principles of immunology: an introduction to the immune system
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
1/87
LABSCI 200
Midterm Lecture 1
Principles of Immunology:
An Introduction to theImmune System
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
2/87
The Immune System
Functions of the Immune System:
For homeostasisDefense against infectious agents
For surveillance
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
3/87
Terminologies
Immunity bodys defense against an antigen
Antigen (Ag) substances that cause the body
to produce specific Abs
Antibody (Ab) Proteins made in response to an Ag
Serology Study of reactions bet. Abs & Ags
Globulins Serum proteins
Gamma globulin Serum fraction containing Ab
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
4/87
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
5/87
White Blood Cells
Neutrophils: _________________
Basophils: _________________
Eosinophils: _________________
Monocytes: _________________
Lymphocytes: _________________
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
6/87
Host Defenses
Figure 16.1
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
7/87
Nonspecific Host Defenses
Susceptibility Lack of resistance to adisease
Resistance Ability to ward off disease Nonspecific resistance Defenses against any
pathogen
Specific resistance Immunity, resistance to aspecific pathogen
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
8/87
Mechanical Factors
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
Ciliary escalator
Lacrimal apparatus Saliva
Urine
Vaginal secretions
SKIN
Epidermis consists of tightly packed cells with
Keratin, a protective protein
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
9/87
Chemical Factors
Fungistatic fatty acid in sebum
Low pH (3-5) of skin
Lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva & tissuefluids
Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice
Transferrins in blood find iron
NO inhibits ATP production
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
10/87
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
11/87
Microbial Evasion of Phagocytosis
Inhibit
adherence
M protein
capsules
Kill phagocytes Leukocidins
Lyse
phagocytes
Membrane
attack complex Escape
phagosome-
Prevent
phagosome-lysosomefusion
-
Survive inphagolysosome
-
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
12/87
Functions: contain & isolate the injury
destroy microorganisms/ toxins
prepare tissue for healing & repair
Cardinal Signs :
Rubor
Tumor
Calor
Dolor
Functio Laesa.
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
13/87
Chemicals Released by Damaged Cells
Histamine Vasodilation Kinins Vasodilation
Prostaglandins Intensify histamine and kinin
effect
Leukotrienes Increased permeability of
blood vessels, phagocytic
attachment
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
14/87
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
15/87
Classical Pathway
Figure 16.13
AlternativePathway
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
16/87
Serum proteinsactivated in acascade.
Figure 16.10
Common Pathway
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
17/87
Cytokines
Interleukin 1 mediator of leukocytic population
IL-1
IL-2
IL-12
Chemokines
induce WBC migration
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
18/87
Interferon from a virus-infested cell
-Interferon(Increase activity of macrophages)
Tumor Necrosis Factor
inflammatory reactions
GMColony Stimulating Factor
stimulate production of WBCs
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
19/87
Specific Host Defenses :The Immune Response
Acquired immunity Developed during an
individual's lifetime
Humoral immunity Involves Ab produced
by B cells
Cell-mediated immunity Involves T cells
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
20/87
Acquired Immunity
Naturally acquired active immunity
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity
Artificially acquired passive immunity
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
21/87
Antigenic Determinants
Figure 17.3
Haptens
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
22/87
IgG IgE
80% of serum Abs
Cross placenta
Enhance phagocytosis; neutralize toxins & viruses;
protects fetus & newborn
0.002% of serum Abs
On mast cells andbasophils, in blood
Allergic rxns; lysis ofparasitic worms
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
23/87
IgM 5-10% of serum antibodies
1st Ab produced in response to
infection
In blood, lymph, on B cells
Agglutinates microbes
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
24/87
IgA IgD
10-15% of serum Abs
In secretions Mucosal protection
0.2% of serum Abs
On B cells, initiateimmune response
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
25/87
Figure 17.10
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
26/87
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
Involves Ab production
Defends primarily against:
Bacteria Bacterial toxins
Viruses (in body fluids)
Transplanted tissues
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
27/87
B CELLS
Figure 17.8
h l f b d
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
28/87
The Results of Ag-Ab Binding
Figure 17.9
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
29/87
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Involves T-cells
Most effective against:
Intracellular Bacteria & viruses
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths
ll
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
30/87
T Cell CD4, TH
TH1 TH2
CD8, TC Destroy target cells with perforin
TD
allergies, transplant rejection, and TB skin test
TS
Turn off immune response
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
31/87
Antibody Production
Figure 17.16
C ll di d C i i
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
32/87
Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity
Figure 17.14
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
33/87
A. Hypersensitivity Reactions
Response to antigens (allergens)
leading to damage
Require sensitizing dose(s)
DISEASES of the IMMUNE SYSTEM
T I (A h l ti ) R ti
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
34/87
Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions
Involves IgE
Localized: Hives or
asthma
Systemic: Shock
Figure 19.1a
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
35/87
Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions
Involves IgG or IgM and complement
Complement activation causes cell lysis ordamage by macrophages
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
36/87
Type III (Immune Complex) Reactions
Figure 19.6
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
37/87
Type IV (Cell-Mediated) Reactions
Delayed-typehypersensitivitiesdue to TD cells
Cytokines attractmacrophages and
initiate tissuedamage
Figure 19.8
B AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
38/87
B. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
Type I Due to Ags against pathogens
Type II Abs react with cell-surface Ags
Type III IgM, IgG, complement immunecomplexes deposit in tissues
Type IV Mediated by T cells
C IMMUNE DEFICIENCIES
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
39/87
C. IMMUNE DEFICIENCIES
Congenital:
Selective IgA immunodeficiency
Severe combined immunodeficiency
Acquired:
Artificial: Immunosuppressive drugs
Natural: HIV infections
Th I S t d C
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
40/87
The Immune System and Cancer Cancer cells possess tumor-specific antigens
TC cells recognize and lyse cancer cells
Cancer cells may lack tumor antigens or kill TC cells
Figure 19.11
IMMUNOTHERAPY
Treatment of cancer using immunologic methods
TNFs, IL-2, and interferons may kill cancer cells
Vaccines contain tumor-specific antigens
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
41/87
Medical Parasitology
deals with human parasites and
their medical significance as well astheir importance in human
communities
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
42/87
HELMINTHS
Eukaryotic
Multicellular animals
ChemoheterotrophicKingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Nematodes
Phylum:Platyhelminthes
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
43/87
GENERAL TYPES OF PARASITES
1. Ectoparasites2. Endoparasites
TYPES OF HOSTS
1.Intermediate Hosts
2. Definitive Hosts
SOURCES OF INFECTION
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
44/87
SOURCES OF INFECTION
1. Contaminated soil & water2. Contaminated food
3. Consumption of undercooked
or raw fish4. Arthropods
5. Beddings of infected person
6. Infected food handlers
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
45/87
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
1. Fecal-Oral route
2. Skin penetration
3. Bites of arthropods
4. Congenital infection
5. Inhalation of airborne eggs
6. Sexual intercourse
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
46/87
ARTHROPODS
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Arthropoda
Types of Involvement Cause of disease
Intermediate host
Definitive host
Vector
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
47/87
Class Insecta (insects)
Reduviid bugs
Lice
Mosquitoes
Fleas
Flies
Class Arachnida (arachnids)
Mites
Ticks
Class Crustacea (crustaceans)
Crabs
Crayfish
Cyclops
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
48/87
NEMATODESINTESTINAL NEMATODES
Ascaris lumbricoidesEnterobius vermicularis
Necator americanus
Strongyloides stercoralis
Trichuris trichiura
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
49/87
1. Ascaris lumbricoides
COMMON NAME:Large Intestinal Roundworm
INTERMEDIATE HOST: -
DEFINITIVE HOST: HumanACQUIRED BY: Ingestion of Eggs
DX: Observation of eggs in stool
INFECTIVE STAGE: Embryonated eggDIAGNOSTIC STAGE: ova
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
50/87
2. Enterobius vermicularis
COMMON NAME: PinwormINTERMEDIATE HOST: -
DEFINITIVE HOST: Human
ACQUIRED BY: Ingestion of Eggs
DX: eggs in Scotch Tape Method
INFECTIVE STAGE: Embryonated eggsDIAGNOSTIC STAGE: Eggs on perianal folds
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
51/87
3. HOOKWORMS
INTERMEDIATE HOST: -
DEFINITIVE HOST: Human
ACQUIRED: Skin penetration by larva
DX: eggs in stool specimens
INFECTIVE STAGE: Filariform larvaDIAGNOSTIC STAGE: Ova
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
52/87
4. Strongyloides stercoralis
COMMON NAME: ThreadwormINTERMEDIATE HOST: -
DEFINITIVE HOST: Human
ACQUIRED: Skin penetration by larva
DX: eggs/larva in duodenal aspirates orstool
INFECTIVE STAGE: Filariform larva
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: Rhabditiform larva
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
53/87
5. Trichuris trichiura
COMMON NAME: WhipwormINTERMEDIATE HOST: -
DEFINITIVE HOST: Human
ACQUIRED: Ingestion of eggs
DX: eggs in stool specimens
INFECTIVE STAGE: Embryonated eggDIAGNOSTIC STAGE: Eggs
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
54/87
TISSUE NEMATODES
1. Dracunculus medinensis2. Trichinella spiralis
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
55/87
1. Dracunculus medinensis
CN : Guinea WormI.H.: Cyclops(fresh water crustacean)
D. H.: Human
ACQUIRED: Ingestion of infected Cyclops
DX: adult worm beneath the skin oremerging from a blister(ankle or foot)
I.S.: Larva in fresh water fish
D. S.: Adult worm
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
56/87
2. Trichinella spiralis
IH/DH: Pig, Bear, Walrus,Human
ACQUIRED: Ingestion of meat with larva
DX: Mostly undiagnosed or incidental finding
I.S./ D.S.: Encysted larva in striated muscles
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
57/87
FILARIAL NEMATODES
1. Brugia malayiWuchereria bancrofti
2. Loa loa
3. Onchocerca volvulus
B i l i
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
58/87
Brugia malayiWuchereria bancrofti
I.H.:mosquitoes
D.H.:Human
ACQUIRED:Injection of larvae by mosquitoDX:microfilariae in stained blood smears
I.S.:L3 (3rdstage larvae)
D.S.:microfilariae
L l
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
59/87
Loa loa
CN: Eye WormI.H.:Chrysops( Mango Fly).
D.H.: Human
ACQUIRED: Injection of larvae by Chrysops
Dx: adult worm beneath skin or in the
conjunctivaI.S.:L3 (3rd stage larvae)D.S.:microfilariae
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
60/87
Onchocerca volvulus
CN:Blinding WormIH:Simulium(Black Fly).
DH:Human
ACQUIRED:Injection of larvae by Simulium
DIAGNOSED: microfilariae in skin snips
I.S.:L3 (3rd stage larvae)
D.S.:microfilariae
CESTODES
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
61/87
CESTODESINTESTINAL CESTODES
Diphyllobothrium latum
Dipylidium caninumHymenolepis diminuta
Hymenolepis nana
Taenia saginata
Taenia solium
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
62/87
Diphyllobothrium latum
CN: Fish Tapeworm
IH: Cyclops (1st IH)
Fresh Water Fish (2nd IH)
DH: HumanACQUIRED: Ingestion of fresh H2O fish withL2
DX: proglottids or eggs in stoolIS: procercoid larva
DS: unembryonated eggs
Di lidi i
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
63/87
Dipylidium caninum
CN: Dog Tapeworm
IH: Flea
DH: Dog, Cat, Human
ACQUIRED:Ingestion of infectedflea
DX:proglottids / egg packets in
stoolI.S.: cysticercoid
D.S.:proglottid
H l i di i t
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
64/87
Hymenolepis diminuta
CN: Rat Tapeworm
IH: Beetle
DH: Rat, Mouse, Human
ACQUIRED:Ingestion of beetleDX: egg in stool
INFECTIVE STAGE:embryonated egg
DS:embryonated egg (absence of proglottid)
H l i
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
65/87
Hymenolepis nana
CN: Dwarf Tapeworm
IH: -
DH: Human
ACQUIRED: Fecal-Oral routeDX: egg or proglottids in stool
INFECTIVE STAGE: embryonated egg
DS: embryonated egg (no proglottid)
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
66/87
TISSUE CESTODE
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
67/87
TISSUE CESTODE
Echinococcus granulosus
IH: Sheep, Human (dead-end)
DH: Dog
ACQUIRED: Ingestion of eggs
DX: cysts by CT scans, MRI, x-ray, serotests
DS: eggs or proglottids in stool
TREMATODES
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
68/87
1. Adults have oral and ventral suckers.2. Hermaphroditic.
3. Requires 2 IH in their life cycle.
4. Eggs are operculated.5. Infective stage ismetacercaria (in 2nd IH).
6. 1st IH is always asnail.
7. 2nd IH:fish, crustacean, snail, fresh H2Oplants.
8. Grouped together based on their habitat.
TREMATODES
INTESTINAL TREMATODE
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
69/87
Fasciolopsis buski
CN: Intestinal Fluke
IH: Fresh Water Snails
DH: Human, Dog, Pig, RabbitACQUIRED: Ingestion of raw or uncooked
plants with metacercariae
DIAGNOSED: eggs in stool specimens
LIVER TREMATODE
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
70/87
Clonorchis sinensis
CN: Chinese or Oriental
Liver Fluke
IH: Fresh Water Snails (1st)
Fresh Water Fish (2nd)
DH: Human, Dog, Cat
ACQUIRED: Ingestion of fresh water fishDX: eggs in stool
LIVER TREMATODE
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
71/87
LIVER TREMATODE
Fasciola hepatica
CN: Liver Fluke
IH: Fresh Water SnailsDH: Human, Cow, Sheep
ACQUIRED:Ingestionof raw or undercooked
aquatic vegetation with metacercariaeDIAGNOSED: eggs in stool specimens
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
72/87
Paragonimus westermani
CN: Lung Fluke
IH: Fresh Water Snails(1ST)
Crabs or Crayfish (2ND)DH: Human, Dog, Cat
ACQUIRED:
Ingestion of crabs or crayfishDX: eggs in sputum or stool
BLOOD TREMATODES
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
73/87
Schistosoma
CN: Blood Fluke
IH: Fresh Water Snails
DH: HumanACQUIRED: Skinpenetration by
cercariae
DX: eggs in urine (S. haematobium)or stool (S. japonicum & S.mansoni)
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
74/87
PROTOZOA
eukaryotic
single-celled
animal-likemostly free-living
soil & waterbreak down & absorbnutrients from host
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
75/87
SUBPHYLUM Sarcodina:
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
76/87
Amebiasis;
Amebic Dysentery;
Extraintestinalamebic abscesses
ACQD: ingestion of cysts
DX: cysts &/ trophozoitesin stool
Entamoeba histolytica
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
77/87
Naegleria fowleri
Primary AmebicMeningoencephalitis
ACQD: diving in ponds
DX: trophozoites in CSF
cysts in tissue
i h
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
78/87
SUBPHYLUM Mastigophora
Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas vaginalis
Leishmania spp Trypanosoma brucei
Trypanosoma cruzi
Giardia lamblia
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
79/87
Giardia lamblia
GiardiasisACQD: ingestion of cysts
DX: trophozoites or cysts in stool
Trichomonas vaginalis
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
80/87
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomoniasis Vaginitis
ACQD: contact; STD
DX: trophozoites ingenital discharges,prostatic secretions
Leishmania
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
81/87
Leishmania
Leishmaniasis
ACQD: bite of sand fly (Phlebotomus)
DX: parasite in aspirates or biopsyspxns
Trypanosoma brucie
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
82/87
Trypanosoma brucie
African Trypanosomiasis
(African Sleeping Sickness)
ACQD: bite of Tsetse fly
DX: trypomastigotes in bld,CSF, LNaspirates
Trypanosoma cruzi
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
83/87
Trypanosoma cruzi
American Trypanosomiasis(Chagas Disease)
ACQD: orgs in Reduvid bug feces getsrubbed into bug bite
DX: trypomastigotes in spxn
SUBPHYLUM Ciliata
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
84/87
Balantidium coli
Balantidiasis
(a dysenteric disease)
ACQD: Ingestion of cysts
DX: cysts / trophozoites in stool
SUBPHYLUM S
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
85/87
SUBPHYLUM Sporozoa
Cryptosporidium parvum
Plasmodium spp
Toxoplasma gondii
Cryptosporidium parvum
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
86/87
Cryptosporidium parvum
Cryptosporidiosis
(a diarrheal disease)
ACQD: Ingestion of oocystsDX: oocysts in feces
Toxoplasmosis
ACQD: Ingestion of oocysts in catfeces / cysts in meat
DX: Immunodiagnosis
Toxoplasma gondii
Plasmodium species
-
7/30/2019 Principles of Immunology: An Introduction to the Immune System
87/87
ACQD: Injection of sporozoites byfemale Anopheles mosquito
DX: trophozoites, schizonts,gametocytei bl d
Malaria
P. falciparumP. malariaeP. ovale
P. vivax