primary source - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

7/13/2015 PrimarysourceWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_source 1/9

ThiswallpaintingfoundintheRomancityofPompeiiisanexampleofaprimarysourceaboutpeopleinPompeiiinRomantimes.(PortraitofPaquiusProculo)

PrimarysourceFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Primarysourcesareoriginalmaterialsthathavenotbeenalteredordistortedinanyway.[1]Informationforwhichthewriterhasnopersonalknowledgeisnotprimary,althoughitmaybeusedbyhistoriansintheabsenceofaprimarysource.Inthestudyofhistoryasanacademicdiscipline,aprimarysource(alsocalledoriginalsourceorevidence)isanartifact,adocument,arecording,orothersourceofinformationthatwascreatedatthetimeunderstudy.Itservesasanoriginalsourceofinformationaboutthetopic.Similardefinitionsareusedinlibraryscience,andotherareasofscholarship,althoughdifferentfieldshavesomewhatdifferentdefinitions.[2]Injournalism,aprimarysourcecanbeapersonwithdirectknowledgeofasituation,oradocumentwrittenbysuchaperson.

Primarysourcesaredistinguishedfromsecondarysources,whichcite,commenton,orbuilduponprimarysources.Generally,accountswrittenafterthefactwiththebenefitofhindsightaresecondary.[3]Asecondarysourcemayalsobeaprimarysourcedependingonhowitisused.[4]Forexampleamemoirwouldbeconsideredaprimarysourceinresearchconcerningitsauthororabouthisorherfriendscharacterizedwithinit,butthesamememoirwouldbeasecondarysourceifitwereusedtoexaminethecultureinwhichitsauthorlived.[5]"Primary"and"secondary"shouldbeunderstoodasrelativeterms,withsourcescategorizedaccordingtospecifichistoricalcontextsandwhatisbeingstudied.[6]:118246[7]

Contents

1Thesignificanceofsourceclassification1.1Historyandhistoriography1.2Otherfields

2Findingprimarysources3Usingprimarysources4Strengthsandweaknessesofprimarysources5Classifyingsources6Forgeries7Seealso8References9Externallinks

Thesignificanceofsourceclassification



FromaletterofPhilipII,KingofSpain,16thcentury

Historyandhistoriography

Inscholarlywriting,animportantobjectiveofclassifyingsourcesistodeterminetheirindependenceandreliability.[7]Incontextssuchashistoricalwriting,itisalmostalwaysadvisabletouseprimarysourcesandthat"ifnoneareavailable,itisonlywithgreatcautionthat[theauthor]mayproceedtomakeuseofsecondarysources."[8]Sreedharanbelievesthatprimarysourceshavethemostdirectconnectiontothepastandthatthey"speakforthemselves"inwaysthatcannotbecapturedthroughthefilterofsecondarysources.[9]

Otherfields

Inscholarlywriting,theobjectiveofclassifyingsourcesistodeterminetheindependenceandreliabilityofsources.[7]Thoughthetermsprimarysourceandsecondarysourceoriginatedinhistoriographyasawaytotracethehistoryofhistoricalideas,theyhavebeenappliedtomanyotherfields.Forexample,theseideasmaybeusedtotracethehistoryofscientifictheories,literaryelementsandotherinformationthatispassedfromoneauthortoanother.

Inscientificliterature,aprimarysourceistheoriginalpublicationofascientist'snewdata,resultsandtheories.Inpoliticalhistory,primarysourcesaredocumentssuchasofficialreports,speeches,pamphlets,posters,orlettersbyparticipants,officialelectionreturnsandeyewitnessaccounts.Inthehistoryofideasorintellectualhistory,themainprimarysourcesarebooks,essaysandletterswrittenbyintellectualstheseintellectualsmayincludehistorians,whosebooksandessaysarethereforeconsideredprimarysourcesfortheintellectualhistorian,thoughtheyaresecondarysourcesintheirowntopicalfields.Inreligioushistory,theprimarysourcesarereligioustextsanddescriptionsofreligiousceremoniesandrituals.[10]

Astudyofculturalhistorycouldincludefictionalsourcessuchasnovelsorplays.Inabroadersenseprimarysourcesalsoincludeartifactslikephotographs,newsreels,coins,paintingsorbuildingscreatedatthetime.Historiansmayalsotakearchaeologicalartifactsandoralreportsandinterviewsintoconsideration.Writtensourcesmaybedividedintothreetypes.[11]

Narrativesourcesorliterarysourcestellastoryormessage.Theyarenotlimitedtofictionalsources(whichcanbesourcesofinformationforcontemporaryattitudes)butincludediaries,films,biographies,leadingphilosophicalworksandscientificworks.Diplomaticsourcesincludechartersandotherlegaldocumentswhichusuallyfollowasetformat.Socialdocumentsarerecordscreatedbyorganizations,suchasregistersofbirthsandtaxrecords.

Inhistoriography,whenthestudyofhistoryissubjecttohistoricalscrutiny,asecondarysourcebecomesaprimarysource.Forabiographyofahistorian,thathistorian'spublicationswouldbeprimarysources.Documentaryfilmscanbeconsideredasecondarysourceorprimarysource,dependingonhowmuchthefilmmakermodifiestheoriginalsources.[12]

TheLafayetteCollegeLibrary,providesasynopsisofprimarysourcesinseveralareasofstudy:



"Thedefinitionofaprimarysourcevariesdependingupontheacademicdisciplineandthecontextinwhichitisused.

Inthehumanities,aprimarysourcecouldbedefinedassomethingthatwascreatedeitherduringthetimeperiodbeingstudiedorafterwardbyindividualsreflectingontheirinvolvementintheeventsofthattime.Inthesocialsciences,thedefinitionofaprimarysourcewouldbeexpandedtoincludenumericaldatathathasbeengatheredtoanalyzerelationshipsbetweenpeople,events,andtheirenvironment.Inthenaturalsciences,aprimarysourcecouldbedefinedasareportoforiginalfindingsorideas.Thesesourcesoftenappearintheformofresearcharticleswithsectionsonmethodsandresults."[13]

Findingprimarysources

Althoughmanydocumentsthatareprimarysourcesremaininprivatehands,theusuallocationforthemisanarchive.Thesecanbepublicorprivate.Documentsrelatingtooneareaareusuallyspreadoveralargenumberofdifferentarchives.Thesecanbedistantfromtheoriginalsourceofthedocument.Forexample,theHuntingtonLibraryinCaliforniahousesalargenumberofdocumentsfromtheUnitedKingdom.

IntheUS,digitalcopiesofprimarysourcescanberetrievedfromanumberofplaces.TheLibraryofCongressmaintainsseveralonlineDigitalCollectionswheretheycanberetrieved.ExamplesoftheseareAmericanMemory(http://www.memory.loc.gov)andthePrintsandPhotographsOnlineCatalog(PPOC)(http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pp/pphome.html).TheNationalArchivesandRecordsAdministrationalsohassuchatool,calledAccesstoArchivalDatabases(AAD)(http://aad.archives.gov/aad/).

IntheUK,theNationalArchivesprovidesaconsolidatedsearchofitsowncatalogueandawidevarietyofotherarchiveslistedontheAccesstoArchivesindex.DigitalcopiesofvariousclassesofdocumentsattheNationalArchives(includingwills)areavailablefromDocumentsOnline.MostoftheavailabledocumentsrelatetoEnglandandWales.SomedigitalcopiesofprimarysourcesareavailablefromtheNationalArchivesofScotland.ManyCountyRecordOfficescollectionsareincludedinAccesstoArchives,whileothershavetheirownonlinecatalogues.ManyCountyRecordOfficeswillsupplydigitalcopiesofdocuments.

Usingprimarysources

Historyasanacademicdisciplineisbasedonprimarysources,asevaluatedbythecommunityofscholars,whoreporttheirfindingsinbooks,articlesandpapers.ArthurMarwicksays"Primarysourcesareabsolutelyfundamentaltohistory."[14]Ideally,ahistorianwilluseallavailableprimarysourcesthatwerecreatedbythepeopleinvolvedatthetimebeingstudied.Inpracticesomesourceshavebeendestroyed,whileothersarenotavailableforresearch.Perhapstheonlyeyewitnessreportsofaneventmaybememoirs,autobiographies,ororalinterviewstakenyearslater.Sometimestheonlyevidencerelatingtoaneventorpersoninthedistantpastwaswrittenorcopieddecadesorcenturieslater.Manuscriptsthataresourcesforclassicaltextscanbecopiesofdocuments,orfragmentsofcopiesofdocuments.Thisisa



commonprobleminclassicalstudies,wheresometimesonlyasummaryofabookorletterhassurvived.Potentialdifficultieswithprimarysourceshavetheresultthathistoryisusuallytaughtinschoolsusingsecondarysources.

Historiansstudyingthemodernperiodwiththeintentionofpublishinganacademicarticleprefertogobacktoavailableprimarysourcesandtoseeknew(inotherwords,forgottenorlost)ones.Primarysources,whetheraccurateornot,offernewinputintohistoricalquestionsandmostmodernhistoryrevolvesaroundheavyuseofarchivesandspecialcollectionsforthepurposeoffindingusefulprimarysources.Aworkonhistoryisnotlikelytobetakenseriouslyasscholarshipifitonlycitessecondarysources,asitdoesnotindicatethatoriginalresearchhasbeendone.[6]

However,primarysourcesparticularlythosefrombeforethe20thcenturymayhavehiddenchallenges."Primarysources,infact,areusuallyfragmentary,ambiguousandverydifficulttoanalyseandinterpret."[14]Obsoletemeaningsoffamiliarwordsandsocialcontextareamongthetrapsthatawaitthenewcomertohistoricalstudies.Forthisreason,theinterpretationofprimarytextsistypicallytaughtaspartofanadvancedcollegeorpostgraduatehistorycourse,althoughadvancedselfstudyorinformaltrainingisalsopossible.

Thefollowingquestionsareaskedaboutprimarysources:

Whatisthetone?Whoistheintendedaudience?Whatisthepurposeofthepublication?Whatassumptionsdoestheauthormake?Whatarethebasesoftheauthor'sconclusions?Doestheauthoragreeordisagreewithotherauthorsofthesubject?Doesthecontentagreewithwhatyouknoworhavelearnedabouttheissue?Wherewasthesourcemade?(questionsofsystemicbias)

Strengthsandweaknessesofprimarysources

Inmanyfieldsandcontexts,suchashistoricalwriting,itisalmostalwaysadvisabletouseprimarysourcesifpossible,andthat"ifnoneareavailable,itisonlywithgreatcautionthat[theauthor]mayproceedtomakeuseofsecondarysources."[8]Inaddition,primarysourcesavoidtheprobleminherentinsecondarysources,whereeachnewauthormaydistortandputtheirownspinonthefindingsofpriorcitedauthors.[15]However,aprimarysourceisnotnecessarilymoreofanauthorityorbetterthanasecondarysource.Therecanbebiasandothertacticusedtotwisthistoricalinformation.

"Originalmaterialmaybe...prejudiced,oratleastnotexactlywhatitclaimstobe."

DavidIredale[16]

Theseerrorsmaybecorrectedinsecondarysources,whichareoftensubjectedtopeerreview,canbewelldocumented,andareoftenwrittenbyhistoriansworkingininstitutionswheremethodologicalaccuracyisimportanttothefutureoftheauthor'scareerandreputation.Historiansconsidertheaccuracyandobjectivenessoftheprimarysourcestheyareusingandhistorianssubjectbothprimaryandsecondary



sourcestoahighlevelofscrutiny.Aprimarysourcesuchasajournalentry(ortheonlineversion,ablog),atbest,mayonlyreflectoneindividual'sopiniononevents,whichmayormaynotbetruthful,accurate,orcomplete.

Participantsandeyewitnessesmaymisunderstandeventsordistorttheirreports(deliberatelyorunconsciously)toenhancetheirownimageorimportance.Sucheffectscanincreaseovertime,aspeoplecreateanarrativethatmaynotbeaccurate.[17]Foranysource,primaryorsecondary,itisimportantfortheresearchertoevaluatetheamountanddirectionofbias.[18]Asanexample,agovernmentreportmaybeanaccurateandunbiaseddescriptionofevents,butitcanbecensoredoralteredforpropagandaorcoveruppurposes.Thefactscanbedistortedtopresenttheopposingsidesinanegativelight.Barristersaretaughtthatevidenceinacourtcasemaybetruthful,butitmaybedistortedtosupport(oroppose)thepositionofoneoftheparties.

Classifyingsources

Manysourcescanbeconsideredeitherprimaryorsecondary,dependingonthecontextinwhichtheyareexamined.[7]Moreover,thedistinctionbetweenprimaryandsecondarysourcesissubjectiveandcontextual,[19]sothatprecisedefinitionsaredifficulttomake.[20]Abookreview,whenitcontainstheopinionoftherevieweraboutthebookratherthanasummaryofthebook,becomesaprimarysource.[21][22]

Ifahistoricaltextdiscussesolddocumentstoderiveanewhistoricalconclusion,itisconsideredtobeaprimarysourceforthenewconclusion.Examplesinwhichasourcecanbebothprimaryandsecondaryincludeanobituary[23]orasurveyofseveralvolumesofajournalcountingthefrequencyofarticlesonacertaintopic.[23]

Whetherasourceisregardedasprimaryorsecondaryinagivencontextmaychange,dependinguponthepresentstateofknowledgewithinthefield.[24]Forexample,ifadocumentreferstothecontentsofapreviousbutundiscoveredletter,thatdocumentmaybeconsidered"primary",sinceitistheclosestknownthingtoanoriginalsourcebutiftheletterislaterfound,itmaythenbeconsidered"secondary"[25]

Insomeinstances,thereasonforidentifyingatextasthe"primarysource"maydevolvefromthefactthatnocopyoftheoriginalsourcematerialexists,orthatitistheoldestextantsourcefortheinformationcited.[26]

Forgeries

Historiansmustoccasionallycontendwithforgeddocumentsthatpurporttobeprimarysources.Theseforgerieshaveusuallybeenconstructedwithafraudulentpurpose,suchaspromulgatinglegalrights,supportingfalsepedigrees,orpromotingparticularinterpretationsofhistoricevents.Theinvestigationofdocumentstodeterminetheirauthenticityisdiplomatics.

Forcenturies,PopesusedtheforgedDonationofConstantinetobolsterthePapacy'ssecularpower.AmongtheearliestforgeriesarefalseAngloSaxoncharters,anumberof11thand12thcenturyforgeriesproducedbymonasteriesandabbeystosupportaclaimtolandwheretheoriginaldocumenthadbeenlostorneverexisted.OneparticularlyunusualforgeryofaprimarysourcewasperpetratedbySirEdwardDering,who



placedfalsemonumentalbrassesinaparishchurch.[27]In1986,HughTrevorRoper"authenticated"theHitlerDiaries,whichwerelaterprovedtobeforgeries.Recently,forgeddocumentshavebeenplacedwithintheUKNationalArchivesinthehopeofestablishingafalseprovenance.[28][29]However,historiansdealingwithrecentcenturiesrarelyencounterforgeriesofanyimportance.[6]:2225

Seealso

ArchivalresearchHistoriographySourcecriticismSourceliteratureSourcetextHistoricaldocument

SecondarysourceTertiarysourceOriginalresearchUNISISTmodelScientificjournalismScholarlymethod

References1. "Primarysources(http://libguides.jcu.edu.au/primary)".JamesCookUniversity.2. "PrimaryvsSecondary"(http://www.lib.odu.edu/genedinfolit/1infobasics/primary_vs_secondary.html).Old

DominionUniversityLibraries.September2012.Retrieved20June2013.3. "Primary,secondaryandtertiarysources(http://www.lib.umd.edu/ues/guides/primarysources)".University

Libraries,UniversityofMaryland.(accessed16Jul2013)4. "Primaryandsecondarysources(http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary)".IthacaCollegeLibrary.5. Lamb,David."FindingandUsingSources:ABriefGuide(http://www.academicwritingtutor.com/findingusing

sourcesbriefguide/)".AcademicWritingTutor.Retrieved15September2013.6. OscarHandlinandArthurMeierSchlesinger,HarvardGuidetoAmericanHistory(1954)7. Kragh,Helge(1989).AnIntroductiontotheHistoriographyofScience(http://books.google.com/books?

id=d2zy_QSq2b0C&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=%22secondary+source%22+historiography).CambridgeUniversityPress.p.121.ISBN0521389216."[T]hedistinctionisnotasharpone.Sinceasourceisonlyasourceinaspecifichistoricalcontext,thesamesourceobjectcanbebothaprimaryorsecondarysourceaccordingtowhatitisusedfor."

8. Cipolla,CarloM.(1992).BetweenTwoCultures:AnIntroductiontoEconomicHistory(http://books.google.com/?id=GIqRTlepwmoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=cipolla).W.W.Norton&Co.p.27.ISBN9780393308167.

9. Sreedharan,E.(2004).ATextbookofHistoriography,500B.C.toA.D.2000(http://books.google.com/books?id=AIGq85RVvdoC&pg=PA302&dq=historiography+%22primary+source%22+%22secondary+source%22).OrientLongman.p.302.ISBN8125026576."itisthroughtheprimarysourcesthatthepastindisputablyimposesitsrealityonthehistorian.Thatthisimpositionisbasicinanyunderstandingofthepastisclearfromtherulesthatdocumentsshouldnotbealtered,orthatanymaterialdamagingtoahistorian'sargumentorpurposeshouldnotbeleftoutorsuppressed.Theserulesmeanthatthesourcesorthetextsofthepasthaveanintegrityandthattheydoindeed'speakforthemselves',andthattheyarenecessaryconstraintsthroughwhichpastrealityimposesitselfonthehistorian."

10. "PrimarySourcesReligion"(http://researchguides.library.tufts.edu/content.php?pid=60919&sid=447878).ResearchGuidesatTuftsUniversity.26August2014.Retrieved15January2014.

11. Howell,MarthaC.Prevenier,Walter.(2001).Fromreliablesources:anintroductiontohistoricalmethod.Ithaca,N.Y.:CornellUniversityPress.pp.2022.ISBN0801485606.

12. Cripps,Thomas(1995)."HistoricalTruth:AnInterviewwithKenBurns".AmericanHistoricalReview(TheAmericanHistoricalReview,Vol.100,No.3)100(3):741764.doi:10.2307/2168603(https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2168603).JSTOR2168603(https://www.jstor.org/stable/2168603).



Benjamin,JulesR(2004).AStudent'sGuidetoHistory.Boston:Bedford/St.Martin's.ISBN0312403569Craver,KathleenW(1999).UsingInternetPrimarySourcestoTeachCriticalThinkingSkillsinHistory.Westwood,CT:GreenwoodPress.ISBN0313307490

13. "PrimarySources:whatarethey?"(http://library.lafayette.edu/help/primary/definitions).LafayetteCollegeLibrary.

14. Marwick,Arthur."PrimarySources:HandlewithCare".InSourcesandMethodsforFamilyandCommunityHistorians:AHandbookeditedbyMichaelDrakeandRuthFinnegan.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1997.ISBN052146580X

15. Ross,JeffreyIan(2004)."TakingStockofResearchMethodsandAnalysisonOppositionalPoliticalTerrorism".TheAmericanSociologist35(2):2637.doi:10.1007/BF02692395(https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02692395)."Theanalysisofsecondarysourceinformationisproblematic.Thefurtheraninvestigatorisfromtheprimarysource,themoredistortedtheinformationmaybe.Again,eachnewpersonmayputhisorherspinonthefindings."

16. Iredale,David(1973).Enjoyingarchives:whattheyare,wheretofindthem,howtousethem.NewtonAbbot,DavidandCharles,.ISBN0715356690.

17. BarbaraW.SommerandMaryKayQuinlan,TheOralHistoryManual(2002)18. LibraryofCongress,"AnalysisofPrimarySources"online2007

(http://memory.loc.gov/learn/lessons/psources/analyze.html)19. Dalton&Charnigo2004,p.419n.18.20. Delgadillo,RobertoLynch,Beverly(1999)."FutureHistorians:TheirQuestforInformation"

(http://crl.acrl.org/content/60/3/245.full.pdf+html)(PDF).College&ResearchLibraries:245259,at253."[T]hesamedocumentcanbeaprimaryorasecondarysourcedependingontheparticularanalysisthehistorianisdoing."

21. Princeton(2011)."Bookreviews"(http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=book%20review).Scholarlydefinitiondocument.Princeton.Retrieved22September2011.

22. VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity(2011)."Bookreviews"(http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html).Scholarlydefinitiondocument.VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity.Retrieved22September2011.

23. Duffin,Jacalyn(1999).HistoryofMedicine:AScandalouslyShortIntroduction(http://books.google.com/?id=__oDQ6yDO7kC&pg=PA366&dq=%22secondary+source%22+historiography).UniversityofTorontoPress.p.366.ISBN0802079121.

24. Henige,David(1986)."PrimarySourcebyPrimarySource?OntheRoleofEpidemicsinNewWorldDepopulation".Ethnohistory(Ethnohistory,Vol.33,No.3)33(3):292312,at292.doi:10.2307/481816(https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F481816).JSTOR481816(https://www.jstor.org/stable/481816)."[T]heterm'primary'inevitablycarriesarelativemeaninginsofarasitdefinesthosepiecesofinformationthatstandinclosestrelationshiptoaneventorprocessinthepresentstateofourknowledge.Indeed,inmostinstancestheverynatureofaprimarysourcetellsusthatitisactuallyderivative.[H]istorianshavenochoicebuttoregardcertainoftheavailablesourcesas'primary'sincetheyareasneartotrulyoriginalsourcesastheycannowsecure"

25. Henige1986,p.292.26. Ambraseys,NicholasMelville,CharlesPeterAdams,RobinDartrey(1994).TheSeismicityofEgypt,Arabia,

andtheRedSea(http://books.google.com/?id=dtVqdSKnBq4C&pg=PA7&dq=historiography+%22primary+source%22+%22secondary+source%22).CambridgeUniversityPress.p.7.ISBN0521391202."Thesamechroniclecanbeaprimarysourcefortheperiodcontemporarywiththeauthor,asecondarysourceforearliermaterialderivedfrompreviousworks,butalsoaprimarysourcewhentheseearlierworkshavenotsurvived"

27. EveryonehasRoots:AnIntroductiontoEnglishGenealogybyAnthonyJ.Camp,publishedbyGenealogicalPub.Co.,1978

28. "IntroductiontorecordclassR4"(http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C16525).TheNationalArchives.Retrieved8March2015.

29. Leppard,David(4May2008)."ForgeriesrevealedintheNationalArchivesTimesOnline"(http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article3867853.ece).TheSundayTimes.Retrieved4July2011.



WoodGray(1991)[1964].Historian'sHandbook:AKeytotheStudyandWritingofHistory.2nded.WavelandPress1991.ISBN9780881336269.Marius,RichardPage,MelvinEugene(2005).Ashortguidetowritingabouthistory.NewYork:PearsonLongman.ISBN9780321227164.SebastianOldenJrgensen(2005).Tilkilderne!:introduktiontilhistoriskkildekritik(inDanish).[Tothesources:Introductiontohistoricalsourcecriticism].Kbenhavn:GadsForlag.ISBN9788712037781.

ExternallinksPrimarysourcesrepositories

PrimarySourcesfromWorldWarOneandTwo:Warletters.com(http://www.warletters.com)DatabaseofmailedletterstoandfromsoldiersduringmajorworldconflictsfromtheNapoleonicWarstoWorldWarTwo.Fold3.comOver60,000,000PrimarySourceDocuments(http://www.fold3.com/page/110676809_primary_source_documents/)createdbyAncestry.comAlistingofover5000websites(http://www.uiweb.uidaho.edu/specialcollections/other.html)describingholdingsofmanuscripts,archives,rarebooks,historicalphotographs,andotherprimarysourcesfromtheUniversityofIdaho.Findprimarysources(http://www.archivegrid.org)inthecollectionsofmajorresearchlibrariesusingArchiveGridShapellManuscriptFoundation(http://www.shapell.org/)DigitalizedPrimarySourcesandHistoricalArtifactsfrom1786presentSacredTexts.com(http://www.sacredtexts.com/)AcollectionofreligioustextsandbooksfromtheInternetSacredTextArchive

Allsourcesrepositories

WikisourceTheFreeLibrarytheWikimediaprojectthatcollects,edits,andcatalogsallsourcetexts

Essaysanddescriptionsofprimary,secondaryandothersources

"ResearchUsingPrimarySources"(http://www.lib.umd.edu/special/research/)fromtheUniversityofMarylandLibraries(accessed16Jul2013)"Howtodistinguishbetweenprimaryandsecondarysources"(http://guides.library.ucsc.edu/primarysecondary)fromtheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruzLibraryJoanofArc:PrimarySourcesSeries(http://primarysourcesseries.joanofarcstudies.org/)ExampleofapublicationfocusingonprimarysourcedocumentstheHistoricalAssociationofJoanofArcStudiesFindinghistoricalprimarysources(http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/alacarte/subjectguide/163FindingHistoricalPrimarySources)fromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeleylibrary"Primaryversussecondarysources"(http://libguides.bgsu.edu/content.php?pid=20573&sid=145214)fromtheBowlingGreenStateUniversitylibraryFindingprimarysourcesinworldhistory(http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/whmfinding.php)fromtheCenterforHistoryandNewMedia,GeorgeMasonUniversityGuidetoTerminology(http://archivopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Terms)usedwhendescribingarchivalandotherprimarysourcematerialsonArchivopediaThehistorysite.org(http://www.thehistorysite.org)Linkstomanyonlinehistoryarchivalsources.

Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primary_source&oldid=664859742"

Categories: Primarysources Primaryhistoricalworks Sourcesbytype HistoriographyInformationscience Libraryscience



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