product architecture - university of waterlooproduct architecture: definition the arrangement of...
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Product Architecture
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Product Architecture Example: Hewlett-Packard DeskJet Printer
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Product Architecture: Definition The arrangement of functional elements into physical chunks which become the building blocks for the product or family of products.
Product
module!
module!
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module!
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Trailer Example: Modular Architecture
box
hitch
fairing
bed
springs
wheels
protect cargo from weather
connect to vehicle
minimize air drag
support cargo loads
suspend trailer structure
transfer loads to road
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Trailer Example: Integral Architecture
upper half
lower half
nose piece
cargo hanging straps
spring slot covers
wheels
protect cargo from weather
connect to vehicle
minimize air drag
support cargo loads
suspend trailer structure
transfer loads to road
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What is this?
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Nail Clippers?
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Modular Product Architectures • Chunks implement one or a few functions entirely. • Interactions between chunks are well defined. • Modular architecture has advantages in simplicity
and reusability for a product family or platform.
Swiss Army Knife Sony Walkman
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Platform Architecture of the Sony Walkman
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Integral Product Architectures • Functional elements are implemented by multiple
chunks, or a chunk may implement many functions. • Interactions between chunks are poorly defined. • Integral architecture generally increases performance
and reduces costs for any specific product model.
High-Performance Wheels Compact Camera
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Choosing the Product Architecture Architecture decisions relate to product
planning and concept development decisions: • Product Change (copier toner, camera lenses)
• Product Variety (computers, automobiles)
• Standardization (motors, bearings, fasteners)
• Performance (racing bikes, fighter planes)
• Manufacturing Cost (disk drives, razors)
• Project Management (team capacity, skills)
• System Engineering (decomposition, integration)
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Ford Taurus Integrated Control Panel
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Modular or Integral Architecture?
Motorola StarTAC Cellular Phone
Rollerblade In-Line Skates
Ford Explorer
Apple iBook
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The concepts of integral and modular apply at several levels:
• system
• sub-system
• component
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Product Architecture = Decomposition + Interactions
• Interactions within chunks
• Interactions across chunks
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Establishing the Architecture To establish a modular architecture, create a
schematic of the product, and cluster the elements of the schematic to achieve the types of product variety desired.
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DeskJet Printer Schematic
Flow of forces or energy Flow of material Flow of signals or data
Store Output
Store Blank Paper
Enclose Printer
Provide Structural Support
Print Cartridge
Position Cartridge In X-Axis
Position Paper
In Y-Axis
Supply DC
Power “Pick” Paper
Control Printer
Command Printer
Connect to
Host
Communicate with Host
Display Status
Accept User
Inputs
Functional or Physical Elements
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Cluster Elements into Chunks
Store Output
Store Blank Paper
Enclose Printer
Provide Structural Support
Print Cartridge
Position Cartridge In X-Axis
Position Paper
In Y-Axis
Supply DC
Power “Pick” Paper
Control Printer
Command Printer
Connect to
Host
Communicate with Host
Display Status
Accept User
Inputs
Paper Tray Print Mechanism
Logic Board
Chassis
Enclosure
User Interface Board
Host Driver Software
Power Cord and “Brick”
Functional or Physical Elements
Chunks
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Geometric Layout
printmechanism
paper tray
user interface board
printcartridge
logicboard
chassis
chassis
paper
roller
print cartridge
paper tray
enclosure
logic board
height
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Incidental Interactions Enclosure
Paper Tray
Chassis
Print Mechanism
User Interface Board
Logic Board
Power Cord and “Brick”
Host Driver Software
Styling
Vibration
Thermal Distortion
Thermal Distortion
RF Interference RF
Shielding
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System Team Assignment Based on Product Architecture
F G E D I A C B 1K 1 J P N Q R B 2K 2 O L M H S T U V
Crankshaft F F
Flywheel G G
Connecting Rods E E
Pistons D D
Lubrication I I
Engine Block A A
Camshaft/Valve Train C C
Cylinder Heads B 1 B 1
Intake Manifold K 1 K 1
Water Pump/Cooling J J
Fuel System P P
Air Cleaner N N
Throttle Body Q Q
EVAP R R
Cylinder Heads B 2 B 2
Intake Manifold K 2 K 2
A.I.R. O O
Exhaust L L
E.G.R. M M
Accessory Drive H H
Ignition S S
E.C.M. T T
Electrical System U U
Engine Assembly V V
Frequency of PDT Interactions
Daily Weekly Monthly
Team 1
Team 2
Team 3
Team 4
Integration Team
From “Innovation at the Speed of Information”, S. Eppinger, HBR, January 2001.
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Planning a Modular Product Line: Commonality Table
Chunks
Number ofTypes
Family Student SOHO(small office, home office)
Print cartridge 2 “Manet” Cartridge “Picasso” Cartridge “Picasso” Cartridge
Print Mechanism 2 "Aurora" Series Narrow "Aurora" series "Aurora" series
Paper tray 2 Front-in Front-out Front-in Front-out Tall Front-in Front-out
Logic board 2 “Next gen” boardwith parallel port
“Next gen” board “Next gen” board
Enclosure 3 Home style Youth style “Soft office” style
Driver software 5 Version A-PCVersion A-Mac
Version B-PCVersion B-Mac
Version C
Differentiation versus Commonality
Trade off product variety and production complexity
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Product Model Lifetime
From Sanderson and Uzumeri, The Innovation Imperative, Irwin 1997.
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Types of Modularity
Swapping Modularity Sharing Modularity
Sectional Modularity Bus Modularity
Fabricate-to-Fit Modularity Mix Modularity
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Audio System Exercise: Where are the Chunks?
CassetteTuner FrontControls
PowerAmplifier
CDChanger
RearControls
CellularPhone
CellularAntenna
AntennaMotor
AM/FMAntenna
RearHeadphones
LFSpeaker
LRSpeaker
RRSpeaker
RFSpeaker
Microphone
Display
104.1 FM
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Fundamental Decisions
• Integral vs. modular architecture? • What type of modularity? • How to assign functions to chunks? • How to assign chunks to teams? • Which chunks to outsource?
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Practical Concerns
• Planning is essential to achieve the desired variety and product change capability.
• Coordination is difficult, particularly across teams, companies, or great distances.
• Special attention must be paid to handle complex interactions between chunks (system engineering methods).
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Product Architecture: Conclusions
• Architecture choices define the sub-systems and modules of the product platform or family.
• Architecture determines: – ease of production variety – feasibility of customer modification – system-level production costs
• Key Concepts: – modular vs. integral architecture – clustering into chunks – planning product families
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Other Images
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