procurement assignment
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND OF ETHIOPIAN CIVIL
SERVICE UNIVERSITY
The Ethiopian civil service university (ECSU) started operation in 1995 but was formally
established in February, 1996 as an autonomous institution with legal status by the
Council of Minister Regulation No. 3/1996 to support the transformation drive of the
Ethiopian civil service within the context of the county's development policies and
strategies so that it becomes a system that is effective, transparent, accountable learning
and changing. More specifically, the university aims at building the capacity of the civil
service at both federal and regional levels through specialized /professional orientation/
education, training research and consultancy program and services.
Since establishment, the University has contributed immensely in developing the
capacity of the Ethiopian Civil Service University through education and training. The
need for the establishment of the University arose from the acute need for the countryscivil service system with the new form of government structure, namely, the Federal
Government System introduced in 1991. In this historical and political shift from a highly
centralized unitary government system to a decentralized federal system, and given the
countrys existing higher institutions intake capacity, the shortage of trained manpower
in the country in general and in the emerging regions in particular, was acute. As a result,
the duties and responsibilities of self administration by the regional state government and
their various agencies were very difficult to handle. To satisfy this urgent need, the
University began operations with only two fields of studies: Law and Economics.
The University has been able to make tremendous contribution in capacity building
through the provision of short-term courses and specialized undergraduate and
postgraduate programs; rendering research and consultancy services; providing library
documentation services and facilitating conferences, seminars and workshops. The
University employs delivery modalities ranging from resident training and educational
programs to the on-the-job, evening and distance education, including Global
Development Learning Network. The University strives to equip civil servants with
relevant theoretical and practical skills that will empower them to optimally discharge
their responsibilities. This article explains the activities of the different organs of theEthiopian Civil Service University. It explains the background to establishing the
University. the human resources are the most precious assets of the nation has been
shared by the governments and individuals. However the university has four department
unit under administrative support staff, procurement department is one of the most
influential departments because to achieving the over all the university's goal procuring
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of the required materials is the base to perform tasks and accomplish the organizational
mission and vision statement.
Procurement Section Is responsible to:
- Facilitate the purchase of goods and services,
- Prepare documents in relation to purchase including bid and contract documents,
- Facilitate the preparation of item specifications where needed,
- Place an order,
- Facilitate the receiving of goods from suppliers,
- Follow up adherence to procurement proclamation, rules, regulations and directives,
- Communicate the suppliers as per the contractual agreement when problem arises to the
quality of goods received.
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Public procurement is defined as procurement made by public authority using public
funds on obtaining goods, works and services to fulfill the needs of public authority to
carry output its objectives. It refers to the contracts awarded by a public purchaser to a
supplier, contractors or service provider (PP AM Module, 2012)
Public procurement often constitutes the largest domestic market in Ethiopia because it isa major activity of public sector that generates important flow of finance and makes the
country one of the largest economic actors. In this regard, public procurement is the
major means that the government meet developmental needs such as physical
infrastructure and provides public goods and services to the public (Muktar,2011).
Public procurement is increasingly recognized as a central instrument to ensure efficient
and corruption-free management of public resources. In this context, the role of
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procurement officials has changed dramatically in recent years to cope with the demand
for integrity in public procurement. Countries have devoted efforts to ensure that:
Public procurement procedures are transparent and promote fair and equal treatment;
Public resources linked to public procurement are used in accordance with intended
purposes;
Procurement officials behavior and professionalism are in line with the public purposes
of their organization
Systems are in place to challenge public procurement decisions, ensure accountability
and promote public scrutiny. (ISBN, 2007)
The major principles of public procurement system involve getting the right item in
quality and quantity, at the right time when it is needed to have proper flow of inventory;
from the right supplier and at the right price to support public sector activities.
A properly functioning public procurement system that promotes fair and transparentcompetition for contracts awarded by public sector is essential both to promote market
development and to use public funds effectively and efficiently. Sound procurement
policies and practices can reduce the costs of public expenditure to reduce money waste,
delay, corruption and government purchasing inefficiency.
To promote competition and to increase transparency in public procurement there is a
strong demand to use Electronic procurement (E-P) which has been introduced in
Ethiopia. Because, there must be sound financial management in reducing opportunities
for fraud and corruption, there is a need for qualified professional in Procurement
capacity building and training which is still represent a problem in this area. In Ethiopia,
the government is the most significant buyer of goods, works and services. The value of
the government procurement budget is estimated at about 65% of the total annual budget
(PAP, 2009)
Public procurement in Ethiopia is regulated by the financial proclamation No 57/1996
which constitutes the procurement law, the financial regulation No 17/1997 issued by the
Council of Ministers and the ministry of finance procurement directives and contracts
issued is 1997, 1999, revised in 2005 at the federal level and recently revised in 2009. In
2005 the Ethiopian government has established public procurement agency which isresponsible to oversight policy and monitoring of public procurements.
As per proclamation No 430/2005 procurement law enacted in 2005 is required among
other things, establishment regulatory body development of procurement directives,
preparation of standard bidding documents, guidelines and implementation of capacity
building strategy at all levels as part of the procurement directive and operational manual.
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As per the proclamation no. 649/2009 Procurement law in acted in 2009 is required
among other things. To achieve better efficiency, transparency, fair competition and
impartiality in public procurement and to enable the utilization of the large sum of
public money spent on procurement in a manner that ensures greater economy and
efficiency by addressing problems encountered in the course of implementation of the
proclamation determining the procedures of public procurement of the Ethiopian
federal procedure and establishing the Supervisory Agency during the year in which it
was enforce and the same procedure is applying in the Ethiopian civil service
university.
Public procurement is of considerable economic significant at both the domestic and
international level accounting for a significant proportion of national GDP. At the
domestic level the procurement of goods and services by government agencies provides
needed imputes that enable government to deliver public service and fulfill other tasks.
Procurement system has a significant impact on efficiency of the use of public fund and
more generally public confidence in government and good governance. Moreover, it
has public access to information on government contracts.
Primary concept of public procurement is that through advance planning, scheduling, and
group buying, a large organization can save money and increase the efficiency of the daily
business operation. The level of compliance with these concepts varies widely across all levels
of government, and sometimes even within a government agency. Government purchasing
activity has a huge impact on the local economy. Due to the sheer size and variety of impact,
there are four step incorporated in to most government policies: group buying, just in time
delivery negotiated bulk pricing, and reduced administrative over head Procedure surrounding
the selection of vendors, tendering guideline for high value contracts, and payment terms are
often public document. There are different methods of procurement that are applied by the
university according to the directives, Open advertised bidding is the most competitive
procurement method available. It should be considered the preferred method of procurement
for procurement of goods, works, and non- consulting services designed to attract the widest
possible participation of eligible and qualified contractors and suppliers and the method most
suited to obtaining value for money in the public interest. Open advertised bidding is also themost formal and complex of the methods of procurement discussed in this session. Exceptions
to the use of open advertised bidding should be carefully considered and based only on
compelling circumstances established in procurement law or regulation. Open bidding is the
preferred method of procurement by any procuring entity. In open tendering, any company,
organization or individual that meets the qualifying criteria indicated in the bidding documents
is eligible to participate. Other procedures of procurement are applied if the open bidding
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method is difficult to apply. The open bidding method of procurement is preferred because it
goes in line with the basic procurement rule of non discrimination and transparency. Open
bidding, though it is transparent, requires more time in order to prepare different tender
documents. There are standard bidding documents for national and international procurements
prepared by the public procurement and property administration agency. These standard
bidding documents (SBD) vary depending on the types of purchase. Separate Standard bidding
documents are prepared for goods, services and works. (Principle and practice of public
procurement module)In open bidding the first activity is notifying prospective bidders about
the bid opportunity. The bid is advertised through a process known as invitation to bid. The
invitation to bid contains general information on:
The name and address of the procuring entity, A brief description of the goods, works
or services to be obtained and the desire time of completion,
The place and price for obtaining the bid document, The place and deadline for submission of bids,
The place and time for opening bids.
The invitation to bid for national bid must be published at least once in a news paper
that has circulation throughout the country.
Generally, the bid document must include:
Instruction for the preparation and submission of bids.
Information on the final date for receipt of bids,
The address to which bids must be sent, the date, hour and place of opening.
Bid forms, and bid security to be provided.
The number of copies to be submitted with the original bid.
Specification of requirements, including time limit for delivery or completion.
Evidence to be provided by the bidder to demonstrate its qualification, financial
position, and registration in the suppliers list.
The period during which the bid remains valid.
The criteria and the points given to each criterion for evaluation of bids and award of
the contract.
A reservation to the effect that the procuring entity may reject all bids at any time priorto
The acceptance of the bid; Condition of contract (general and specific). (Principle and
practice of public procurement module2012)
2.2 Procedure of National Open Bidding
For all public contracts, open procedures can always be used. Restricted procedures can
be used when it is necessary to distinguish between the selection phase - dealing only
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with the candidates qualifications - and the award phase - dealing with the offer.
Distinction in the use between open and restricted procedures is provided in public
procurement rules. All Economic Operators who are interested and meet the minimum
technical and financial criteria set out in the contract notice may submit a tender. A
contract notice describing the main characteristics of the contract is prepared and
published in the PAB and on PPA website. The tender documents define in detail the
content of the contract, its terms and conditions, and the award criteria. The typical
formats of the SBD for acquiring goods in national open bidding include the following
The invitation to bid
Instruction to bidders
The bid data sheet
The evaluation and qualification criteria
The bidding forms The eligible countries
The statement of requirements
General condition of contract
Special condition of contract
So, the study will focus in Ethiopian Civil Service University, how the office procures
with regard to fair and transparent procurement procedure to achieve best value for public
money.
However, there are no such a strong and effective public procurement systems in the
office of Ethiopian Civil Service University and public resource are exposed to deferent
losses. This study aims at investigating procedures and policies, transparencies, and
efficiency also attempt to point out the factors that determine the organization following
the procurement manual, on policies and procedure and other procurement directives.
The study answers the fallowing questions.
* Does the civil service university have procurement plan?* How procuring entities measured their accountability and responsibility to
enhance transparency & fairness in procuring public goods and services?
* How public procurement handled properly?
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CHAPTER THREE: DATA ANALYSIS
While analyzing the prevailing procurement practice applied in Ethiopian Civil Service
University we tried to evaluate every aspects of open bidding method applied starting
from procurement planning up to acquisition of the intended materials. Furthermore,competitive (open) bidding method as it is stated on the directives of article 33(3) and (4),
public body shall use open bidding as the preferred procedure of procurement, ECSU
used as a preferred method and we cant other methods especially restricted method of
procurement applied while conducting our investigation. Therefore, our analysis
considers only the open bidding applied for the acquisition of sanitary materials which is
presented as follows:
3.1Preparation of procurement plan; the preparation of procurement plan bythis organization is supported by action plan which enable them to execute in
due time and necessary to implement their work program accordingly.
Furthermore, the user department prepares their annual procurement plan by
providing technical specification for sanitary materials based on the approved
budget.
Despite the advantages gained through early preparation of procurement planning,
the organization fails to stick or adhere with the calendar set for activities which
hinder the organization to acquire the required material in the right time for the
intended purpose. Moreover, the good practice applied in this organization,
publishing the consolidated procurement plans on the organizations websiteprovides advance information to the outside world of upcoming procurement
activities and advances the key principle of transparency in procurement.
3.2Preparation of standard bidding document; the standard bidding documentprepared by the organizations procurement unit in accordance with the type
and nature of the procurement is well prepared in comply with the procurement
directives which contains:
a. Instruction to bidders; including, general description of the goods, name andaddress of the procuring body, sources of finance, minimum requirement,
address and time for request of clarification, place and time for sample to be
presented, the place of bid box, methods of bid evaluation, bid security,
deadline for bid submission and place, date and hour of bid opening, validity
period of the bid, delivery time, original, number of copies and supporting
document to be presented and place of compliant to be filed.
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b. Technical specification; it is prepared in accordance with the need of endusers in a manner that allows wider competition and it is detail and
comprehensive to provide complete information for the supplier.
c. General and specific contract; the general and specific condition of thecontract were included in the standard bidding document.
d. Criteria for bid evaluation; both qualification and evaluation criteriaincluding technical requirements for samples presented and price.
e. Presentation of samples; indicates that samples have to be submitted prior tothe opening of bids and the candidates are expected to present the specimen in
accordance with the technical specification drawn.
f. Sale of bid document; theprice of the bidding document is 50 br., whichallows wider competition.Generally, the standard bidding document prepared
by the procurement unit was presented for approval by the endorsingcommittee which consists three members.
3.3Invitation to bid: After preparation and approval of procurement plan andstandard bidding document. We analyze the pre-conditions of using national
competitive bidding followed by the organization. Firstly, the organization
ascertains that the goods to be procured can be obtained from local suppliers
and value of procurement is below the threshold established for international
competitive bidding according to the directive. After ensuring the above
condition, the next step is invitation to bid and the organization published the
invitation on Addis Zemen news paper that has nationwide circulation. While
evaluating the content of information disclosed on the advertisement against
the basic principles of procurement, it contains; name and address of the
organization, the criteria to be satisfied by the candidates (includes tax
clearance, renewed business license, VAT registration, TIN no. certificate and
suppliers list registration), the place where the bidding document can be
obtained, the amount of bid security (10,000), the price of bidding document
(50 br), the place and deadline for submission of bids and the place, date and
hour of the bid opening, and a statement that the organization reserves the rightto reject any or all bids. Therefore, the advertisement of invitation to bid
contains all necessary information in accordance with the basic public
procurement practice.
3.4Receipt of Bid document: while receiving the bid document the procurementunit prepare bid receiving attendance sheet for the receipt of bid documents
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from bidders and it contains name, address and signature. Therefore, twelve
bidders were submitted their bid to proceed in the competition.
3.5Bid opening; after receiving the bid documents the next step is bid openingand when we evaluate this process, bids are opened at the time and place stated
in the invitation to bid and participants of the bid opening ceremony were the
bidding committee, five bidders and representatives of the user department and
then the opening process is started after signing on the minute prepared by the
procurement team.
3.6Evaluation; while evaluating competitive suppliers the steps used by thiscommittee includes the preliminary evaluation of minimum requirements,
technical evaluation of the samples and financial evaluation.
a. Preliminary evaluation; before technical and financial evaluation thecommittee evaluates the minimum requirements stated on the invitation to bidas well as in the standard bidding document and these criterias are tax
clearance, VAT registration, TIN no. certificate, suppliers list registration, bid
security and participation permission letter. Based on the above criteria all
bidders those submitted the bid has fulfilled the requirement and qualified to
the technical evaluation.
b. Technical evaluation; while analyzing the technical evaluation it is conductedby the technical evaluation committee which consists the user department
staffs and they evaluate in accordance with the technical specification provided
in the bidding document with respect to the samples presented by the method
of pass/fail evaluation criteria. Throughout the evaluation one bidder is
rejected due to the absence of sample and rest qualified bidders result on
specific and all items were prepared for approval by endorsing committee.
c. Financial evaluation; the financial evaluation is conducted among biddersthose qualified in the technical evaluation, as a result, bidders that offer the
least price for the required items are selected as a successful bidder.
3.7Award notification; finally, after the result is approved by the endorsingcommittee the letter ofaward is written for the successful bidders and also atthe same time the result is communicated to unsuccessful bidders as well. Even
though, the remaining task with regard to this procurement is that signing of
the contract, until we conduct this evaluation the contract is not signed between
the successful bidders and the procuring entity.
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CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1 Conclusion
While analyzing the organizations procurement practice starting from preparation of
procurement plan up to acquisition of materials with regard to competitive bidding is well
developed and performed by this organization. Specifically, early procurement plan wasdeveloped by the procurement unit and the user departments prepare their annual
procurement plan by providing technical specification based on the approved budget.
However, the organization fails to get the required materials in the right time for the
intended purpose due to the failure in adhering with the calendar set. On the other hand,
as far as we see and analyzed the standard bidding document of the organization it is
complete to give relevant information and prepared in accordance with the basic principle
and practice of public procurement. In addition, the organizations open bidding procedure
fulfill necessary preconditions as well as every relevant information were disclosed on
the invitation to bid according to the directives. Furthermore, while analyzing the
organizations open bidding process, it complies with the proclamation starting from bid
opening up to award notification letter. However, the organization fails to sign the
contract with the successful bidders within two months after the award notification letter
is sent.
4.2 Recommendation
Based on the above conclusion drawn we recommend the organization that it should
strengthened the prevailing procurement practice in procuring other goods and service
and the evaluated procurement application is conducted in accordance with the directives.In addition, we suggest that, even though, the selected procurement practice is complied
with the directive in order to get the required goods at the required time they should have
to adhere with the schedule of activities to facilitate on time delivery of the items.
Furthermore, delay in signing the contract with respective suppliers should have to be
improved and there must be measures to be taken in accordance.
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REFERENCE
1. Integrity in public procurement: Good practice from A to Z, ISBN, 2007.2. Public procurement principle and practice module of ECSU, 2012.3. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, (2009) The Ethiopian
Federal Government Procurement and Property Administration
Proclamation
4. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, (2010) The EthiopianFederal Government Procurement and Property Administration Manual
5. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, (2010) The EthiopianFederal Government Procurement and Property Administration Directive