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William McKinley

President #: 25 th Nickname: Idol of Ohio, The Major Born: 1843 in Niles, Ohio

Education: Allegheny College, but illness forced withdrawalJobs: Lawyer, Public OfficialPosition when Elected: Governor of OhioPolitical Party: RepublicanChief Opponents: William Jennings BryanSlogan: 1st term: Patriotism, Protection, and Prosperity; 2 nd term: A Full Dinner PailTerm of Office: 1897-1901# of Terms: 2 (cut short by assassination)Vice President: 1st term: Garret Augustus Hobart, 2 nd term: Theodore RooseveltFirst Lady: Ida Saxton McKinleyChildren: 2 daughters that died in infancyDied: 1901 in Buffalo, New York from being shot by an anarchist

Geographic Scene: 45 statesNew States: noneWar: Spanish-AmericanDuring Presidency: Thousands of people ran to Canada in search of goldOther Facts:served in the Civil War under future president Rutherford B. Hayeswife had seizures at dinner parties and could not stand the color yellow1 st subway (made in Boston)1 st president to use campaign buttons1 st president to use the telephone extensively during his campaignassassinated by Leon F. Czolgosz, an anarchist1 st president to ride in an automobile-the ambulance after he was shot

presented a red carnation in his buttonhole to peoplecampaigned on his front porchhis opponent, Bryan, was the youngest presidential candidate ever Olds Company starts mass production1 st gold found in Alaska is shipped to San FranciscoDingley Tariff Law-raised taxed on custom duties by an average of 57%20 coal mine workers on strike are killed in Pennsylvania by sheriffspro-Spanish groups riot in Cuba for opposition in Cubas autonomyafter Maine Explosion: Americans yelled, Remember the Maine, To hell with Spain!Volunteer Army Act-congress authorizes the first volunteer group, the Rough RidersWar Revenue Act-generated $150 million of tax revenue per year Battle of San Juan Hill-Rough Riders fight and win this famous battle against Spain

Annexation of HawaiiTreaty of Paris-treaty to end the Spanish-American War U.S. gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines as a result of the treatyPhilippines Rebellion-the Philippines rebelled after the U.S. gained control and failedStrikers Riot-a riot in Illinois kills 13Congress authorized voting machines for federal electionsHay-Pauncefote Treaty-Great Britain and U.S. agree to provide for the Panama CanalGold Standard Act-set gold as the standard currencyCarnegie Steel Industry organized and incorporated in New Jersey

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Platt Amendment-allows American intervention with Cubas affairs to protect themOpen Door Policy-policy saying that all countries have equal chance to trade with ChinaBoxer Rebellion-rebellion from Chinese nationalists, rebellion failedTeller Amendment-made sure that U.S. would not take Cuba for itself Yellow Journalism-exaggerated news and sensational headlines, used as propaganda during thedecision making of the Spanish-American War by newspaper companiesthe only president between Andrew Johnson and Woodrow Wilson to have no facial hair

Theodore Roosevelt

President #: 1st Nickname: Trustbuster, Rough Rider Born: 1858 in New York, New York Education: Harvard UniversityJobs: Writer, Public OfficialPosition When Taking Office: Vice President Political Party: Republican

Chief Opponents: 1st

term: none, succeeded McKinley; 2nd

term: Alton Brooks Parker Term of Office: 1901-1909# of Terms: 1, plus the balance of McKinley termVice President: 1st term: none; 2 nd term: Charles Warren FairbanksFirst Lady: Edith Carow Roosevelt, 2 nd wifeFirst Wife: Alice Lee RooseveltChildren: Alice, Theodore, Kermit, Ethel, Archibald, QuentinDied: 1919 in Oyster Bay, New York Geographic Scene: 45 statesNew States: OklahomaWar: Russo-Japanese War During Presidency: an earthquake struck San Francisco and killed 700 people, Wright brothers

made their 1st

successful airplane flightOther Facts:youngest man to become president at age 421 st president to ride in an automobile, go underwater in a submarine, and fly in an airplane1 st president to leave the U.S. during presidencywent to see the Panama Canalhad really bad asthmafavorite word was bully meaning greatbecame blind in his left eye while boxing in the White Housemother and 1 st wife died of illnesses on the same day in October worked on the Civil Service Commission for Benjamin Harrisonheaded the New York City Police Boardserved as McKinleys Assistant Secretary of the Navy

was Colonel of the Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War was Governor of New York after the Spanish-American War Trustbuster-broke down trustswon the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906ran again in a 3-way election in 1912 with the Bull Moose Party but lostwas shot during his campaigning in 1912, eyeglass case slowed downed the bulletrenewed the Chinese Exclusion Act, this time, the Philippines were off limits as wellestablished Crater Lake National Park in OregonBig Stick Diplomacy and Roosevelt CorollarySpeak softly and carry a big stick; you will go

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far. Roosevelts policy that added to the Monroe Doctrine saying that the U.S. would protect anycountry in the Western Hemisphere from being attacked (the big stick implies power)Newlands Reclamation Act-authorized federal irrigation projectsIsthmian Canal Act-established the funding and building of the Panama CanalPhilippine Government Act-established Philippines as an unorganized territoryAnthracite Coal Strike-140,000 workers in Pennsylvania started a strikeSquare DealRoosevelts idea that everyone: business, labor and public-are treated fairlyDepartment of Commerce and Labor created as a 9 th Cabinet Office (divides in 2 in 1913)Elkins Anti-Rebate Act-illegalized railroads giving rebates on their published freight rateproclaimed Pelican Island, Florida as the 1 st federal bird reservationHay-Buneau-Varilla Treaty-a treaty with Panama giving the U.S. a 10-mile wide canal zone inreturn for $10,000,000 in gold and a yearly fee of $250,000established the National Forest ServiceNational Monument Act-established the first 18 national monumentsHepburn Act-gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power for railroad ratesMeat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act-honest statement of food content labelsImmigration Act-restricted Japanese immigration to U.S.Model T automobile introduced by Henry FordNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) formedinvited Booker T. Washington to dinner 1 st Mothers DayU.S. citizenship granted to 5 Native American tribes

William Howard Taft

President #: 27Nickname: Big BillBorn: 1857 in Cincinnati, OhioEducation: Yale College, Cincinnati Law School

Jobs: Lawyer Position when Elected: Secretary of War Political Party: RepublicanChief Opponents: William Jennings BryanTerm of Office: 1909-1913# of Terms: 1Vice Presidents: James Schoolcraft ShermanFirst Lady: Helen (Nellie) Herron TaftChildren: Robert, Helen, CharlesDied: 1930 in Washington, D.C.Geographic Scene: 46 statesNew States: New Mexico, Arizona

War: noneDuring Presidency: Robert E. Peary led the 1 st expedition to the North Pole; Roald Amundsensexpedition resulted in discovering the South Pole.Other Facts:fattest president at 332 poundsonly man to be both U.S. President and Supreme Court justicepersuaded Congress to construct the Supreme Court buildingwas Governor of the Philippine Islandswas Secretary of War under Roosevelt, responsible for the construction of Panama Canal

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got stuck in the White House bathtub, got an oversized bathtub installed afterwards that could fitfour grown mencreated the tradition for the president to throw the 1 st baseball on the fieldHalleys Comet passes by earththe Titanic sinks, Archie Butt dieseasily won election because he was a friend of Theodore Rooseveltbroke twice as many trusts in 4 years than Roosevelt had in 8 yearswife had stroke at the beginning of his term16 th amendment passed-Government can collect income taxesran again in a 3-party race, lost at 23% of the popular vote and 8 electoral votes1 st national budget1 st president buried in Arlington National CemeteryDollar DiplomacyPayne Aldrich Act-reduces tariff and establishes a tariff boardPostal Savings Bank Actone bank in each state can give 2% interest on accounts $500 or lessMann-Elkins Act (White Slave Traffic Act)prohibits the interstate or international transport of women for immoral purposesCarnegie Corporation is foundedlabor law is passed authorizing an 8-hour work day for workers with a federal contractPanama Canal Actexempts American coastwise shipping from paying tolls when entering thePanama CanalWebb-Kenyon Interstate Liquor Actprohibits the shipment of liquor into liquor-free statesNew Mexico and Arizona become states in 1912divided the Department of Commerce and Labor into 2, making 10 Cabinet officesFirst Lady Helen Herron plants cherry trees given by Japan along the Tidal Basinlast president to have facial hair 1 st president to own a car, had the stables converted into a four car garagelast president to keep a cow on White House lawn to get milk

Woodrow WilsonPresident #: 28Nickname: Professor Born: 1856 in Staunton, VirginiaEducation: College of New Jersey (Princeton University)Jobs: Lawyer, Teacher, University President, Public OfficialPosition When Elected: Governor of New JerseyPolitical party: DemocraticChief Opponents: 1st term: Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft; 2 nd term: CharlesEvan HughesSlogan: He kept us out of the war and He proved that the pen was mightier than the sword

Term of Office: 1913-1921# of Terms: 2Vice Presidents: Thomas Riley MarshallFirst Lady: Edith Bolling Galt Wilson; 2 nd wifeFirst Wife: Ellen Louise Axson WilsonChildren: Margaret, Jesse, Eleanor Died: 1924 in Washington D.C., following a stroke in 1919Geographic Scene: 48 statesNew States: none

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War: World War IDuring Presidency: The U.S. buys the Virgin Islands from Denmark for $25 million.Other Facts:only president to hold a Ph.D. degreewas president of Princeton University1 st name is Thomas, Woodrow is his middle name1 st president to hold a press conference, created this tradition1 st president to cross the Atlantic Ocean during officeblind in right eyehad dyslexiawas racist and sexist, known for his support of the Souths secessionJohn D. Rockefeller donates $100 million to begin the Rockefeller FoundationWebb Alien Land-Holding Lawprohibits Japanese ownership of land in California-passedeven though Wilson objected17 th amendment passed-direct popular election by people for senatorsFord Motor Company institutes 1 st assembly lineUnderwood-Simmons Tariff Actreduces tariff rates by 27% set by Republican administrationPanama Canal is completedElihu Root, Wilsons Secretary of State, won Nobel Peace PrizeCommunist Party takes control in Russia lead by LeninHero Poncho Villa from the Mexican revolution, raided the border town of Columbus, NewMexicoFederal Reserve Actcreates Federal Reserve System and makes a smooth banking systemCongress established Mothers Day as the 2 nd Sunday of MaySmith-Lever Actprovides federal funds for agricultural instructions for farmers and statecollege studentsClayton Anti-Trust Actstrengthens original Sherman Anti-Trust Act1 st Transcontinental Telephone call made by Alexander Graham Bell in New York and Dr.Thomas A. Watson in San FranciscoGermany torpedoes the British passenger liner Lusitania, killing 114 Americans

Georgia grants the KKK a new state charter after decades of dormancyappointed Louis B. Brandeis to the Supreme Court as the 1 st Jewish JusticeGermany torpedoes the French liner Sussex, and gives the Sussex Pledge, saying that they willnot sink any more merchant ships without prior warningNational Defense Actpassed because of deteriorating relationship with Germany, bolstersarmy to 175,000 men and National Guard to 450,000.relationship with Mexico is also not good and U.S. is using forceFederal Farm Labor Actmakes a banking system for farmers to improve their holdingsbomb explodes in San Francisco during a parade in 1916 and kills 10 peopleNational Park Service establishedAdamson Eight-Hour Actestablishes an 8-hour workday for railroad workersNations 1 st birth control clinic made in Brooklyn, New York

Immigration Actmade immigrants take a literacy test and restricts Asian laborers not covered by separate diplomatic agreementsZimmermann Telegram-a telegram that Great Britain intercepted sent to Mexico by GermanForeign Minister Arthur Zimmermann saying that if Mexico helps Germany and Japan and enter the war, they would get the land back from the U.S.Jeanette Rankin is the 1 st woman in the House of RepresentativesSelective Service Actrequired men between the ages of 21 and 30 to register for draftEspionage Actlimited the freedom of expression; anyone publicly criticizing the military will

pay a $10,000 fine or up to 20 years in jail

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18 th amendment passed forbidding the sale, manufactures, or transport of alcohol14 Pointsspeech that Wilson gave to Congress stating how to have lasting peace19 th amendment passed giving women the right to vote1 st Transcontinental Telephone call madeLeague of Nations formedTreaty of Versailles ended World War IWilson was granted Nobel Peace Prize in his efforts to end World War I

Warren Gamaliel Harding

President #: 29Nickname: Wobbly WarrenBorn: 1865 in Caledonia (now Blooming Grove), OhioEducation: Ohio Central CollegeJobs: Newspaper Editor and Publisher Position When Elected: U.S. Senator Political Party: Republican

Chief Opponent: James Middleton CoxSlogan: Return to Normalcy.Term of Office: 1921-1923# of Terms: 1 (cut short by death)Vice President: Calvin CoolidgeFirst Lady: Florence Kling De Wolfe HardingChildren: noneDied: 1923 in San Francisco, CaliforniaGeographic Scene: 48 statesNew States: noneWar: noneSlogan: Return to normalcy.

During Presidency: The Unknown Soldier of World War I is buried at Arlington National.CemeteryOther Facts:editor and owner of the newspaper, Marion Star 1 st president to visit Alaska1 st president to ride in a car to inauguration1 st Miss America Contest1 st president since the Civil War to talk about rights of blacks on southern soilHad the biggest feet of any president at size 141 st election in which women got to votecampaign promiseLess government in business and more business in government.Soviet Union is formed and Lenin in power

Thompson-Uremia Treaty with Colombia is ratified, granting Colombia $25 million to make upfor their loss of Panamaappointed former President William Howard Taft as Chief Justice of the Supreme CourtFordney-McCumber Tariff Actraises tariffs to 38%, especially on farm productsBudget and Accounting Actbetter organizes accounts of the federal government andestablishes the Bureau of the Budget and the General Accounting Office under the Department of Treasury (Federal Budget System)Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Actgranted matching federal funds to states for maternal and child care

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Capper-Volstead Actallows farmers to buy and sell cooperativelyCable Actallows women to maintain their citizenship after marrying an alienTeapot Dome Scandal occurredRebecca L. Felton is the 1 st women to become a U.S. Senator was an active member of the Ku Klux Klanliked to gamble a lot, once lost all of the White House chinaimposed tight limitations among immigration1 st president to speak over the radio1 st president to visit Canada

Calvin Coolidge

President #: 30Nickname: Silent CalBorn: 1872 in Plymouth, VirginiaEducation: Amherst CollegeJobs: Lawyer, Public Official

Position When Taking Office: Vice PresidentPolitical Party: RepublicanChief Opponent: 1st Term: none, succeeded Harding; 2 nd term: John W. DavisSlogan: Keep Cool With CoolidgeTerm of Office: 1923-1929# of Terms: 1, plus the balance of Hardings termVice President: 1st Term: none; 2 nd term: Charles Gates DawesFirst Lady: Grace Anna Goodhue CoolidgeChildren: John, CalvinDied: 1933 in Northampton, MassachusettsGeographic Scene: 48 statesNew States: none

War: noneSlogan: Keep cool with Coolidge.During Presidency: Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming becomes the 1 st woman governor.Other Facts:extremely quiet and shy1 st president to broadcast his inaugural address by radiowill to estate after death was only 23 wordsloved to make maple syrupsworn into office by his own father refused to use the telephone while in officehis family spoke in sign language when they didnt want to be overheardliked being photographed in Indian headdresses and Boy Scout uniforms

his vice president, Charles Dawes, won the Nobel Peace PrizeSoldiers Bonus Billa bill vetoed by Coolidge to provide 20-year annuities for veterans at acost of $2 billion, the veto was later overridden by the Congresspassed immigration laws that limited the number of immigrants of each race in the U.S.Scopes Monkey Trialshowdown between William Jennings Bryan and Clarence Arrow over the teaching of evolution in public schoolsDawes Plana plan made by Coolidges vice president, Charles Dawes, making Germany paywhat they could instead of being forced to pay for WWIthe Ku Klux Klan hold the largest Klan parade in history in Washington, D.C.

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Revenue Actreduces income taxesRear Admiral Richard E. Byrd and Floyd Bennett make the 1 st flight over the North PoleAir Commerce Actgave the Commerce department power regulatory powers over the sectorsof aviation industry, such as licensingAir Army Corps and Distinguished Flying Cross are establishedammunition in Lake Denmark, New Jersey explodes by being struck by lightning, killing 31

people, it is the worst such disaster in the history of the U.S. militarythe Supreme Court rules that the president can remove cabinet members at his choiceCongress creates the Federal Radio Commission to regulate this burgeoning field of national andinternational communicationCharles Lindbergh completes the 1 st transatlantic flightKellogg-Briand Pactoutlaws war as any means of settling disputes, substituting diplomacy andworld opinion for armed conflict

Herbert Hoover

President #: 31

Nickname: Chief Born: 1874 in West Branch, IowaEducation: Stanford UniversityJobs: Mining engineer, Public OfficialPosition When Elected: Secretary of CommercePolitical Party: RepublicanChief Opponent: Alfred Emanuel SmithSlogan: A chicken in every pot and a car in every garage.Term of Office: 1929-1933# of Terms: 1Vice President: Charles CurtisFirst Lady: Lou Henry Hoover

Children: Hebert, AllanDied: 1964 in New York, New York Geographic Scene: 48 statesNew States: noneWar: noneSlogan: A chicken in every pot and a car in every garage.During Presidency: Amelia Earhart made the 1 st solo transatlantic flight by a womanOther Facts:spoke in Chinese with his family when he did not want to be overheardlived longer after leaving the White House than any President31 years, died at 901 st president born west of the Mississippi River 1 st president to donate part of his salary to charity

approved The Star-Spangled Banner as our national anthemnever held an elected office prior to becoming president1 st president to have an asteroid named after himwas the youngest member of Stanford Universitys 1 st graduating classthe planet Pluto was discovered during his termwas a Quaker Hoover Dam construction beginsAgricultural Marketing Actrevitalizes the poor market for farm products, creates the FederalFarm Board to promote the sale of agricultural products through corporations

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construction contract for Empire State Building is awardedBlack Tuesdaystock market prices in the New York Stock Exchange collapse and even theextremely wealthy lose everythingGreat Depression startsNYSE crashes, banks run out of money, basically everything badhappens for the economyLondon Naval Treatya treaty signed by the U.S., England, and Japan regulating submarinewarfare and limited military shipbuildingSmoot-Hawley Tariff Actraised tariffs on importsVeterans Administration Actestablishes Veterans Administration and combines all federalagencies handling benefits for former servicemenNorris-LaGuardia Actallowed more types of worker strikesBonus Loan Billa bill that Hoover vetoed but was overridden by Congress, allowing veteransto get cash loans of up to 50% of their bonus certificatesthe notorious gangster Al Capone is convicted is sentenced to prison for 11 yearsBonus Marcha group of veterans called the Bonus Army marched to convince the WhiteHouse for the Congress to give them full value of their bonus certificates, failedCharles Lindberghs 20-month-old son is kidnapped and killed20 th amendmentmoved the presidential inauguration day to January 20

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

President #: 32Nickname: FDR Born: 1882 in Hyde Park, New York Education: Harvard UniversityJobs: Lawyer, Public OfficialPosition When Elected: Governor of New York Political Party: DemocraticChief Opponents: 1st term: Hebert Clark Hoover; 2 nd term: Alfred Mossman Landon; 3 rd term:

Wendell Lewis Willkie; 4th

term: Thomas Edmund DeweySlogan: I propose a New Deal.Term of Office: 1933-1945# of Terms: 4 (cut short by death)Vice Presidents: 1st & 2 nd terms: John Nance Garner; 3 rd term: Henry Agard Wallace; 4 th term:Harry S. TrumanFirst Lady: Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (known as Eleanor)Children: Anna, James, Elliott, Franklin, John, and another son named Franklin died withoutseeing his 1 st birthdayDied: 1945 in Warm Springs, Georgia, 3 months into his 4 th termGeographic Scene: 48 statesNew States: none

War: World War IIDuring Presidency: Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River in Washington is completed andis the largest concrete dam and the greatest single source of waterpower in the U.S.Other Facts:assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson1 st president to appear on T.V.only president to serve more than 2 terms and has the longest presidency in U.S. historycrippled the waist down by polio at the age of 39said, The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.

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said, We look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedomsfreedom of speechfreedom ofworshipfreedom from wantfreedom from fear.

visited President Grover Cleveland as a young boy, but Cleveland told him to never be President1 st president to have a presidential aircrafthis wife was related to him, a 5 th cousin once removedhad an affair with Lucy Page Mercer 1 st president whose mother was eligible to vote for himassassination attempt on him failed in 1933 but killed the Mayor of ChicagoThe New DealGood Neighbor Policyappointed Francis Perkins as Secretary of Labor, making her the 1 st woman to hold a cabinet posthis wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, was a womens suffrage leader Eleanor Roosevelt held the 1 st First Lady conference where only female reporters were to attendFDRs Hundred Days100 days of the Congress meeting to pass bills and create programs tohelp the economyAlphabet Soupcreated so that many programs under the New Deal were known by their acronymsEmergency Banking Actallowed banks to reopen as soon as they could prove they weresolvent (temporary act, later replace by Banking Act)Fireside ChatsRoosevelts evening chats on the radio about how the nation was doingReforestation Relief Actcreated the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which offeredimmediate work for young men though a reforestation programRoosevelt took the U.S. off the gold standard so that the value of the dollar would decline andmore money would become available to the AmericansFederal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)provided immediate grants to states for relief projectAgricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)restricted the production of certain crops and pays farmersnot to till their land

Tennessee Valley Actestablished the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) to control flooding inthe Tennessee River Valley and provide for rural electrification in the 7 states around the regionFederal Securities Actrequired all issues of stocks and bonds to be registered and approved bythe federal governmentBanking Actestablished the Federal Bank Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)Farm Credit Actestablished the Farm Credit Administration (FCA) to help farmers refinanceover longer periods of time at lower than market interest ratesestablished the National Labor Board (NLB) to enforce the right of organized labor to bargaincollectivelyestablished the Civil Works Administration (CWA) to provide work for unemployed Americans21 st amendment passed repealing the 18 th amendment and making drinking alcohol legalGold Reserve Actallowed the president to fix the value of the U.S. dollar between 50 and 60

cents in terms of goldFarm Mortgage Refinancing Actestablished the Federal Farm Mortgage Corporation to helpfarmers pay their mortgages by granting easier terms of creditestablished Export-Import Bank to encourage commerce between the U.S. and foreign nationsTydings-McDuffe Actguaranteed the Philippines independence 10 years after the Philippinelegislature meets the terms of the act, the Philippines gains independence from the U.S. in 1946Home Owners Loan Actpromotes home constructionsevere dust storms hit the central and southern plains, known as the Dust Bowl

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U.S. and Cuba sign a treaty to end the Platt Amendment, which had once made Cuba a U.S.territory following the Spanish-American War Securities Exchange Actcreated the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) to license stock exchanges and determine the legality of certain speculative market practicesCorporate Bankruptcy Actallowed corporations facing bankruptcy to reorganize if 2/3 of itscreditors agreedReciprocal Trade Agreement Actallowed the President to cut tariffs up to 50% without theconsent of the Senate for the countries that grant the U.S. most favored-nation trading statusCommunications Actcreated the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to regulateradio, telegram, and telephone communications and replaced the Federal Radio CommissionFederal Farm Bankruptcy Actplaced a suspension on all farm mortgage foreclosuresNational Housing Actcreated the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to further stimulatehomebuildingEmergency Relief Appropriation Actauthorized $5 billion to establish federal programsrelated to FDRs goalsCongress established the Soil Conservation Service within the Department of Agriculture to

promote better use of farmlandsestablished the Works Progress Administration (WPA) providing work and income for millionsof Americans through construction and repair of roads and buildings. WPA is the best known andmost successful of FDRs New Deal programs.established the Rural Electrification Administration (REA) to provide loans for constructing

power plants and lines to the regions that private companies seem unprofitableNational Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)created the National Labor Relations Board(NLRB) to ensure the right of labor to organize and bargain collectivelySocial Security Actestablished the Social Security Board (SSB) to guarantee pensions toAmericans over the age of 65, establish a system of unemployment insurance, and assist states inaiding dependent children, the blind, and the aged who do not qualify for Social SecurityRevenue Actlargest tax act in history, increased taxes to get more than $3 billion for defenseeffortNeutrality Actforbade the shipment of arms and munitions to belligerents during a state of war

Supreme Court Retirement Actpermitted justices to retire at 70 with full payWilliam H. Hastie becomes the 1 st black federal judgeGerman blimp Hindenburg explodes outside Lakehurst, New Jersey, killing 36. The Germanstried to prove to the world that they were more technology advanced than any other country andfailed miserably because they used the flammable hydrogen gas because they had no helium.Amelia Earhart vanishes over the Pacific Ocean while attempting a round-the-world flightBankhead-Jones Farm Tenancy Actestablished the Farm Securities Administration (FSA) to

provide low-interest loans to struggling farmersCivil Aeronautics Acttargeted the civilian air traffic industry by licensing pilots andstandardizing the rules, airways, and equipment for flightFood, Drug, and Cosmetic Actmade a stricter regulation of ingredient disclosure, misbranding,and false advertising

Fair Labor Standards Actraised the minimum wage and set the maximum work week at 40hoursAlien Registration Actrequired the registration and finger-printing of all aliensSelective Training and Service Actauthorized the 1 st peace-time military draft in U.S. historyand required all men between the ages of 21 and 35 to register for military trainingUnited Service Organizations (USO) is formed by 6 national groups to serve the social,educational, welfare, and religious needs of the people in the armed forces and defense industriesLend-Lease Actlet the president lend arms and any other war material to any country thoughtvital to the U.S. interests

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established the Office of Price Administration (OPA) to control and stabilize prices duringwartime1 st sinking of an American merchant ship happens to the Robin Moor off the coast of Brazil by aGerman U-Boatestablished Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) to prevent discrimination due to race,creed, or color in the hiring and treatment practices of the defense industryestablished the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) to coordinate thedevelopment of defense-related technology like radar and sonar U.S. destroyer Kearney is torpedoed by a German U-BoatU.S. destroyer Reuben James is torpedoed by a German U-BoatU.S. enters the war because Japan bombs Pearl Harbor established Office of Censorship to control matters involving information thought vital to thewar effortcreated the War Labor Board (WLB) to maintain the flow of war materialssigned the act creating the Womens Army Corps (WAC)established Office of War Information (OWI) to control the disclosure of official news and

propagandaestablished Office of War Mobilization to coordinate the nations efforts at home, and orders thatall government contracts with private industries forbid racial discriminationCurrent Tax Payment Actintroduced the withholding of federal income taxes on wages andsalariesHatch Actforbade federal employees from engaging in partisan activityrepealed the Chinese Exclusion ActsServicemens Readjustment Actprovided financial aid to veterans for education, housing, andother needsestablished the International Money Fund and World Bank

Harry S. Truman

President #: 33Nickname: Give Em Hell HarryBorn: 1884 in Lamar, MissouriEducation: High SchoolJobs: Farmer, Soldier, Public OfficialPosition When Taking Office: Vice PresidentPolitical Party: DemocraticChief Opponent: 1st term: none, succeeded Roosevelt; 2 nd term: Thomas Edmund DeweyTerm of Office: 1945-1953# of Terms: 1, plus the balance of FDRs termVice Presidents: 1st term: none; 2 nd term: Alben William BarkleyFirst Lady: Elizabeth (Bess) Virginia Wallace Truman

Children: MargaretDied: 1972 in Kansas City, MissouriGeographic Scene: 48 statesNew States: noneWar: World War II (just the end), Korean War starts, Cold War startsDuring Presidency: The Atomic Age began with the testing of an atomic bomb in New MexicoOther Facts:1 st president to travel underwater in a modern submarineloved to play the piano

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1 st president to give a speech on television1 st president to be paid a yearly salary of $100,0001 st president to take office during wartime1 st president to address the National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peoplewas Captain in field artillery of World War Ipopularized the saying, If you cant stand the heat, stay out of the kitchen.his presidential motto was, The buck stops here.famous picture of him has him holding the Chicago Daily Tribune with the headline DeweyDefeats Truman. It was a mistakenly false decision when Truman actually defeated Dewey.the middle initial S in his name did not stand for anything, it was used to honor his fathersFirst Lady Bess Truman lived longer than any other First Lady and died at age 97dropped two atomic bombs in Japan to end World War II21-point Fair DealEmployment Actgave the federal government responsibility for promoting full employmentand price stabilityTruman Doctrinespeech to Congress asked for a $400 million appropriation to fight the spreadof Communism in Greece and Turkeycreated the Federal Employee Loyalty ProgramJackie Robinson played his 1 st game with the Brooklyn Dodgers and integrates the MLBThe Marshall Plantook $13 billion to help rebuild Europe after World War IITaft-Hurley Actcurbed labor rights by allowing an 80-day injunction on strikes thatthreatened national security, banned certain other strikes, and banned union contributions to

political campaignsNational Security Actcreated the National Security Council (NSC), the Central IntelligenceAgency (CIA), the Department of Defense, and the National Security Research Boardthe state of Israel is formedBerlin AirliftU.S. brought in supplies to west Berlin during Soviet blockadeUnited Nations is formed, replacing the old League of NationsNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is formedHousing Actestablished a national housing agency and provided federal aid to slum clearance

programs and low-cost housing projectsU.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy is highly suspicious of communists with a group known as theRed ScareInternal Security Actrequired Communist organizations to register with the Attorney Generalin the U.S. and created the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate people thought to

be engaged in un-American activitiesRevenue Actincreased corporation and income taxesfired General Douglas McArthur 1 st color television program is broadcast, but none are for sale1 st hydrogen bomb is detonatedMutual Security Actauthorized more than $7 million for foreign economic, military, andtechnical aid

ordered a seizure of the nations steel millsMcCarran-Walter Actrestricted immigration in the U.S.

Dwight David Eisenhower

President #: 34Nickname: IkeBorn: 1890 in Denison, Texas

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Education: United States Military Academy at West PointJobs: Army Officer Position When Elected: General of the ArmyPolitical Party: RepublicanChief Opponents: 1st and 2 nd terms: Adlai Ewing StevensonSlogan: I like IkeTerm of Office: 1953-1961# of Terms: 2Vice President: Richard M. NixonFirst Lady: Marie (Mamie) Geneva Doud Eisenhower Children: John, DoudDied: 1969 in Washington, D.C.Geographic Scene: 48 statesNew States: Alaska, HawaiiWar: Korean War, Cold War Slogan: I like Ike!During Presidency: Dr. Jonas Salk invented an anti-polio vaccineOther Facts:

1 st president licensed to pilot an airplanewas commander of NATO forces in Europecommanded the Allied forces during World War IIbecame a 5-star general during World War IIswitched his first and middle names around to avoid confusion between himself and his father 1 st president to appear on color televisiononly president to serve in both World Warsresponsible for putting under God into the Pledge of AllegianceJosef Stalin diedDepartment of Health, Education, and Welfare is formedSubmerged Lands ActRefugee Relief Actadmitted 214,000 more immigrants than permitted under existing

immigration lawsSt. Lawrence Seaway is opened the Great Lakes to ocean-going vesselsBrown vs. Board of Educationcase that showed segregation in schools was unconstitutional1 st filming of a presidential conference takes placethe Interstate Commerce Commission bans racial segregation on interstate buses and trainsRosa Parks is arrested for refusing to give up her seat for a white manDr. Martin Luther King, Jr.s bus boycott takes placethe American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO)come together Interstate Highway Actauthorized construction of a 42,000 mile interstate highway systemEgyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalizes the Suez CanalSocial Security Actpermitted women to retire at 62 and disabled workers at 50

Eisenhower DoctrineSouthern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is organized and Martin Luther King, Jr. iselected the presidentCivil Rights Acta voting rights at for blacks, the first Civil Rights Act since ReconstructionSoviet Union launches the satellite Sputnik National Defense Education Actprovided aid to schools in certain subjects, both private and

publicU.S. U-2 spy plane is shot down by the Soviet Union, relations between countries become worse

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Kitchen Debatea debate between Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Khrushchev about themerits of the two countriesLandrum-Griffin Actlegislation combats growing corruption in labor organizationsStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) organizes as a Civil Rights group

John Fitzgerald KennedyPresident #: 35Nickname: JFK Born: 1917 in Brookline, MassachusettsEducation: Harvard UniversityJobs: Author, Public OfficialPosition When Elected: United States Senator Political Party: DemocraticChief Opponent: Richard M. NixonSlogan: A time for greatness.Term of Office: 1961-1963

# of Terms: 1 (cut short by assassination)Vice President: Lyndon B. JohnsonFirst Lady: Jacqueline Lee Bouvier KennedyChildren: Caroline, JohnDied: 1963 in Dallas, Texas, known to be shot by Lee Harvey OswaldGeographic Scene: 50 statesNew States: noneWar: Cold War, Vietnam War startsDuring Presidency: A civil rights march brought 200,000 people to Washington, D.C. in ademonstration of the demands of blacks for equal rights.Other Facts:only Roman Catholic to become president

1st

president to hold a press conference on television1 st president to use the desk that was a present from Queen Victorialast president buried in Arlington National Cemetery1 st president born in the 20 th centurywon a Pulitzer Prize for his book, Profiles in Courageonly president to appoint his brother to a cabinet post1 st president to serve in the U.S. NavyC.S. Lewis died on the same day that he was shot23 rd amendment passedpermitted the government to choose electors for president and vice

presidenthad debates with Richard M. Nixon on television and radio during the electionserved as a naval officer in World War II

swam with an injured mans life jacket in his teeth for several miles during World War II, after his patrol boat, PT-109, was blown up by a Japanese warshipserved in the House of Representatives and the U.S. Senateyoungest president to ever be elected at age 43said, Ask not what your country can do for youask what you can do for your country.his administration was later nicknamed CamelotPeace Corps were founded to counter the notion of American ImperialismSoviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the 1 st man in spaceBay of Pigs invasiona U.S. invasion with 1,500 Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro, failed

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Blacks and whites supported by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) set out on freedomrides to test the enforcement of the interstate commerce commission rules against discriminationduring interstate travelAlan Sheppard, Jr. becomes the 1 st U.S. astronaut in spacepledged to the U.S. that they will land a man on the moon by the end of the decadeSoviet Union built the Berlin Wall, divided East and West Berlinsegregation in transportation facilities is ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme CourtAstronaut John Glenn becomes the 1 st American to orbit the earthCuban Missile Crisisthe placement of nuclear missiles in Cuba by the Soviet UnionGideon vs. Wainwright caseSupreme Court rules that states must provide counsel in criminalcases for individual who cannot afford itDr. Martin Luther King, Jr. gives his I have a dream speech at the Lincoln Memorial4 African-American girls are killed during the bombing of a church in Birmingham, AlabamaNuclear Test Ban Treatyended atmospheric testing of nuclear weaponsSouth Vietnam President is assassinatedAlliance For Progressimproved American homes, health, jobs, and schools

Lyndon Baines JohnsonPresident #: 36Nickname: LBJ, Landslide LyndonBorn: 1908 near Stonewall, TexasEducation: Southwest Texas State Teachers CollegeJobs: Teacher, Public OfficialPosition When Taking Office: Vice PresidentPolitical Party: DemocraticChief Opponents: 1st term: none, succeeded Kennedy; 2 nd term: Barry Morris Goldwater Slogan: All the way with LBJ.Term of Office: 1963-1969

# of Terms: 1, plus the balance of John F. Kennedys termVice Presidents: 1st term: none; 2 nd term: Hubert Horatio HumphreyFirst Lady: Claudia (Lady Bird) Taylor JohnsonChildren: Lynda, LuciDied: 1973 in San Antonio, TexasGeographic Scene: 50 statesNew States: noneWar: Vietnam War During Presidency: Thurgood Marshall becomes the 1 st African American in the Supreme CourtOther Facts:was sworn as president two hours after Kennedys death on Air Force One by a womanhis daughters, his wife, his Texas ranch, his dog, and he all bear the initials LBJ

won a Silver Star for fighting in World War IIyoungest senate majority leader ever at age 4424 th amendment passedabolished poll taxesThe Beatles arrived in New York for their 1 st U.S. tour Civil Rights Actoutlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national originGulf of Tonkin Resolutiongave the President power to pursue military action in VietnamEconomic Opportunity Actcreated the Office of Economic Opportunity and began the War onPovertyDr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

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Malcolm X is assassinated by other black Muslims in New York CityElementary and Secondary Education Actfunded for primary and secondary educationMedicare and Medicaidgave medical insurance to the elderly and the needyVoting Rights Actoutlawed the requirement that would-be voters in the U.S. take literacytests,and provided for federal registration of voters in areas that had less than 50% of eligible minorityvoters registeredestablished Department of House and Home Financing Agency, later renamed Department of Housing and Urban DevelopmentWatts Riotsa riot in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, started because a

police officer pulled over an African American woman, and mob gathered and attacked the police25 th amendment passedallowed for the president to appoint a new vice president if their was avacancyappointed the 1 st African American to the Supreme Court, Thurgood MarshallNorth Korean forces captured the spy ship U.S.S. Pueblo Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinated in Memphis TennesseeSenator Robert Kennedy, John F. Kennedys brother, is assassinatedThe Great Societya domestic program pursued by Johnson who wanted the U.S. care for itsaged and its underprivileged, broaden opportunities for all, and promote racial justice

Richard Milhous Nixon

President #: 37Nickname: Tricky Dick Born: 1913 in Yorba LindaEducation: Whittier UniversityJobs: Lawyer, Public OfficialPosition When Elected: Member of a New York City law firmPolitical Party: Republican

Chief Opponents: 1st

term: Hubert Horatio Humphrey; 2nd

term: George Stanley McGovernSlogan: For the future.Term of Office: 1969-1974# of Terms: 2 (cut short by resignation)Vice Presidents: 1st and 2 nd term (partial): Spiro Theodore Agnew; 2 nd term (balance): Gerald R.FordFirst Lady: Thelma (Pat) Catherine Ryan NixonChildren: Patricia, JulieDied: 1994 in New York City, New York Geographic Scene: 50 statesNew States: noneWar: Vietnam War

During Presidency: 26th

amendment was passed, lowering the voting age from 21 to 18.Other Facts:1 st president to visit China while in office1 st president to visit all 50 statestoured almost 60 countries while Vice Presidentserved in both the House of Representatives and the U.S. Senatewas a naval officer in World War IIwas part of Senator McCarthys anti-communist group, the Red Scare

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Nixon DoctrineNixons idea of drawing out U.S. troops out of Southeast Asia because hethinks it will bear larger responsibility for the U.S.s own securitySelective Service Reform Actensured that draftees are selected by a lottery systemPostal Reorganization Actestablished an independent United States Postal ServiceOccupational Health and Safety Actgave the Secretary of Labor responsibility of settingworkplace safety standards for jobs in the U.S.created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to protect human health and safeguard thenatural environmentClean Air Act Extensionrequired the EPA to develop and enforce regulations to protect the

public from exposure to airborne contaminantstaping systems are activated in the White HouseWage Price Control Actextended Nixons authority to impose restraints on wages, prices,salaries, and rents for another year Emergency Employment Actreserved $2.25 billion for the creation of public service jobs atstate and local levels1 st president to visit the U.S.S.R.bombed Laos and CambodiaRoe vs. Wade casea case that made the Supreme Court decide that abortion would be legalNeil Armstrong becomes the 1 st man to walk on the moonChemical Weapons Treatystopped the development of chemical weaponsSeabed Treatybanned nuclear weapons from the ocean floor in international watersWatergate Scandala scandal in the Watergate hotel that both Nixon and his vice presidentwere involved inonly president to resignfroze prices for a short time and made tax cuts to revive the economycreated the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to focus on thecondition of the oceans and the atmosphere to warn us of dangerous weather Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)limited strategic nuclear weapons Checkers Speechrefuted allegations of having a corrupt slush fund, saying he only keptCheckers, a dog given as a gift

Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr.

President #: 38Nickname: JerryBorn: 1913 in Omaha, NebraskaEducation: University of MichiganJobs: Lawyer, Public OfficialPosition When Taking Office: Vice PresidentPolitical Party: RepublicanChief Opponents: none, succeeded Nixon

Term of Office: 1974-1977# of Terms: 1 (partial)Vice President: Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller First Lady: Elizabeth (Betty) Bloomer Warren FordChildren: Michael, John, Steven, SusanDied: 2006 in Rancho Mirage, CaliforniaGeographic Scene: 50 statesNew States: noneWar: Vietnam War (ended)

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During Presidency: Ella Grasso becomes the 1 st woman governor. Other Facts:oldest president who died in 2006 at the age of 93, just 6 weeks older than Reaganonly president never elected to both the offices of President and Vice President1 st president to visit Japan while in officeearned 10 battle stars for combat duty in the Navy in World War IIfully pardoned Richard M. Nixon for his crimeshad 2 assassination attempts on him while president, both by womenwas a center in football for the University of Michigan, offered tryouts by the NFL, but went toYale University law school insteadwas once a male modelwas a member of the Warren Commission to study the assassination of John F. Kennedywas born as Leslie Lynch King, Jr., but later took the name of his stepfather Concorde supersonic jet makes it 1 st flight between Europe and the U.S.formed the Economic Policy Board to oversee all aspects of economic policyFederal Elections Campaign Act of 1974limited public contributions to campaigns1 st name means spear bearerWhip Inflation Now campaignFreedom of Information Actprovided expanded access to government files and allowedsecrecy classifications to be challenged in court and justified by the appropriate federalauthoritiesPrivacy Actensured Americans rights to individual privacyU.S. airlifted refugees in VietnamTax Reduction Actmade a $23 billion tax cutMayaguez IncidentCambodia captured U.S. merchant ship Mayaguez , but the U.S. usedmilitary power to rescue the ship and the crewHelsinki Agreementlowered tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union by improvingdialogueFirst Lady Betty Ford talked openly to the public about breast cancer, marijuana, extra-maritalaffairs and abortion

Energy Policy and Conservation Actestablished a reserve of 1 billion barrels of petroleumViking I landed on Mars

James Earl Carter, Jr.

President #: 39Nickname: JimmyBorn: 1924 in Plains, GeorgiaEducation: United States Naval AcademyJobs: Naval Officer, Farmer Position When Elected: Private Citizen

Political Party: DemocraticChief Opponent: Gerald R. FordSlogan: Not just peanuts.Term of Office: 1977-1981# of Terms: 1Vice President: Walter Frederick MondaleFirst Lady: Rosalynn Smith Carter Children: John, James, Donnel, AmyDied: not yet, currently at age 82

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Geographic Scene: 50 statesNew States: noneWar: noneSlogan: Not Just PeanutsDuring Presidency:Other Facts:1 st president to be born in a hospitalconducted the 1 st presidential phone-in1 st president sworn in by his nicknameworked as a peanut farmer before his presidency, became a millionaire in the peanut industryserved in the navy on the 1 st nuclear submarinewas a dark horse presidentpardoned citizens who illegally avoided fighting in the Vietnam War Emergency Natural Gas Actauthorized the president to deregulate natural gas prices due to theshortage in supplyestablished the Department of EnergyTaft-Harley Actended the strike by coal minersCamp David Accordsagreements that created peace between Israel and EgyptHumphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act (Full Employment and Balance Growth Act) instructed the nation achieve four ultimate goals: full employment, production growth, pricestability, and balance of trade and budget.authorized development of the MX (Missile-eXperimental) missileSALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) IItreaty signed with Soviet Union, although Sovietsdont ratify the treaty, we both agree to comply with the treatys termsMalaise Speechspeech given by Carter blaming problems of the nation on a crisis of confidencedivided the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare into the Department of Education andthe Department of Health and Human ServicesIranian students took 66 American hostages from the U.S. embassy in Tehran, released onCarters last day as president

Carter Doctrineasserted that threats to the Persian Gulf region will be taken as threats to theinterests of the U.S.granted full diplomatic status to the Peoples Republic of China supported worldwide human rightscut off almost all forms of aid to AfghanistanThree Mile Island Accidentthe nuclear power plant on Three Mile Island released radiationthroughout the U.S.Panama Canal Treatygave up the Panama Canal Zone to Panamawon the Nobel Peace Prize after his presidency

Ronald Wilson Reagan

President #: 40Nickname: The Great Communicator, The Gipper, Dutch, Teflon PresidentBorn: 1911 in Tampico, IllinoisEducation: Eureka CollegeJobs: Radio Announcer, Actor, Public OfficialPosition When Elected: Private CitizenPolitical Party: RepublicanChief Opponents: 1st term: Jimmy Carter; 2 nd term: Walter Frederick Mondale

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Slogan: Are You Better Off Than You Were Four Years Ago?Term of Office: 1981-1989# of Terms: 2Vice President: George H.W. Bush (Sr.)First Lady: Nancy Davis ReaganFirst Wife: Jane WymanChildren: Maureen, Michael, Patricia, RonaldDied: 2004 in Bel-Air, Los Angles, CaliforniaGeographic Scene: 50 statesNew States: noneWar: Iran-Iraq War During Presidency: The Space Shuttle Columbia shot into orbit for the 1 st time.Other Facts:oldest president to take office2nd oldest president in historyonly president to have been divorcedonly president to be head of a labor uniongot his 1 st hearing aid while in office1 st president to wear contact lensesappeared with First Lady Nancy Davis in the movie, Hellcats of the Navywas an actor only president to have worn a Nazi uniform (no, he was not a Nazi, he was acting in a movie!)was shot by John Warnock Hinckley, Jr., but advanced medical care saved his lifenominated Sandra Day O Connor to be the 1 st woman Supreme JusticeNew FederalismReagans plan of advocating less federal spending and more state initiative tosolve social and economic problems1 st president to address Britains combined Houses of Parliament, took Britains side in theFalkland Islands conflict with ArgentinaKemp-Roth Tax Cut (Economic Recovery Tax Act) (ERTA)reduced income tax rates byabout 25% over 3 years

Tax Equity & Fiscal Responsibility Actrepealed the some effects of the Kemp-Roth Tax Cut,increased wage base and tax rate, instituted 10% witholding on dividends and interest, repealedscheduled increases in accelerated depreciation deductionsStrategic Defense Initiative (SDI)commonly called Star Wars, it was an attempt to createhigh-technology ground-based and space-based systems to protect the U.S. from nuclear attack Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Balanced Budget Actcut the budget deficit, which was the largestin history at the timeIran-Contra Scandalthe scandal where the U.S. illegally sold arms to Iran in exchange for American hostagesIntermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treatytreaty with the Soviet Union agreeing to eliminatenuclear and ground-based ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of 300-3,400 miles.became diagnosed with Alzheimers disesase after his presidency

Voodoo EconomicsReagans idea of large tax cuts towards the richsuspended aid to Nicaragua and aided the Contra rebelsU.S.-Canadian Trade Pactabandoned tariffs between the 2 countries until 1999

George Herbert Walker Bush

President #: 41Nickname: Poppy

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Born: 1924 in Milton, MassachusettsEducation: Yale UniversityJobs: Businessman, Public OfficialPosition When Elected: Vice PresidentPolitical Party: RepublicanChief Opponent: Michael Stanley DukakisTerm of Office: 1989-1993# of Terms: 1Vice President: James Danforth Quayle IIIFirst Lady: Barbara Pierce BushChildren: George, Robin (died from leukemia at age 3), John, Neil, Marvin, DorothyDied: not yet, currently at age 82Geographic Scene: 50 statesNew States: noneWar: Persian Gulf War, Cold War officially endsDuring Presidency: The Berlin Wall is destroyed by citizens, reuniting Germany. The U.S.S.R.falls and communism is gone from Europe.Other Facts:

played 1 st base for the Yale baseball teambecame the youngest pilot in the Navy up to that point at age 19fought as a Navy bombing pilot during World War IIearn a Distinguished Flying Cross from the Navywas director of the CIA, U.S. ambassador to the UN Exxon Valdez Accidentthe worst oil spill on American Territory, the Exxon Valdez supertanker dumps 240,000 barrels of oil into surrounding water First Lady Barbara Bush was known as everyones grandmotherFinancial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Actcreated a Resolution TrustCorporation (RTC) to close insolvent thrifts and provide funds to pay out insurance to their depositorsFair Labor Standard Amendmentsamended the original act under FDR, raised the minimum

wage to $4.25 per hour Panamas military dictator Manuel Antonio Noriega is captured on the U.S. for drug traffickingchargesAmericans with Disabilities Actforbade discrimination against people with disabilities inemployment, public accommodations, and transportationClean Air Act Amendmenttightened air pollution standards and seeks to reduce urban smog,cut acid rain pollution by 1/2, and eliminate industrial emissions of toxic chemicalsConventional Forces in Europe Treaty (CFE)limited NATO and Warsaw Pact weaponholdings and limited the American troop presence in Central Europe at 195,000.Immigration Act of 1990allowed for the admission of 700,000 aliens per year START I (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty)treaty with the Soviet Union reducing the number of nuclear warheads in both the U.S. and the Soviet Union

Civil Rights Act of 1991made it easier for employees to sue employers because of discriminationUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)an international treatyaimed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gas and stop global warmingUnemployment Compensation Amendmentsextended coverage to the unemployed for 26weeksSTART II (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty)banned the use of MIRVs (MultipleIndependently Targetable Re-Entry Vehicle) and ICBMs (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile)went on a parachute jump on his birthday, 4 years after his presidency

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William Jefferson Clinton

President #: 42Nickname: Comeback Kid

Born: 1946 in Hope, ArkansasEducation: Georgetown University, Oxford University, Yale Law SchoolJobs: Lawyer, Public OfficialPosition When Elected: Arkansas Governor Political Party: DemocraticChief Opponents: 1st: George H. W. Bush; 2 nd: Robert Joseph DoleSlogan: Its time to change America.Term of Office: 1993-2001# of Terms: 2Vice President: Albert Gore, Jr.First Lady: Hillary Diane Rodham ClintonChildren: Chelsea

Died: not yet, currently at age 60Geographic Scene: 50 statesNew States: noneWar: noneDuring Presidency:Other Facts:only president to be elected twice without receiving 50% of the popular voteplayed the tenor and soprano saxophonewas born William Jefferson Blythe IV, later renamed himself after his stepfather was allergic to dust, mold, pollen, cats, Christmas Trees, and dairy products1 st president to be both sued for sexual misconduct and forced to give a deposition while in office1 st president born after World War II

became the nations youngest governor at age 32his biological father, William Blythe III, was killed a few months before Clintons birth in a car accident. Blythe wasnt hurt too much from the crash, but was unconscious and landed face downin a deep puddle and drowned.Family Medical Leave Actrequired companies to provide workers with up to 3 months of unpaid leave for medical and family emergencies.6 people were killed because of a bomb planted under the World Trade Center (terrorist attack)Janet Reno becomes the 1 st woman attorney generalDont Ask, Dont Tell PolicyClintons policy that homosexuals could serve in the military, butcould face military investigations or be expelled if the military found out he was gay.Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Actlaid out a plan to reduce the budget deficit by $496 billionBrady Actrequired a potential handgun purchaser to wait 5 days while a background check is

performed by law enforcement officerssigned the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), eliminating every trade barrier between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico, creating the worlds largest free trade zoneViolent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Actprovided for the hiring of 100,000 more

policemen, and expanded the death penalty to cover more than 50 federal crimesGeneral Agreement Tariff and Trade (GATT)an agreement may by the U.S. and 116 other countries that cut the tariffs by more than 1/3 on many products and created a freer internationalmarket for goods

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Congressional Accountability Actrequired Congress to take the same anti-discrimination rulesthat applied to the rest of the countrya bomb planted in a truck in Oklahoma City kills 168 people (terrorist attack)Madeline Albright becomes the 1 st woman Secretary of Statethe original START I and START II are now signed by the countries of Belarus, Kazakhstan,Russia, UkraineChemical Weapons Conventionmade the production, acquisition, stockpiling, or use of chemical weapons illegalwent on a 6-country tour of Africa during his presidencywas called the 1 st black president because of his liking for blackshad affairs with Paula Jones and Monica Lewinskyonly president to have been impeached, but he not found guiltyaccused of illicit profits from real estate sales on the Whitewater River Carol Mosley Braun becomes the 1 st African-American woman Senator fought poverty and HIV/AIDS in the Clinton Foundation after his presidencyWorld Wide Web revolutionized communication and research

George Walker BushPresident #: 43Nickname: DubyaBorn: 1946 in New Haven, ConnecticutEducation: Yale (Bachelors) and Harvard (M.B.A.)Jobs: Businessman, Public OfficialPosition When Elected: Governor of TexasPolitical Party: RepublicanChief Opponents: 1st: Albert Arnold Gore, Jr. 2 nd: John KerrySlogan:Term of Office: 2001-2009

# of Terms: 2Vice Presidents: Richard Bruce CheneyFirst Lady: Laura Welch BushChildren: Jenna, Barbara (twins)Died: not yetGeographic Scene: 50 StatesNew States: noneWar: 2nd Persian Gulf War Other Facts:one of two managing general partners of the Texas Rangers baseball club from 1989-19941 st president to hold Little League baseball tryouts on the White House lawntwo dogs, Spot and Barney, and one cat, India

flew an F-102 fighter plane in the Texas National Guardson of 41 st president, George Herbert Walker Bushworked in several failed oil companies before becoming governor of TexasAl Gore won the popular vote but lost to him in a disputed election in which recounts of Floridacounties were finally halted by the Supreme Court, in a partisan 5-4 votedecided to reinstate the ban on aid to international groups performing or counseling on abortioncreated the Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives to work to ease regulations onreligious charities to aid to the poor and disadvantagedUS planes attacked Iraqi radar sites to enforce a no-fly zone

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US withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol, a treaty to reduce global warmingU.S. spy plane flies over the South China Sea but is hit by a Chinese fighter jet, forces theAmerican plane to make an emergency landing on Chinese soilstrains ties between 2 nations asthe US demands that China return both the plane and its crew to American authoritiesofficially pledged military support for Taiwan in the event of an attack by Chinasigned a $1.35 trillion tax cut into lawTerrorists hijacked 4 commercial jets and crashed them into the World Trade Center, thePentagon, and the Pennsylvania countrysideappointed Pennsylvania governor Tom Ridge to the new cabinet of director of the Office of Homeland SecurityDepartment of Homeland Security created to fight terroismOperation Enduring FreedomAnthrax scarethe Capital shuts down for the fatal bacteria, $1.5 billion to fight bioterroismwithdrew from Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972Enron Corporation files for Chapter Eleven bankruptcy protectionthe largest bankruptcy casein historyNo Child Left Behind Actoffers local authorities greater flexibility in spending federal dollars,

but requires standardized math and reading testsFormer President Jimmy Carter travels to visit Cuban President Fidel Castroa nuclear arms treaty is signed with Russia to reduce the nukes by 2/3 over the next 10 yearsspace shuttle Columbia explodes, kills 7 crew memberssigned $350 billion tax-cutsigned a ban on late-term abortionsigned an omnibus energy bill to support the energy industries of oil and natural gasspace shuttle Discovery goes on a mission to repair the International Space Station sluggish response to Hurricane Katrina raised doubts about the administrations effectivenesssame-sex marriage banning amendment is turned down by the Senate vetoed a bill for federal funding of embryonic stem cell research signed a bill for construction of a 700-mile fence along the United States-Mexico border Saddam Hussein is hanged in Baghdad, Iraq

Nancy Pelosithe 1 st female Speaker of the House Scooter Libby, Cheneys chief of staffconvicted of perjury and obstruction of justice in thecase of CIA operative, Valerie Plame Wilson Seung-Hui Cho killed himself and 32 fellow students at Virginia TechAntiterrorism Billallowed for screening air and sea cargo, gives more money in governmentantiterrorism grants to states with the greatest risk for terrorist attacksal-Qaeda leader Abu Laith al-Libi is killed by US troops in Pakistan Farm Bill$307 billion bill to provide subsidies to farmers, veto overridden by Congresssigned a $700 billion bailout plan for failing bank assetsissued $17.4 billion auto bailout to General Motors and Chrysler