primary goal to develop a complete, correct and consistent set of requirements for the project the...
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EGNR 300
Customer Needs--------------------------
ENGR 300Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
University of Bridgeport, CT 06601
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Primary Goal
To develop a complete, correct and
consistent set of requirements for the projectThe Three C’s
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Secondary Goal
To establish a comprehensive set of
constraints under which the requirements
are to be met.
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Terminology
NeedsWantsRequirementsConstraintsSpecifications
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Needs
the basic conditions and results necessary to solve a problem or achieve the customer’s goal
sometimes are subjective, qualitative and difficult to measure
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Wants
things desired by the customer, but not necessary to solving the problem or achieving the goal
consider wants if: they have minimal impact on the project they are important to customer
assign wants lower priority than needs
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Requirements
are the relevant needs and wants related to the problem or project
should focus on WHAT, not HOWshould not excessively limit the end
results or how they might be achievedform the basis for more detailed
SPECIFICATIONS to be formulated in the next phase of the design process
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Constraints
limitations or restrictions beyond the basic needs and customer wants
may apply to the end product safety, reliability, environmental factors..
frequently relate to the process of achieving the end result budget, schedule, development
standards..
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Specifications
are based on the established requirements and constraints
translate or interpret requirements in terms of specific, measurable parameters
are used as “yardstick” against which final product is measured
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What is the source of project requirements?
External CustomerManagerCoworkerAnother DivisionSelf-initiative
Whomever initiates the project is the primary source of project requirements!
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Customer Factors
The person responsible for requesting the project is the “customer”
Customers do not always know what they want
Customers do not always know what is technically feasible
Customers generally have only a “big picture” perspective of the end result
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Desired Characteristics of Requirements
Completeness
The requirements must completely satisfy all the needs of the customer Needs are constantly changing Customers may not be aware of some of
their needs
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Desired Characteristics of Requirements
Correctness
The requirements must satisfy the actual needs of the customer
Customers often think they want one thing, but really want another
Customers often have restricted views of how the problem should be solved
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Desired Characteristics of Requirements
Consistency
No two requirements should conflict with one another
The speed limit on the road will be 55 MPH
Curves may have a radius up to 100 ft
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Remember
Solve the right problem&
Solve the problem right!
Extract a complete, correct and consistent set of requirements
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A Requirements Capture Approach
1. Extract an initial set of requirements2. Evaluate and refine initial requirements3. Prioritize requirements4. Evaluate the three C’s5. Identify constraints on the solution6. Document the requirementsRemember: Focus on what is to be
done. Don’t bog down in how to do it.
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Step 1: Initial Requirements
Listen to the customerAsk questions - questions, questionsUse relevant prior experience to
help identify requirements customer’s experiences your company’s experiences
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Step 2: Evaluate Initial Requirements
What is the apparent problem?What is the real problem?What are the needs?Distinguish between needs and
wantsIs “no action” an alternative?How will we measure success?
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Step 3: Prioritize Requirements
Separate needs from wantsIdentify the single most important needRepeat with remaining listPrioritize wants in the same way
Sometimes wants are important enough to the customer that they
should be treated as needs
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Step 4: Evaluate the Three Cs
Check for completenessCheck for correctnessCheck for consistency
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Step 5: Identify Constraints
Cost - What is the project budget? The budget is fixed beforehand The budget is flexible and you have input
Schedule - When must the project be complete?
Quality - What are the quality requirements of the project?
Performance - speed, throughput, power consumption, etc.
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Identify Constraints (cont’d)
Human - end user skills, training, “user friendliness”, etc.
Physical - size, weight, etc.Environmental - local/global impact,
reusability, disposal/salvage, etc.Safety - human, equipment, productReliability - What percentage of the
time is the result expected to operate?
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Identify Constraints (cont’d)
Maintenance - Who will maintain?Modifiability - extend capabilities,
etc.Usage Environment - noise limits,
etc.Development Standards - internal
policies, documentation, EPA, OSHA, etc.
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Step 6: Document Requirements
1. Brief statement of problem or project
2. List the requirements: Use outline format to simplify references Limit each entry to 3 sentences or less Incorporate constraints into requirements List requirements in order of priority
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Requirements vs. SpecificationsRequirements
define what the customer wants may be subjective, qualitative, difficult to measure
Specifications define what will actually be delivered respond to:
customer’s needsyour organization’s capabilitiestechnology and resource availability
always measurable
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Specifications.....
Precisely define the end product or result should quantify the customer’s needs and
specify the degree to which the needs will be met
should not limit how the customer’s needs are to be addressed
Consist of: a measurable quantity (a metric) and a value or range of values
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Specification Forms
At least 400 units per minute processing rate...
No more than 2 defects per thousand...Between 180 °C and 186 °C...Nominal ± tolerance (183 ± 3 °C)Specific or exact (Sears #127 green)Discrete values (shall accept 1, 2, and
3 inch pipe)
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Specifications as GoalsInitial specifications are based on:
customer’s needs previous experience what others can do what you would like to achieve
Initial specifications are used to evaluate alternate strategies for achieving the requirements
Specifications are subject to change, but only with the customer’s approval
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Rules for Creating Specifications
1. Focus on the end RESULTS.2. Do not build your ideas of how to achieve
the results into the specifications.3. Make sure that each requirement is
covered.4. Make sure that the customer’s interests
are protected.5. Make sure that your interests are
protected.