Printing Press

The Renaissance experienced a rebirth, or revival in learning during the period between 1300-1600High demand for knowledge, information,

and books

1440 Johann Gutenberg developed a printing press that incorporated existing technologies in new ways

HUGE increase in production!!!!

Greater supply, which means prices of books decrease= knowledge become more accessible for more people

What kinds of things get printed??

•“How to” manuals people don’t have to rely on other people as much for their information•Math books are also printed; used by merchants to help calculate their sales, contributes to growth of business, especially in cities

•The BIBLE people can actually read the Bible for themselves

•Gutenberg himself prints a Bible in 1455, making it more accessible•Because more people are able to read the Bible, major shifts occur in the ways people think about religion=THE REFORMATION

REFORMATION

I. Key Factors: Weakness comes to the Church—opportunity for reform.

A. Renaissance ideas- more focus on man and his capacity for learning and rising.

B. Printing press - Johann Gutenberg prints the bible (1455).1. Bible accessible to all (affordable)2. Read and interpret bible for themselves.

REFORMATION(additional factors)

Criticisms of the Catholic Church1. Rulers began to challenge the Church’s

political power2. Merchants resented paying taxes to Rome3. Popes pursued worldly affairs instead of

spirituality4. Priests and monks who couldn’t read or who

broke vows Early Reformers

1. John Wycliffe and Jan Hus advocated Church reform

2. Erasmus & Thomas More – Christian humanism: use the ideas of Greece and Rome to study Christianity as an individual

Martin Luther Martin Luther: (1483-1546) German monk

searching for truth and connection to God.A. Indulgences - Church selling pardons for earthly

punishment for sins to raise money for projects (ex. St. Peter’s Cathedral).○ 1. 95 Theses- formal statements against church practice.

B. Salvation - New idea; comes from faith alone not doing good○ 1. Bible only authority (not bible & church tradition or

pope)○ 2. People read Bible for themselves and they don’t need

priests to interpret for them (translates Bible into German).

Martin Luther

C. Diet of Worms- (1521) Luther’s trial. D. Protestants - Princes aligned in

protest against Catholic Church becomes name for Christians divided from Catholic Church.

Other Key People/Events Spread Reformation John Calvin: * French theologian writes a

complete theology of Protestantism. A. Predestination – elect chosen by God

he knows ahead of time who will be saved.

Peace of Augsburg: * (1555) Religious settlement that concluded German princes can choose religion for state.

John Calvin: French Theologian Predestination – elect chosen by God he

knows ahead of time who will be saved. Ruled Geneva, Switzerland as a theocracy

– government controlled by religious leaders

John Knox will take Calvin’s teachings to Scotland -> PresbyteriansDeposed Mary Queen of Scots for her infant

son, James Huguenots: French Calvinists who fought

with Catholics

The Catholic Reformation or Counter Reformation Pope Paul III took steps to reform Catholic

Church Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Pope’s interpretation was finalChristians saved by faith and good worksBible and Church share equal authorityIndulgences, pilgrimages and venerations of

holy relics were valid. False selling of indulgences was banned.

Paul IV carried out decreesHad list of “forbidden” books gathered and

burned

The Catholic Reformation Ignatius Loyola: soldier in the Spanish

army, wounded, became devoted to churchWrote Spiritual Exercises –ways to meditate,

pray and studyCreated the Society of Jesus – members were

called Jesuits○ Emphasis on absolute discipline and obedience○ Went anywhere in the world

Activities:○ Founded superb schools○ Convert non-Christians○ Prevent Protestantism from spreading

What was reformed during the Reformation?

1. Schools

2. Governments

3. Catholic Church

4. Feudal system

1 2 3 4

4% 4%

83%

9%

The Bible was first printed by…1. John Calvin

2. Johann Gutenberg

3. The Pope

4. King James

1 2 3 4

22%

4%4%

70%

One problem that people had with the church was…

1. Not enough power

2. Too much power

3. Not enough money

4. Popes were too spiritual0%

15%

81%4%

The printing press was important because…

1. The Bible was more expensive

2. More people could read the Bible

3. More versions of the Bible were made

4. China became a world power

1 2 3 4

0% 0%9%

91%

Martin Luther thought salvation would come by…

1. Good works

2. Faith

3. Paying the church

4. Indulgences

1 2 3 4

17%

48%

0%

35%

Indulgences are…

1. Eating or drinking too much

2. When a regular person performs religious tasks

3. Paying to pardon sins

1 2 3

0%

100%

0%

Martin Luther protested against…1. Lay investiture

2. Priest marriage

3. Simony

4. Indulgences

1 2 3 4

4%

96%

0%0%

King Henry VIII Henry was married to Catherine of

Aragon - only one child, daughter, Mary Henry wanted a new wife, asked Pope

to proclaim that the 1st marriage had never been legal.Pope denies the request, because

Catherine of Aragon was aunt to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Charles had taken Pope prisoner in the Vatican and did not want Catherine’s marriage to end.

King Henry VIII Henry asks the Reformation Parliament to strip

power of Pope in England and legalize his divorce from Catherine. They did. 1534 – Act of Supremacy declared King to be the

“supreme head of the Church of England” – king and parliament become more powerful

Church of England is called the Anglican Church Sir Thomas More refused to take oath supporting

Act of Supremacy Beheaded for it

Henry closed the Catholic monasteries & sold them to nobles More land, money and power

Consequences of Henry’s changes Wives:

Anne Boleyn –daughter, Elizabeth; but later beheaded

Jane Seymour –son, Edward; died 12 days laterAnne of Cleves – marriage annulledCatherine Howard – beheadedCatherine Parr – outlived Henry

ChildrenEdward VI – staunch Protestant, died youngMary – returned England to Catholicism, diedElizabeth I – returned England to Protestant

The Legacy of the Reformation Roman Catholic Church became more

unified by reforms Protestant Churches flourished Emphasis on education Individual monarchs gained power

Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon because…

1. She could not have children

2. She did not have a boy

3. She was cheating on him

4. She was ugly

1 2 3 4

13%

0%0%

87%

Why did Henry start a new church?

1. He did not get along with the Pope.

2. He did not agree with Catholic teachings.

3. The Pope would not give him a divorce.

1 2 3

0%

76%

24%

This document gave Henry power over the Church of England.1. 95 Theses

2. Diet of Worms

3. Act of Supremacy

4. Glorious Revolution

1 2 3 4

14%

0%

68%

18%

He was beheaded for not supporting the Act of Supremacy.1. Erasmus

2. Henry VIII

3. Anne Boleyn

4. Thomas More

1 2 3 4

9%

77%

5%9%

Why would Parliament support creating a new church?

1. Gave Henry more power

2. Gave the English people more power

3. Made people pay more taxes

1 2 3

4%13%

83%

Anabaptists

Key beliefs: baptism for those old enough to accept Christianity, separation of church and state, pacifism

Persecuted by Protestants & Catholics Influenced Amish, Mennonites, Quakers,

and Baptists

John Calvin believed in this idea, which means God has already determined whether you go to heaven.1. Indulgences

2. Simony

3. Predestination

4. Presbyterian

1 2 3 4

9% 9%

70%

13%

Calvin ruled Switzerland as this, meaning a place ruled by a religious person.

1. Monarchy

2. Vatican

3. Theocracy

4. Oligarchy

1 2 3 4

10%0%

90%

0%

These people influenced the Amish and the Quakers

1. Baptists

2. Anabaptists

3. Protestants

4. Catholics

1 2 3 4

5%0%

14%

82%

He brought Calvin’s teachings to Scotland

1. James II

2. John Knox

3. Martin Luther

4. John the Baptist

1 2 3 4

5% 5%0%

91%

He started the Society of Jesus or Jesuits

1. Paul IV

2. John Knox

3. Ignatius Loyola

4. Paul III

1 2 3 4

5% 5%

86%

5%

They influenced education through discipline and obedience.1. Jesuits

2. Popes

3. Protestants

4. Lutherans

1 2 3 4

71%

5%

19%

5%

To stop people from leaving the Catholic Church, this was started.1. Reformation

2. Counter Reformation

3. Diet of Worms

4. Act of Supremacy

1 2 3 4

52%

0%0%

48%

This was one way Pope Paul III tried to stop the spread of Protestant ideas1. Burning books

2. Selling indulgences

3. Church does not use Bible

1 2 3

64%

14%

23%