J Res Educ Indian Med, XXI doi:10.5455/JREIM.82-xxxxxxxx ISSN 0970-7700

PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS

THROUGH CLASSICAL VEGETABLES OF AYURVEDA

A CRITICAL REVIEW

RAGHAVENDRA NAIK1, SNEHA D BORKAR2, R N ACHARYA3

Department of Dravyaguna,1,3 Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, 361 008 Gujarat (India)

Department of Agada Tantra,2 Mahatma Jyotiba Fule Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Chomu village,

Dist; Jaipur, 303702 Rajasthan (India)

Abstract: Ayurvedic literature enlisted vegetables under the group “Shakavarga”, where the

properties and indications of individual plant in different disease conditions, have been described.

In clinical practice, these plants were also prescribed by traditional practitioners as Pathya

(wholesome diet). Ayurveda promotes the use of Pathya in the prevention as well as management

of many diseases including Prameha (Diabetes mellitus). In the present review, plants described in

Shakavarga, indicated as Pathya in Prameha were compiled from 15 different Ayurvedic classical

texts. The obtained data has been analysed and being presented in a precise manner with regards to

their reported activity in diabetes. In the present study, it is observed that about 332 plants were

described under Shakavarga, among which 29 Shaka (Vegetables) are indicated in Prameha. Out

of these, botanical identity of 27 plants has been established. Maximum number of vegetables

belongs to the family solanaceae and cucurbitaceae. Different parts i.e. leaves (15), fruits (9),

Rhizome/tuber (4), shoot/stem (1) are used as vegetable in Prameha. Among the 29 classical

vegetables indicated in Prameha, 18 have been reported for their efficacy in the management of

diabetes mellitus on different animal experimental models. The present review reports the

importance of use of classical vegetables as Pathya in diabetes. The observed result may be

helpful in planning further scientific studies about the efficacy of these plants on prevention as

well as management of diabetes.

Keywords: Classical vegetables, Diabetes mellitus, Pathya, Prameha, Shakavarga.

INTRODUCTION

In Ayurvedic clinical practice, Ahara (Diet) is considered as best preventive medicine and is considered

one among the Traya- upastambha (Three basic pillars of life) i.e. Ahara (Diet), Nidra (Sleep) and

Brahmacharya (Celibacy) (Charaka Samhita, Sutra Sthana 11/35).[1] Ayurveda promotes the use of Pathya

(Wholesome diet) in the prevention as well as management of diseases. The significance of Pathya

(Wholesome diet) has been quoted as “there is no need of any medicine, if an individual follows Pathya

(Wholesome diet) and there is no use of medicine if a person does not follow Pathya (Wholesome diet)

(Lolimbaraja, 1947).[2] Understanding the importance of Ahara (Diet), both as a causative as well as

curative agent in disease conditions, separate chapters have been allotted to the dietetic items in the classical

texts under different group of food items such as Dhanyavarga (Group of grains), Mamsavarga (Group of

flesh), Shakavarga (Group of vegetables) etc. (Charaka Samhita, Sutra Sthana 27/6). [3]

The health benefit of vegetables under Shakavarga, has long been identified by the authors of various

classical texts of Ayurveda and their properties, indications in different disease conditions including Prameha

has been described. Prameha has been correlated with the signs and symptoms of diabetes (Minal P Mawale,

Sanket V Pajai, 2014).[4]

The prevalence of diabetes is predicted to double globally from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030

(Wild S et al, 2004 ).[5] India, the present capital of diabetic of the world, is heading towards a diabetic

explosion, with 70 million people to be affected by 2015(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com).[6] Diabetes

can damage the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. In a multinational study, it is concluded

that 50% of people with diabetes die of cardiovascular disease (primarily heart disease and stroke)

(Morrish NJ et al, 2001). [7] Although it is widely believed that diabetes mellitus is the result of a complex

interplay between genetic and environmental factors, compelling evidence from epidemiologic studies

indicates that the current worldwide diabetes epidemic is largely due to changes in diet and lifestyle

(Schulze MB, Hu FB, 2005).[8] Modification of diet is one of the major cornerstones linked with reducing

the risk of wide range of diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases etc.

The latest scientific evidences also provides greater support for the role vegetables in protecting

different diseases. Studies also show that greater intake of green leafy vegetables was associated with a 14%

reduction in risk of type 2 diabetes (Patrice Carter et al, 2010).[9]

Since diet forms the mainstay in the management of diabetes mellitus, there is scope for exploiting the

antidiabetic potency of vegetables especially to examine the long term beneficial effect of dietary vegetables,

to identify the active principle, and to understand the mechanism of action, which is at present unclear. Hence

the potentiality of vegetables described under Shakavarga in classical texts of Ayurveda needs to be compiled

and presented in a single place to find out any possibilities of their dietetic importance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plants described in Shakavarga, under the category of Patra shaka (Leafy vegetables) , Phala shaka

(Fruit vegetables), Mula shaka (Tubers) etc, indicated for Prameha (Diabetes mellitus) were compiled from

Charaka Samhita,[10] Sushruta Samhita,[11] Astanga Sangraha,[12] Astanga Hridaya [13] and 11 different

Nighantus ie Dhanvantari Nighantu,[14] Shodhala Nighantu,[15] Madhava Dravyaguna,[16] Madanapala

Nighantu,[17] Kaiyadeva Nighantu,[18] Bhavaprakasha Nighantu,[19] Raja Nighantu,[20] Priya Nighantu,[21]

Gunaratnamala,[22] Dravyaguna Sangraha [23] and Dravyaguna Shatasloki.[24] Published research data from

various research journals and books were referred to gather the information regarding the available scientific

documentation of the role of these vegetables in the prevention and management of diabetes and its

complications. The available data are presented in a scientific manner with regards to their part used, botanical

identity and reported activity in diabetes and other related complications.

OBSERVATION AND RESULTS A separate group in the name of Shakavarga has been allotted to the vegetables by all the Samhitas and

majority of Nighantus. Different Shaka varga dravyas indicated in Prameha (Diabetes mellitus) according to

their part used are classified in table 1. It is observed that, out of about 332 classical vegetables described

under Shakavarga, 29 are indicated in Prameha. Different parts of the plants like leaves (15), fruits (9),

Rhizome/tuber (4), shoot/stem (1) are used as vegetable in Prameha (Diabetes mellitus).

Classical vegetables, indicated in Prameha (Diabetes mellitus), and their equivalent botanical name,

family and pharmacological properties are given in Table 2. Among 29 classical vegetables indicated for

Prameha (Diabetes mellitus), botanical identity of 27 plants (Fig. 1-27)has been established (P V Sharma, 2009)

(Anonymous, 1998) [25, 26] and the botanical identity of two plants is yet to be confirmed. Majority of these

vegetables belongs to the family solanaceae and cucurbitaceae.

Majority of the plants indicated in Prameha (Diabetes mellitus) are having Katu (Pungent), Tikta

(Bitter) Rasa (Taste), Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry) guna (Property), and Usna virya (Hot in potency). In

Prameha, there will be vitiation of Dosha and Dushyas which are Kleda predominant. So, in its management

such drugs are to be selected which are acting against Meda and Kleda.

Most of the plants described under hakavarga are collected from wild source and very few are cultivated

today (Table 3). During the ancient period, man had to depend entirely on plant products which he could

found in his natural surroundings. Because, plants were the common and important source of life, during that

period, and there was no concept of cultivation. But, today a small plot near to the house has been used for

growing a variety of vegetables according to the season. The plants like Brahmi, Brihati, Chakramarda, Dronapushpi,Kakamachi, Kantakari, Kemuka, Kiratatikta, Loni, shitivaraka, Sunishannaka etc can be

cultivated in Kitchen garden to grow healthy, fresh vegetables.

Analysis of information regarding the anti-diabetic potential of vegetables from various research

journals reveals that, among the 29 classical vegetables indicated in Prameha (Diabetes mellitus), 18 have

been reported for their efficacy in the management of diabetes and related complications on different animal

experimental models.

Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban. (Mandukaparni)

The leaves of Mandukaparni have been reported as Shaka (Table-2). Traditionally, leaves and young

stems are chopped into small pieces and used as vegetable (Packiaraj,P et al. 2009).[27] The ethanolic and

methanolic extracts of the leaves of C. asiatica at a dose of 250 mg/kg has shown significant anti-diabetic

activity (P.K. Chauhan et al. 2010).[28] In another experimental study, C. asiatica powder in a dose of 50, 100 and

200 mg/kg significantly lowered the blood glucose levels. Maximum reduction in BG, TG, TC, HDL, LDL,

SGOT and SGPT were observed at a dose level of 50 mg/kg (Sonia Rahman et al. 2011).[29]

Cassia tora Linn. (Chakramarda)

The leaves of Chakramarda have been mentioned as Shaka in the classics (Table-2). Traditionally,

leaves are used as vegetables (Dhore M.M et al. 2012).[30] Methanolic extract of C. tora leaves at a dose of 50,

100 and 250 mg/kg, showed reduction in blood glucose, lipid levels in Alloxan-induced diabetogenic rats. In

addition, Methanolic extract of C. tora decreased oxidative stress by improving endogenous antioxidant levels

and which showed regenerative effects on ß cells that produce more insulin (Penchala Narasimhulu et al. 2014).[31]

Leucas cephalotes Spreng. (Dronapushpi) The leaves of Dronapushpi have been mentioned as Shaka in the classics (Table-2). Traditionally,

young leaves are also used as vegetable (Packiaraj,P et al. 2009).[32] Ethanolic extract of L. cephalotes leaves

showed anti hyperlipidemic effect and anti-diabetic activity at doses of 150, 300 & 450mg/kg, where the

extract at the dose of 450mg/kg was found to be more potent (K N Reddy et al. 2007). [33]

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (Guduchi) The leaves of Guduchi have been mentioned as Shaka in the classics (Table-2). Traditionally, leaves of

Guduchi are used as vegetable (K N Reddy et al. 2007).[34] The aqueous, alcoholic, and chloroform extracts of the

leaves of T. cordifolia at the dose of 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg exerted a significant hypoglycemic effect in

normal as well as in alloxan-treated rabbits (Wadood N et al. 1992).[35] Ethanolic extracts of T. cordifolia leaves

at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg showed significant antidiabetic activity in diabetic animals and has an

efficacy of 50% to 70% compared to insulin (Chandra Shekhar Singh et al. 2013).[36]

Solanum nigrum Schrad. (Kakamachi)

The leaves of Kakamachi have been mentioned as Shaka in classics (Table-2). Traditionally, leaves of

this plant are used as vegetable (S. Muhammad, M. A. Shinkafi, 2014).[37] The aqueous and hydro-alcoholic

extracts of leaf, fruit and stem of S. nigrum plant, at the dose of 200 and 400mg/kg showed hypoglycemic

activity in Sprague Dawley rats. Aqueous extracts of leaf and fruit possess significant hypoglycemic effect in

dose dependent manner, followed by hydroalcoholic extracts (Rajani Chauhan et al. 2012).[38]

Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. (Kantakari)

The fruit of Kantakari has been mentioned as Shaka in the classics (Table-2). Aqueous extract of the

fruits of S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. was found to possess significant hypoglycemic activity. An in

vitro study on glucose utilization by isolated rat hemi diaphragm suggests that, the aqueous extract may have

direct insulin like activity which enhances the peripheral utilization of glucose and have extra pancreatic effect

(Kar DM et al. 2006 ). [39]

Momordica charantia Linn. (Karavellaka)

The fruit of Karavellaka has been mentioned as Shaka in the classics (Table-2). 70% v/v hydro-

alcoholic extract of fruit of M. charantia at a dose of 300 mg/kg, significantly reduced fasting blood glucose

and normalized the lipid profile, renal profile and hepatic profile in Alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Histopathological changes of pancreas and liver were improved by the treatment that confirmed its protective

role in diabetes (Alimuddin Saifi et al. 2014).[40] M. charantia fruit at doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg

administered for 30 days in alloxan induced diabetic rats showed significant antihyperglycemic activity by

lowering blood glucose and GHb%, percent glycosylated hemoglobin (Nafisa PC Fernandes et al. 2007).[41]

Ethanol extract of M. charantia at a dose of 200 mg/kg suppressed gluconeogenesis in normal and

streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats by depressing the hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes fructose-1, 6-

bisphosphatase and glucose-6- phosphatase (Md. Alamgir et al. 2012).[42] The water extract of the fruit of M.

charantia L., 3 weeks after oral administration reduced the blood glucose and significantly lowered the serum

insulin level in KK-Ay mice (Miura T et al. 2001).[43]

Momordica dioica Roxb. (Karkotaki)

The fruit of Karkotaki has been mentioned as Shaka in the classics (Table-2). Traditionally, fruit is

used as vegetable (Jadhav V.D et al. 2011).[44] M. dioica extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg, markedly reduced the

serum glucose, and increased serum insulin and urea levels in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Histologic

observation of kidney suggests its protective effect on kidney in severe diabetes (Rajnish Gupta et al. 2011).[45]

The ethyl acetate and alcohol extracts of M. dioica fruits in a dose of 200 mg/kg showed significant anti-

diabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (G. Thirupathi Reddy et al. 2006).[46] Hexane extract and ethyl

acetate soluble fraction of methanol extract of M. dioica fruit pulp at a dose of 400 mg/kg reduced elevated

blood glucose levels, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in diabetic rats (Kaliappan Ilango et al. 2009).[47]

Costus speciosus (Koenig) Sm. (Kebuka)

The rhizome of Kebuka has been mentioned as Shaka in the classics (Table-2). Traditionally, rhizome

is used as vegetable (K N Reddy et al. 2007).[48] Ethanol extract of C. speciosus rhizome at a dose of 200mg/kg

showed significant reduction in blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, blood urea, serum uric acid, serum

creatinine, triglycerides, total cholesterol, phospholipids, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density

lipoprotein (VLDL), and increase in liver glycogen, insulin and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) (J. Revathy et al.

2014).[49] C. speciosus nanoparticles in the dose of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg significantly decreased the blood

glucose, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, alterations in the expression of insulin (I&II)

and gluconeogenic genes, DNA fragmentation (Ebtihal F. Alamoudi et al. 2014).[50]

Aqueous and methanol extracts of C. speciosus rhizomes reduced initial blood glucose level of 387 to

120 mg/dl and 303 to 161 mg/ dl respectively at the end of 240 minutes (M. S. Rajesh, 2009).[51] Costunolide

from the hexane extract of C. speciosus root at the dose of 5, 10, 20 mg/kg significantly decreased glycosylated

hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol (James Eliza et al. 2009).[52]

Swertia chirata (Buch-Ham) (Kiratatikta)

The leaves of Kiratatikta have been mentioned as Shaka in the classics (Table-2). Methanolic extract of

S. chirata at a dose of 50mg/kg showed significant antidiabetic activity in comparison to control group but

less marked antidiabetic activity when compared to the standard glibenclamide group (Kavitha KN, and Dattatri

AN, 2015).[53] The ethanolic extract of S. chirata, at the dose of 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg showed significant

antidiabetic activity and beneficial effect on cholesterol and triglyceride level (Arya Renu et al. 2011).[54]

Ethanolic extract of leaves and its pet-ether, dichloromethane and methanol fraction of S.chirata at a dose of

250 mg/kg showed significant hypoglycemic activity. About 32% and 47.2% reduction of blood glucose level

was seen after 3 hours of test sample administration (Khondoker Dedarul Alam et al. 2011).[55] The ethanol

extract, hexane fraction and chloroform fraction of whole plant of S. chirata at doses of 150mg/kg and

250mg/kg showed significant antidiabetic potential in diabetic rats (R Arya et al. 2011).[56]

Luffa acutangula (Linn.) Roxb. (Koshataki)

The fruits of Koshataki have been mentioned as Shaka in the classics (Table-2). Different extracts of L.

acutangula at the dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, were studied in the management of diabetes and related

complications in diabetic rats. The methanol extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg was found to be active, but the

antidiabetic activity was increased significantly at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg as compared to the aqueous

extract (B. P. Pimple et al. 2011).[57]

Ipomoea digitata Linn. (Kshiravidari)

The tuber of Kshiravidari has been mentioned as Shaka in the classics (Table-2). Hydroalcoholic extract

of I. digitata tuber in the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg showed a significant reduction in the blood glucose level

compared with the control. In the chronic study, all treatments showed a significant blood glucose reduction in

diabetic rats (Pandey AK et al. 2013).[58] Alcohol and water extracts of I. digitata in the dose of 100 mg/kg, 200

mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg showed significant Anti-diabetic activity against alloxan induced diabetic rats. During

LD50 studies up to the dose level of 2 g/kg, for both the extracts no mortality was observed in any animals (N.

Minaz et al. 2010).[59]

Allium sativum Linn. (Lashuna) The bulb of Lashuna has been mentioned as Shaka in the classics (Table-2). Daily treatment of STZ-

induced diabetic rats with an extract of raw garlic (500mg/kg intraperitoneally) for seven weeks showed 57%

less serum glucose, 40% lower serum cholesterol levels and 35% lower triglyceride compared to control

diabetic rats (Martha Thomson et al. 2007).[60] Garlic extract at a dose of 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 g/kg significantly

decreased serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, uric acid, creatinine, AST and ALT levels, while

increased serum insulin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic (A. Eidi et al. 2006).[61]

An in vitro assessment of aqueous extracts of A. sativum Linn. roots at concentrations of 5, 10, 20 and

40g plant extract on glucose diffusion in intestine, glucose movement across the dialysis membrane was

reduced up to 54% as compared to the control. Extracts having 10, 20, 40 g/L concentrations significantly

prevented glucose transfer (Jawaria Younas, Fatma Hussain, 2014). [62] A. sativum aqueous extracts at the doses of

200, 250 and 300mg/kg produced a dose dependent significant reduction in the blood glucose levels, total

serum lipid and total serum cholesterol when compared with that of the control rats (Ozougwu, J. C, Eyo, J. E,

2010).[63] S-allyl cystein sulfoxide, the precursor of Allicin and garlic oil, is a sulfur containing amino acid,

controlled lipid peroxidation better than glibenclamide and insulin. It also stimulated in vitro insulin secretion

from beta cells isolated from normal rats (Eidi A et al. 2005).[64] Pre-administration of garlic extract seven days

before and 14 days after the induction alloxan induction prevented the elevation of blood glucose in alloxan

induced rats (Ojo R. J et al. 2012).[65] Ethanolic extract of A. sativum bulbs at a dose of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg

produced significant hypoglycemic effects in normal fasted animals after 7 days and 14 days. Ethanolic extract

in a dose of 500 mg/kg reduced the blood glucose level by 49 % after two weeks treatment of albino rats (V. K.

Shakya et al. 2010).[66]

In a clinical study, initially all the subjects were given powdered bulbs of A. sativum orally, at 20 mg/kg,

30 mg/kg and 45 mg/kg doses, for 14 days. At day 15, blood and urine sampling was done. After 1 week, all

the subjects were administered aqueous extract of A. sativum bulbs orally, at 20 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg and 45

mg/kg doses, for 14 days. Both the dosage forms decreased blood and urine glucose levels in type-II diabetics

(Akbar Waheed et al. 2014).[67]

Portulaca oleracea Linn. (Loni) The leaves of Loni have been mentioned as Shaka in the classics (Table-2). Traditionally, tender leaves

and shoots are collected eaten as vegetable (Sibangini Misra, Malaya K. Misra, 2013).[68] In an acute oral toxicity

study of 50% ethanolic extract of P. oleracea whole plant, 50% of the animals died at the dose level of 500

mg/kg and 100% animals died at the dose levels of 1000,1500 and 2000mg/kg indicating that, the dose below

than 500mg.kg b.w is safe for further studies. In hypoglycemic activity the dose of 400mg/kg b.w showed a

highly significant reduction of serum glucose levels (Sabeeha Shafi, Nahida Tabassum, 2013).[69] Extract of P. oleracea leaves in a dose of 100mg/kg and 250mg/kg for three weeks showed significant reduction in

thiobarbituriuc acid reactive substances (TBRAS) and increase in glutathione reductase (GSH-R) in both liver

and kidney of STZ diabetic rats (Alok Sharma et al. 2008).[70]

P. oleracea extract alone and plus gliclazide exhibited a significant decrease in the level of blood

glucose and increase in serum insulin level as compared to untreated diabetic rats (Gamal A. El-Sherbiny et al.

2005). [71]

Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. (Patola)

The fruits of Patola have been mentioned as Shaka in the classics (Table-2). Aqueous extract of T. dioica fruits at a dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight reduced the levels of fasting blood glucose, postprandial

glucose, asparate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, urine sugar

and urine protein whereas total protein and body weight was increased. No toxic effect was observed during

LD50 study (Rai DK et al. 2008).[72]

Aqueous fruit extract of T. dioica exhibited maximum fall in blood glucose level of 23.8% in normal

rats and of 31.3% in mild diabetic rats with the dose of 1000mg/kg. In severely diabetic, fasting blood glucose,

postprandial glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were reduced by 28.7, 30.7, 57.2, and 18.5%

respectively (Prashant Kumar Rai et al. 2013).[73]

Dioscorea bulbifera Linn. (Varahikanda) The tuber of Varahi has been mentioned as Shaka in the classics (Table-2). Traditionally, tubers and

bulbils are used (Bhogaonkar Prabha Y et al. 2010).[74] Ethanolic extract of D. bulbifera tuber at a dose of 380,

760 and 1140 mg/kg body weight exhibited significant reduction in the blood glucose levels of the albino rats

(J. E. Okon, A. A. Ofeni, 2013).[75] Aqueous extract of D. bulbifera at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg doses

administered for 3 weeks to STZ treated rats and for 4 weeks to high fat diet fed mice showed significant

antihyperglycemic and antidyslipidemic effects (Zabeer Ahmed et al. 2009).[76]

Adhatoda vasica Nees (Vasa)

The leaves of Vasa have been mentioned as Shaka in classics (Table-2). Traditionally, young twigs and

leaveare used as vegetable (J. K. Tiwari et al. 2010).[77] Flowers of this plant are also used as vegetable in

traditional practice (Jiji P, 2014).[78] A. vasica ethanolic extract and fractions showed dose dependent in-

vitro antidiabetic activity and inhibition of á-glucosidase and á -amylase enzyme (Vadivelan R et al.

2015).[79]

50 and 100 mg/kg of ethanolic extracts of Justicia adhatoda leaves in normal and experimental diabetic

rats produced a significant reduction in blood glucose levels from 2 to 6 days of treatment as compared to the

root extract of J. adhatoda (100 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) (Muhammad Gulfraz et al. 2011). [80]

Solanum melongena Linn. (Vrintaka) The fruits of Vrintaka have been mentioned as Shaka in classics (Table-2). Methanolic extract of S.

melongena L. and S. macrocarpon exhibited mild á-amylase and stronger á-glucosidase inhibitory activities in

a dose dependent manner. The inhibition of starch hydrolysing enzymes and antioxidant activities suggested

their potential use in the dietary management or control of postprandial hyperglycemia associated with type-2

diabetes (Esther E. Nwanna et al. 2013).[81]

In an experimental study, diets based on eggplant with peel showed a significant reduction of plasma

glucose levels, which was not observed in the peeled eggplant diet. Compound responsible for the

hypoglycemic effect may be present in the peel of the eggplant (Derivi, 2002).[82]

DISCUSSION

Most vegetables are low in calories and carbohydrates, great source of fiber, vitamins, minerals, and

antioxidants making them ideal food for people with diabetes. Water-soluble dietary fibers can delay sugar

digestion and absorption (Jenkins DJ et al. 1978). [83] They reduce the insulin level and hormones in the digestive

tract and bring about improvement of insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization (Monnier LH, 1982), (Mann JI,

1986).[84], [85]

Among the classical vegetables indicated in Prameha (Diabetes mellitus), maximum are reported for

their efficacy in diabetes and other related complications in different animal models. Different vegetables like

Costus speciosus, Dioscorea bulbifera, Momordica charantia and Allium sativum are found effective in

reducing Serum triglycerides, Serum chlosterol and HDL. Protective effect of Allium sativum, Luffa

acutangula, Momordica dioica, Momordica charantia, Trichosanthes dioica and Portulaca oleracea against

complications related to Kidney and liver is confirmed by many research studies. Pre-administration of Allium sativum extract before induction of diabetes prevented the elevation of blood glucose in alloxan induced rats,

this shows the role of Garlic in prevention of diabetes.

CONCLUSION

The present review reports the use of different vegetables in prevention as well as management Prameha

(Diabetes mellitus), in the classical texts of Ayurveda. 19 plants have been reported for their antidiabetic

effect and protective action against various complications related to diabetes in experimental studies. The

observed result may be helpful in planning further scientific studies about the efficacy of these plants on

prevention as well as management of diabetes mellitus. These vegetable can be cultivated in Kitchen garden

according to the season of availability to grow healthy, fresh vegetables.

PHOTOGRAPHS

1. ARKAPUSHPI (H. ada-kodien)

2. BRIHATI (S. indicum)

3. CHAKRAMARDA (C. tora)

4. DRONAPUSHPI (L. cephalotes)

5. ERANDA (R. communis)

6. GOJIHVA (L. pinnatifida)

7. GUDUCHI (T. cordifolia)

8. KAKAMACHI (S. nigrum)

9. KANTAKARI(S. xanthocarpum)

10. KARAVELLAKA (M. charantia)

11. KARKOTAKI (M. dioica)

12. KEBUKA (C. speciosus)

13. KIRATATIKTA (S. chirata)

14. KOSHATAKI (L. acutangula)

15. KSHIRAVIDARI (I. digitata)

16. LASHUNA (A. sativum)

17. LONI (P. oleracea)

18. MANDUKAPARNI (C. asiatica)

19. PATOLA (T. dioica)

20. SAPTALA (E. dracunculoides)

21. SHITIVARAKA (C. argentea)

22. SUNISHANNAKA (M. minuta)

23. SUVARCHALA (M. rotundifolia) 24. VARAHI (D. bulbifera)

25. VASA (A. vasica)

26. VENU (B. bambos)

27. VRINTAKA (S. melongena)

Table 1. Part wise distribution of classical vegetables

used in Prameha (Diabetes mellitus)

Sr.

No Part used Name of the Shaka (Vegetable)

1 Patra (Leaf) Arkapushpi, Brahmi,

Chakramarda, Dronapushpi,

Ghoti, Gojihva, Guduchi,

Kakamachi, Kirata tikta, Loni,

Saptala, Shitivara,

Sunnishanaka, Suvarchala, Vasa,

2 Phala

(Fruit)

Brihati, Eranda, Kantakari,

Karavellaka, Karkotaki,

Koshataki, Patola, Phanphata,

Vrintaka

3 Kanda

(Tuber)

Kemuka, Kshira vidari, Lashuna,

Varahi

4 Nala (Stem) Venu karira

Table 2. Botanical equivalents and properties of classical vegetables used in Prameha (Diabetes mellitus)

Sr.

No. Shaka Botanical name / Family Rasa Guna Veerya Vipaka Reference

1 Arkapushpi Holostemma ada-

kodien Schult.

(Asclepiadaceae)

- Laghu - - [11]

2 Brihati Solanum indicum

Linn.(Solanaceae)

Katu,

Tikta

Laghu - Katu [11],[12],[13],[16

],[23]

3 Chakramarda Cassia tora Linn.

(Caesalpiniaceae)

Ruksha,

Laghu

Sheeta - [10],[11],[12],[13

],[16],[18],[19],[2

0]

4 Dronapushpi Leucas cephalotes

Spreng. (Labiateae)

Katu,

Lavana

Guru,

Ruksha

Ushna Madhura [10],[11],[13],[15

],[18],[19],[22]

5 Eranda Ricinus communis Linn.

(Euphorbiaceae)

Kashaya Snigdha,

Ushna

- - [11],[12]

6 Ghoti - Amla Ushna [22]

7 Gojihva Launea pinnatifida

Cass. (Asteraceae)

Kashaya,

Tikta

Sheeta - Madhura [10],[11],[12],[13

],[16],[18],[19],[2

2]

8 Guduchi Tinospora cordifolia

(Willd.) Miers

(Menispermaceae)

Kashaya,

Katu,

Tikta

Laghu Ushna Madhura [10],[11],[12],[13

],[16],[19],[20]

9 Kakamachi Solanum nigrum Linn.

(Solanaceae)

Katu,

Tikta

Snigdha Sheeta Katu [10],[11],

[12],[13],

[16],[18],[23]

10 Kantakari Solanum xanthocarpum

Schrad. (Solanaceae)

Tikta,

Katu

Laghu,

Ruksha,

Ushna

Ushna - [11],[13],[19],[22

]

11 Karavellaka Momordica charantia

Linn. (Cucurbitaceae)

Tikta Sheeta,

Laghu

- Katu [10],[11],[12],[13

],[14],[15],[16],[1

7],[18],[19],[22],[

23]

12 Karkotaki Momordica dioica

Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae)

Madhura

, Tikta

- Ushna Katu [10],[11],[12],[13

],[14],[15],[16],[1

7],[18],[19],[20],[

22]

13 Kemuka Costus speciosus

(Koenig) Sm.

(Zingiberaceae)

Tikta,

Katu

Laghu Sheeta Katu [10],[11],[12],[13

],[19],[21]

14 Kiratatikta Swertia chirata (Buch-

Ham) (Gentianaceae)

Tikta - - - [11]

15 Koshataki Luffa acutangula (Linn)

Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae)

Tikta Lagu,

Ruksha,

Sheeta

- - [11],[12],[13],[15

],[16],[17],[18],[2

1],[24]

16 Kshiravidari Ipomoea digitata Linn.

(Convolvulaceae)

Madhura

, Amla,

Kashaya,

Tikta

- - - [18],[20],[22]

17 Lashuna Allium sativum Linn.

(Liliaceae)

Katu,

Madhura

Tikshn,

Guru

Snigdha,P

icchila,

Ushna Katu [11],[12],[13],[17

], [20]

18 Loni Portulaca oleracea

Linn. (Portulaceae)

Amla,

Lavana

Ruksha,

Guru

Ushna - [10],[11],[12],[13

],[15],[17],[18],[1

9],[21],[22]

19 Mandukaparni Centella asiatica Tikta, Laghu Sheeta Madhura [16], [18]

(Linn.) Urban.

(Umbelliferae)

kashaya

20 Patola Trichosanthes dioica

Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae)

Tikta,

Madhura

Laghu,

Snigdha,

Ushna

- Katu [10],[11],[12],[13

],[15],[16],[17],[1

8],[19],[20],[21],[

22]

21 Phanphata - Madhura

, Tikta

Guru,

Ushna

- Katu [18]

22 Saptala Euphorbia

dracunculoides Lam

(Euphorbiaceae)

Tikta - - Katu [11],[12],[13]

23 Shitivara Celosia argentea Linn.

(Amaranthaceae)

Madhura

,

Kashaya

Ruksha,

sheeta,

Laghu

Sheeta Madhura [17],[19],[22]

24 Sunnishanaka Marsilea minuta Linn.

(Marseliaceae)

Madhura

,

Kashaya

Ruksha,

sheeta,

Sheeta Madhura [10],[11],[12],[13

],[15],[16], [22],

[23]

25 Suvarchala Malva rotundifolia

Linn. (Malvaceae)

Madhura Guru,

Ruksha

Sheeta - [11],[12],[13]

26 Varahi Dioscorea bulbifera

Linn.

(Dioscoreaceae)

Katu,

Tikta,

Madhura

- - Katu [11],[15],[16],[17

],[18],[19],[20],[2

3]

27 Vasa Adhatoda vasica Nees.

(Acanthaceae)

Tikta,

Katu

Laghu Sheeta Katu [10],[11],[12],[13

],[22]

28 Venu karira Bambusa bambos (L.)

Voss. (Poaceae)

Madhura Ruksha - Madhura [11],[13],[16],[20

],[22],[23],[24]

29 Vrintaka Solanum melongena

Linn. (Solanaceae)

Madhura Teekshna,

Ushna,

Laghu

- Katu [10],[11],[12],[13

],[15],[16],[17],[1

8],[19],[20],[21],[

22],[23],[24]

Table 3. Source of availability of classical vegetables

Cultivated

vegetables

Wild vegetables

Karavellaka,

Karkotaki,

Koshataki,

Patola, Vrintaka

Arkapushpi, Brihati,

Chakramarda, Dronapushpi,

Eranda, Gojihva, Guduchi,

Kakamachi, Kantakari, Kemuka,

Kiratatikta, Kshiravidari, Loni,

Mandukaparni, Saptala,

Shitivaraka, Sunishannaka,

Suvarchala, Varahi, Vasa, Venu

karira

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