainablevaluesforclientsandstake-holders,withaclearbetforqualityandinnovation.1506

Withit,Borgesgivesconsumersthepossibilitytoenjoythestandardsandqualitiesofthe1507MediterraneanLifeStyleasaglobalculturalconceptthatdefinesfoodasasourceofhealthand1508pleasure,auniqueculturalexperience:TheMediterraneanLifeStyleandQuality.1509

Borgesbuyoliveoilfromalargelistofsuppliersaroundtheworld,sonfieldphaseisconsideredlike1510background.1511

Regardingindustrialphase,amethodologytoimprovethequalityrateforactivitydatainoliveoil1512extractionhasbeenproposedinthissupportingstudy.1513

However,theaggregatedDQRwas2,12,“Good”.1514

Theusedallocationrulesforthemulti-functionalitycriteriawasthespecifiedinScreeningstudy.1515


96

1518

Thenextpictureshowsthecharacterizedresults(beforeweightingandnormalistion).1519

1520

97

Thesupportingstudyendeavourstobecompliantwiththerequirementsofthe‘Product1521EnvironmentalFootprint(PEF)Guide’(AnnexIItoRecommendation(2013/179/EU),andthe1522“GuidancefortheimplementationoftheEUPEFduringtheEFPilotPhase”(versionno.5.0.)andthe1523PEFCRProductEnvironmentalFootprintCategoryRulesforOliveOil(Draftforsupportingstudies,1524version0.5datedon8June2016).1525

SummaryofthesupportingstudyforDCOOP´SExtraVirginOliveOil1526


xi. TotestthedraftPEFCR1528xii. To validate the outcomes of the screening study (such as the selection of relevant impact1529

categories,lifecyclestages,processesandelementaryflows)1530xiii. Tohelpdefiningperformanceclasseswherepossible1531xiv. ToperformsupplementaryanalysislistedinthedraftPEFCR1532xv. ToprovideresultsthatcanbeusedasthebasisforcommunicatingthePEFprofile.1533

ThereareseveralreasonswhyThefoodgroupDCOOPhascommissionedtoCO2Consultingthisstudy1534areessentiallytwo:1535

• ImproveandoptimizetheefficiencyofprocessesandproductmanagementinDCOOP.1536




ü HOWMUCH 1litrepackedinPET



Productclassification(CPA)basedonthelatestCPAlistversionavailable:Oliveoilsareclassifiedin1541the“StatisticalclassificationofeconomicactivitiesintheEuropeanCommunity”Productclassification1542(CPA)basedonthelatestCPAlistversionavailable:Oliveoilsareclassifiedinthe“Statistical1543classificationofeconomicactivitiesintheEuropeanCommunity”withNACEcode10.41(Manufacture1544ofoilsandfats)26,andwithCPAcodeas10.41.23(ExtraVirginOliveOil).1545

ThefoodgroupDcoopisalarge,second-degreecooperative,asitspartnersarecompaniesandnot1546individuals.Mostofthemarecooperativeswhoseownersaremorethan75,000farmersinsouthern1547Spain.1548

26AccordingtotheISIC–CPC2.0classificationitbelongstoClass:2153-Vegetableoils,crude(see

http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf)

98

Dcoopistheworld’slargestoliveoilproducerandisalsoaleaderinwines,inadditiontooperatingin1549thesectorsofsupplies,livestockandgrains.1550

Theyoffertheoildirectlyfromtheproducer,ofthe75,000familiesoffarmerswhodedicatedallyear1551roundtomakingthisoiltoofferitinoptimalfreshnessandflavor.1552

InDcooptakecareofthefruitfromblossomtoharvesting(intheirprimeripeness);thisisthefirst1553stepinachievingagoodolivesandconsequently,optimusqualityofextravirginoliveoil.The1554combinationoftraditionalmethodsofharvesting–beatingwithastickandhandpicking–withthe1555mosttechnologicallyadvancedonesenablesustostarttheelaborationprocessofoliveswhile1556harvestingisstillinprogress.Thus,theirfruitsareprocessedrightafterbeingpickedfromthetree,1557whichisessentialtoachieveanexcellentconditionsforextravirginoliveoil.1558


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AlluseddataforfieldphaseoflifecycleinventoryareprimarydataprovidedbyDCOOP.Collected1580datafromthreelastcampaignsforeachfarmwasused.Allneededolivesfruitsforproducetheevoo1581includeinthefunctionalunitareobtainedfromthesethreefarms.1582

DCOOPfacilityprimarydataforoliveoilproductionphasefromtheiroliveoilmills.Thedatainputin1583themodelwastheweightedaveragerelatedtotheamountofoliveoilproducedbyeachmill,1584becausetheprocessandthetechnologyarethesame.1585

Giventhattheagronomicalpracticesarethesameforeachfarm,theactivitydataincludedinthe1586inventoryhavebeentheamountofeachinputdividedintothefarm´ssurface.1587

TheobtainedaggregatedaveragevalueforDQRis1.91asindicatedinAnnex2.1588

Thekeyallocationrulesforthecalculationofmultifunctionalitywerebasedonamixcriterion1589betweeneconomicvalueandmassbalance,asindicatedinPEFCR.1590


1593


1599

1600

100

SummaryofthesupportingstudyforACESUR´SOliveOil1601


xvi. TotestthedraftPEFCR1603xvii. To validate the outcomes of the screening study (such as the selection of relevant impact1604

categories,lifecyclestages,processesandelementaryflows)1605xviii. Tohelpdefiningperformanceclasseswherepossible1606xix. ToperformsupplementaryanalysislistedinthedraftPEFCR1607xx. ToprovideresultsthatcanbeusedasthebasisforcommunicatingthePEFprofile.1608

ThereareseveralreasonswhyBorgeshascommissionedtoCO2Consultingthisstudyareessentially1609two:1610

• ImproveandoptimizetheefficiencyofprocessesandproductmanagementinBorges.1611


ThefunctionalunitisonelitreofOliveOilusedbyconsumersforcooking.Thespecificationsofthe1614definitionarepresentedhere.1615

ü WHAT OliveOil




Productclassification(CPA)basedonthelatestCPAlistversionavailable:Oliveoilsareclassifiedin1616the“StatisticalclassificationofeconomicactivitiesintheEuropeanCommunity”withNACEcode161710.41(Manufactureofoilsandfats)27,andwithCPAcodeas10.41.53(OliveOil).1618

ACESURhasbeenactiveformorethan150yearsproducing,packagingandmarketingofoliveoil,1619since1840,asweallasalongtraditioninvegetableoilssector.Thisaccumulatedexperience1620reinforcesACESURasaleadinggroupwithinthenationaloliveoilsectorinSpain,alsoexportingits1621productstomorethan90countriesaroundtheworld.1622

ACESURheadofficeisinDosHermanas,Seville.TheyalsohaveotherfacilitiesinMadrid,Toledo,1623CuencaandJaen.ACESURcoversallprocessesandmarketswithintheoilsector.ACESURproduces,1624refines,packs,marketsandexportsoliveoilandothervegetableoils,aswellasolives,vinegars,1625dressingsandsauces.1626

27AccordingtotheISIC–CPC2.0classificationitbelongstoClass:2153-Vegetableoils,crude(see

http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf)

101

Forthepurposeofthisstudy,ACESURbuyvirginandextravirginoliveoil,andlampantoliveoilfrom1627suppliersandtheyhaven´taccesstoactivitydata.Theprocesswhichrunundertheircontrolare:1628packinganddistributionprocesses.1629

However,theaggregatedDQRwas2,17“Good”.1630

Theusedallocationrulesforthemulti-functionalitycriteriawasthespecifiedinScreeningstudy.1631


1634


102

1637


SummaryofthesupportingstudyforKANAKISextravirginoliveoilbio1643

Theobjectiveofthepresentstudyistoidentifyandquantifytheenvironmentalperformanceof1644organicextravirginoliveoilproducedbyKANAKISFamilyinSouth-westernPeloponnese,Itisto1645besoldinFrancebyalocaldistributorbasednearParis.1646

Theoliveoilisproducedfromolivefruitofoneolivegrower(4olivegroves,8.1Ha)whoinvests1647incontinuousenvironmentalimprovement.So,withinthecontextoftherulesfortheorganic1648oliveculture28aspecialefforthasbeendevotedtostoringcarbonintheolivegrovesoilby1649dedicatedenrichmentofsoilwiththeorganicdebrisofthecrop,suchasprunedwood,1650compostedolivetreeleavesetc.Thus,the‘extended’objectiveisnotonlytominimizedamage1651totheenvironment,butalsotolinktheproducedoliveoilwiththeeffortagainstglobalwarming.1652ThisispursuedbyenhancingtheannualremovalofCO2fromtheatmosphere,andby1653establishingworkingpracticestostoreeveryyearinsoilasmuchahigherproportionofthis1654removedCO2aspossible.Onaverage,almost3Tofcarbonperhectarearereturnedtosoilevery1655year,increasingthesoilorganicmatter(SOM)whichcurrentlyisabout2.7%.This,relativelyhigh1656SOMcontenthasbeenbuiltafterinitiatingazerotillagepracticeduringthelast15yearsandthe1657dedicatedadditionoforganicmatterduringthelast4yearsofimplementationoftheLIFE165811ENV/GR/942projectoLIVECLIMA.AsmallproportionoftheSOMbuilt(0.20to0.40tC/Ha/y)1659isexpectedtocontributetothelong-termcarbonstorage,i.e.permanentremovalofcarbon1660

28Reg.834/2007,article12,1a

103

dioxidefromtheatmosphere.Albeitseeminglyatinyamount,thelargeareaofolivecropinthe1661Mediterraneanbasin,makesthesizethisremovalconsiderable,sothecommitmentoftheolive1662growerstothistypeofcrophusbandry(zerotill+additionoforganicmattertosoil)asignificant1663contributiontoclimatechangemitigation.1664

Forthefieldlifecyclestagethestudyisbasedonprimaryactivitydatarecordedforthelast51665years.Thiswasachievedmostlyaspartofthequalitysystemimplementedbythefarmers’group1666NILEASforovertenyears,andrecentlyinthecontextoftwoLIFEprojectsi.e.SAGE10andoLIVE1667CLIMA.Primaryactivitydataofboth,thecoreandthesupplementarystudy(seebelow)are1668traceabletoeacholivegroveofeacholivegrower.1669

Activitydataforthesecondlifecyclestageinvolved,i.e.extractionofoliveoil,arebasedon1670primaryinformationfromtheoliveoilmillsubcontractedbyolivegrower,whileforthethirdlife1671cycle:packaging/distribution,primarydataaresourceddirectlyfromtheKANAKISFamily1672activity.Allactivitydatausedrankinqualityscore<1.6.1673

Asupplementarystudywasmadeforthefarmers’groupNILEASwherealargerareawithabout1674200-250olivegrovesofmixedorganicandconventionalolivegroves.Qualityofactivitydatais1675exactlythesame.Comparisonwasbasedmainlyonthefieldpart,astheindustrialpartisnot1676differentiated.AlthoughtheNILEASoliveoilisdeliveredtomultipledestinations,theassumption1677wasmadethattransportationwouldbesimilartoFrance.1678

Activitydatacollectioninagricultureseemstobeapotentialsourceofsignificantbias(even1679unintended),duetothehighinherentspatial(principally)andtemporaluncertaintywithregard1680toinputsandmoresotoyields.Olivetreesarepronetohighyieldvariation,duetotheirbiennial1681bearing.So,traceabilityofdataisofutmostimportanceandhasabsorbedsignificantresources.1682Hence,tofacilitatePEFexpansion,amethodforthedeterminationofrepresentativevaluesof1683inputsandyieldshastobeagreedbetweenstakeholdersbeforecomparisonsandcomparative1684assertionscouldbemade.Consideringthatavailabilityofverifiedhistoricdataisquestionable,1685andevenso,historicdatacannotbeverifiedretrospectively,athree-yearpreparatoryperiod1686(temporaryPEF)shouldbeintroduced,togivethetimeforcredibledatatobecollectedundera1687robustcontrolsystem.1688

DatasetsusedaretakenfromlibrarieslikeEcoinvent,foundviaSIMAPRO1.07whichwasused1689forthecalculations.1690

Resultsofthecorestudysufferabitfromdatagapsrelatedtohome-developedprocessessuch1691ascomposting,spreadingshreddedwoodonsoiletc.Thus,underestimationofCO2andN2O1692emissionscannotbeexcluded.Ontheotherhand,extrafuelconsumptionhasbeenaccounted1693forinordertobridgethedifferenceofactualconsumptioninGreeceandtheoneincludein1694Ecoinventlibraries.1695

104

Characterizationresultsofthecorestudyinthefigure1below,showthatolivefruitproduction1696phase-followedbypackagingmaterial(glass)-hasthehighestcontribution,inspiteofthe1697absenceofmanufacturedNfertilizersinorganicfarming.1698

1699

ShowninTable1andFigure2belowarethemostprominentoftheimpactcategories.Aspecial1700noteisgiventotheharvest-crewtransportbypassengercarwhichcontributestofreshwater1701ecotoxicity3,2%ofthetotalimpactofthefieldstage),triggeredbyscrapmetaldisposal.1702

1703

Table1 FIELD INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORT

LifeCycleStages: Units Field Extraction Packaging Transportation

Delivery/Use

TOTAL

ClimateChange(CC)total

kgCO2eq

6,5E-01 1,4E-01 7,2E-01 6,0E-01 2,1E+00

FreshwaterAquaticEcotoxicity

CTUe 7,1E+00 2,7E+00 3,7E+00 3,7E+00 1,7E+01

LandUsekgCdeficit

6,1E+02 -7,3E-01 1,2E+00 1,7E+00 6,2E+02

ResourceDepletionWater

m3watereq

4,9E-01 3,0E-01 4,6E-01 1,7E-01 1,4E+00

1704

105

1705

ComparisonofKANAKISorganicoliveoilwiththeoliveoilofNILEASexaminedinthe1706supplementarystudy,itisobviousthatorganicoliveoilhasmildereffectonenvironment,with1707mainimpactsbeingfreshwaterecotoxicityandwateruse,whileitseffectonclimatechangeis1708lowtomoderate.Onthecontrary,landuseisaffectedbytheloweryieldsoforganic.Resultsare1709showninnormalizedform,inthefigure3below.1710

SummaryofthesupportingstudyforMONINI’SBIOSorganicExtraVirginOliveOil1711

ThesupportingstudyforMoniniSpA’sBIOSorganicExtraVirginOliveOil,preparedwiththeexternal1712supportofAmbienteItaliaSrl,ispartofthePEF/OEFpilotphaseandincludesthefollowinggoals:1713

• TotestthedraftPEFCR;1714

• To validate the outcomes of the screening study (such as the selection of relevant impact1715categories,lifecyclestages,processesandelementaryflows);1716

• Tohelpdefiningperformanceclasseswherepossible;1717

• ToperformsupplementaryanalysislistedinthedraftPEFCR;1718

• ToprovideresultsthatcanbeusedasthebasisforcommunicatingthePEFprofile.1719

106

Thefunctionalunitisonelitreofpacked29BIOSorganicExtraVirginOliveOilusedbyconsumersfor1720dressingfish,whitemeat,vegetablesandalldelicateandbalanceddishes.1721

BIOS Extra Virgin Olive Oil is milled at the SIO oil mill in Carpino (in the province of Foggia), an1722organizationthatisinpartcontrolledbyMonini.BIOS iscompletelyguaranteedorganicfromstartto1723finish;soil,olivegroves,harvestingandoilextractionsystems,everythingcomplieswiththeprinciplesof1724organicagriculture.TheolivesproductionareasareinthesouthofItaly,inFoggia,Bari,andBarletta-1725Andria-Traniprovinces.AcrosstheTavoliereplainandonthehillsofGargano,olivegrowingisaform1726of specialized farmingwith a regular line configuration, incorporating an irrigation systemwith the1727vasepruningsystem;hereolivegrovesaremature,withhigherthan25years.1728

Thesystemboundariesare“cradle-to-grave”,startingfromextractionofresourcesfromnature(fruit1729production in the olive orchard) and ending with emissions from the end of life of the product.1730Followingasimplifiedsystemdiagram.1731

BACKGROUND

AUXILIARIESANDPACKAGINGMATERIALSPRODUCTION

OLIVEFRUITPRODUCTION(FIELDPHASE)

OLIVEFRUITPROCESSING

FOREGROUND OLIVEOILEXTRACTION

OLIVEOILBOTTLINGANDPACKAGING

DISTRIBUTION

BACKGROUND USEPHASE

ENDOFLIFE

TheinventoryanalysiswasconductedusingprimarydatafromMoniniandbythecompaniesinvolved1732inthestudywithregardtothecultivationandharvestingofolives,oilextraction,bottling,packaging1733anddistributionphaseoftheproduct.Insteadselectedsecondarydatawereusedfrom:1734

29Packedina750mlglassbottle,untilexpirydate(18months),suitableforhumanconsumption

107

§ international databases (particularly Ecoinvent 3.1) with regard to the processes of1735productionofsemi-finishedproducts,packagingmaterials,electricalandthermalenergyand1736transportation,aswellasrelatedtowatersupplyandtheendoflife;1737

§ Eurostatdatafortherecyclingrateandwastedisposal.1738

Thedataon transport distanceswere calculatedwith theonline calculatorsGoogleMaps and Sea-1739Distancesrespectivelyforthecalculationoftransportdistancesbylandandbysea.1740

Theaverageoveralldataquality resultedVerygood forprimarycontext-specificdataandGood for1741secondarydata(thedetailedbreakdownofthedataqualityscoringispresentedinthechapter5.1.5).1742

The allocation rules for the calculation of the inputs and outputs of specific data were on an1743economicbasis(sellingprice),forBIOSextravirginoliveoilandtheolivepulpproducedatSIOmill.1744

Followingafigurewithcharacterisedresults(notnormalizedandnotweighted)oftheorganicBIOS1745oliveoil forall the15PEF impactcategories.Thefigureshowsthat formost impact categories the1746dominatinglifecyclestagesincludeolivefruitproduction(fieldphase),packagingandtheendoflife.1747The negative biogenic carbon removal during olive production stage includes the carbon that is1748removed by harvesting the olive fruit; this carbon is released back to the atmosphere during1749consumptionofoliveoilandendoflifemanagement.1750

In general theolive production (field phase) and Bottling and packaging are themost impacting1751phases of the BIOS olive oil life cycle. The Use phase is just relevant for Climate change impact1752categoryduetothebiogenicCO2.1753

1754

AccordingtotheGuidancethemostrelevantlifecyclestages,processesandelementaryflowswere1755identifiedasthosethattogethercontributeover80%tothebaselineimpact.Thesearepresentedin1756thefollowingtable.1757

Mostrelevantprocesses(perlifecyclestage)

OliveproductionûIrrigation

ü Soilmanagement

108

Mostrelevantprocesses(perlifecyclestage)

ûCO2fixation

Oliveoilextraction

ü Energyconsumption

ûWastewatertreatment

ûFiltration

ü Mill(infrastructure)

Bottlingandpackaging

ü 0,75Lglassbottle

ûCardboardbox

ûAluminumbottleclosure

ûLabel

ûNondripspout

ü Electricity(ITmarket)

Distribution -

Use -

Endoflife

ûCardboardMulti-functionalityinEoLsituations

ûPE-HDMulti-functionalityinEoLsituations

ûPaperMulti-functionalityinEoLsituations

ü GlassMulti-functionalityinEoLsituations

Thestudyendeavorstobecompliantwiththerequirementsofthe‘ProductEnvironmentalFootprint1758(PEF)Guide’(AnnexIItoRecommendation(2013/179/EU),the“Guidancefortheimplementationof1759the EU PEF during the EF Pilot Phase” (version no. 5.2.) and the PEFCR Product Environmental1760FootprintCategoryRulesforOliveOil(Draftforsupportingstudies,version0.58June2016).1761

SummaryofthesupportingstudyforS.O.LEI’SOlivePomaceOil1762

Thegoalandthescopeofthissupportingstudyis:1763

• TotestthedraftPEFCR;1764• Tovalidatetheoutcomesofthescreeningstudy;1765• Tohelpdefiningperformanceclasseswherepossible;1766• ToperformsupplementaryanalysislistedinthedraftPEFCR1767• ToprovideresultsthatcanbeusedasthebasisforcommunicatingthePEFprofile.1768

Dataqualitycanbeassuredifanaccurateprocessofdatacollectioniscarriedoutwiththeagreement1769ofalltheactorsoftheoliveoilchain.Datauncertaintymustbestilldiscussedespeciallyforwhat1770concernsthefieldstage.Asforallocationprocedure,adifferentapproach,basedontheenergy1771contentoftheco-productswastested,buteconomicallocationseemstobethemostproper.1772

Anaccuratedatabaseofbackgrounddatacouldbeveryusefultoimprovedataqualityofeachstage1773ofthelifecycle.Thefieldstageremainsthecrucialstepofthelifecycle,itisthephasewithhighest1774variabilityanduncertaintybutitisthephasewhichentailshighestcontributioninthealmostallthe1775impactcategories,too.Forthesereasons,futuredevelopmentsintheimplementationofthePEFin1776thesectoroftheoliveoilshouldfocusontheseaspects,bytakinginconsiderationmethodological1777solutionscapabletosolvethelimitationsarisenfromthisstudy.1778

1779