PROCESSING OF RADIOGRAPHIC FILM

PRESENTED BY :

HAFSA SARA ZUBAIRBDS.

OBJECTIVES:

• WHAT ARE RADIOGRAPHIC FILMS

• TYPES OF FILMS

• INTRA ORAL RADIOGRAPHIC FILM COMPOSITION

• PROCESSING

• TYPES OF PROCESSING

WHAT ARE RADIOGRAPHIC FILMS…???

• The media on which radiographic images of objects are recorded.

• Images are stored as an unseen (latent) image that will be changed to a seen image by processing the film.

TYPES OF X-RAY FILMS

INTRA ORAL

EXTRA ORAL

- INTRA ORAL FILMS

PERIAPICAL BITEWING OCCLUSAL

EXTRA ORAL FILMS

PANORAMIC X-RAYS

Cephalometric projections Sialography TOMOGRAMS Computed

tomography,

INTRA ORAL X-RAY FILM COMPOSITIONFILM PACKET

OUTER PLASTIC WRAPPERBLACK PAPER WRAPPER

LEAD FOIL

PROCESSING OF RADIOGRAPHIC FILM

• DEVELOPER:

• The action of developing solution is to convert the exposed silver halide grains to metallic silver.

COMPOSITION:DEVELOPING AGENTS(elol, metol and Hydroquinone)

ACCELERATOR (sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate and potassium hydroxide)

• These are capable of converting silver halide into metallic silver.

• The ideal Ph of developing solution is 10 – 11.5.• The developing solution contains an alkali or accelerator.

RESTRAINER(potassium bromide)

PRESERVATIVESSodium sulphite and potassium sulphite)

SOLVENT

• The function of restrainer is to prevent the action of developer on the unexposed silver halide grain and thus to prevent film fog.

• Prevent oxidation of developing solution.

• Water is used as solvent.

• DEVELOPING REPLENISHER

• The replenisher has the same composition as that of developing solution.

BUT

• The developer replenisher is more alkaline and does not contain restraining bromide.

FIXER

• The action of fixing solution is to remove the unexposed silver halide crystals.

COMPOSITION:

FIXING AGENT(sodium thiosulphate)

ACIDIFIER(acetic acid)

• Fixing agent react with silver halide to form a soluble compound without any effect on metallic silver image.

• It neutralizes any alkali of developing solution which is still adherent to the film.

TYPES OF PROCESSING

1. MANUAL PROCESSINGA. VISUAL METHODB. TIME-TEMPERATURE METHOD

2. AUTOMATIC PROCESSING

MANUAL PROCESSING

VISUAL METHOD

PERIODICALLY VIEWED UNDER THE SAFELIGHT FOR THE EMERGENCE OF CLEAR IMAGE.

IMMERSED IN DEVELOPING SOLUTION

CARRIED OUT IN A DARKROOM WITH A SAFELIGHTENING CONDITION

WHEN THE IMAGE APPEARS THE FILM IS WASHED AND IMMERSED IN FIXING SOLUTION.

MANUAL FILM PROCESSOR

TIME- TEMPERATURE METHOD:EFFECTIVE STANDARIZATION MAY BE ACHEIEVD WITHOUT ANY AUTOMATIC AID.

FILM IS IMMERESED IN A DEVELOPER KEPT AT A CONSTANT TEMPERATURE FOR A FIXED DURATION OF TIME.

TEMPERATURE DEVELOPMENT TIME65 F 6 MINUTES68 F 5 MINUTES70 F 4 MINUTES72 F 4 MINUTES76 F 3 MINUTES

TIME- TEMPERATURE CHART

AUTOMATIC PROCESSING:THE EXPOSED FILM IS FED AT ONE END AND IT PASSES THROUGH THE DEVELOPER , FIXER , WATER AND DRIER.

THE STEP OF RINCING IN WATER AFTER DEVELOPING IS AVOIDED.

AS THE ROLLER SYSTEM HAS THE SQUEEZING ACTION , THE DEVELOPING SOLUTION ABSORBED BY THE GELATIN OF THE EMULSION WILL BE LESS AS IT IS TRANSPORTED FROM THE DEVELOPER TO THE FIXER.

THE TEMPERATURE OF THE SYSTEM IS MAINTAINED

THE FILMS COMES OUT THROUGH THE OTHER END OF THE PROCESSOR , PROCESSED, DRY, AND READY FOR VIEWING.

AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR

REFRENCES:

• ESSENTIAL OF DENTAL RADIOLOGY BY JOHN, PRAMOD JOHN R.

• GOOGLE