president of the united states, et al. v. delaware; state of … · 2017-06-07 · representing...

International Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump, --- F.3d ---- (2017)

© 2017 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 1

KeyCite Blue Flag – Appeal Notification

Petition for Certiorari Docketed by DONALD J. TRUMP,

PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, ET AL. v.

INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE ASSISTANCE PROJECT, ET AL.,

U.S., June 2, 2017

2017 WL 2273306Only the Westlaw citation is currently available.

United States Court of Appeals,Fourth Circuit.

INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE ASSISTANCEPROJECT, a project of the Urban Justice Center,

Inc., on behalf of itself and its clients; HIAS, Inc., onbehalf of itself and its clients; Middle East Studies

Association of North America, Inc., on behalfof itself and its members; Muhammed Meteab;

Paul Harrison; Ibrahim Ahmed Mohomed; JohnDoes #1 & 3; Jane Doe #2, Plaintiffs–Appellees,

v.Donald J. TRUMP, in his official capacity as

President of the United States; Department ofHomeland Security; Department of State; Office

of the Director of National Intelligence; JohnF. Kelly, in his official capacity as Secretary ofHomeland Security; Rex W. Tillerson, in hisofficial capacity as Secretary of State; DanielR. Coats, in his official capacity as Director of

National Intelligence, Defendants–Appellants.State of Texas; State of Alabama; State of Arizona;

State of Arkansas; State of Florida; State of Kansas;State of Louisiana; State of Montana; State ofOklahoma; State of South Carolina; State of

South Dakota; State of West Virginia; Phil Bryant,Governor of the State of Mississippi; American

Center for Law and Justice; Southern LegalFoundation, Inc.; American Civil Rights Union;Immigration Reform Law Institute; U.S. Justice

Foundation; Citizens United; Citizens UnitedFoundation; English First Foundation; English First;

Public Advocate of the United States; Gun OwnersFoundation; Gun Owners of America; Conservative

Legal Defense and Education Fund; U.S. BorderControl Foundation; Policy Analysis Center;

Victor Williams, Amici Supporting Appellants,

Interfaith Coalition; Colleges and Universities; T.A.;Commonwealth of Virginia; State of Maryland;

State of California; State of Connecticut; State ofDelaware; State of Illinois; State of Iowa; Stateof Maine; State of Massachusetts; State of New

Mexico; State of New York; State of North Carolina;State of Oregon; State of Rhode Island; State of

Vermont; State of Washington; District of Columbia;City of Chicago; City of Los Angeles; City of NewYork; City of Philadelphia; City Council of New

York; Mayor of the City of New York; City ofAustin; City of Boston; Martin J. Walsh, Mayorof Boston; Town of Carrboro; James A. Diossa,

Mayor of Central Falls, Rhode Island; Cook County,Illinois; City of Gary; City of Iowa City; Svante L.

Myrick, Mayor of Ithaca; City of Jersey City; City ofMadison; City of Minneapolis; Montgomery County;

City of New Haven; Toni N. Harp, Mayor of NewHaven; City of Oakland; City of Portland; City of

Providence; Jorge O. Elorza, Mayor of Providence;City of St. Louis; City of Saint Paul; City of SanFrancisco; County of San Francisco; City of SanJose; Santa Clara County; City of Santa Monica;City of Seattle; Village of Skokie; City of SouthBend; City of Tucson; City of West Hollywood;

Former National Security Officials; Members ofthe Clergy; Riverside Church in the City of New

York; Americans United for Separation of Church& State; Bend the Arc; A Jewish Partnership for

Justice; Southern Poverty Law Center; American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee; New York

University; Roderick & Solange MacArthur JusticeCenter; Howard University School of Law CivilRights Clinic; University Professors & Higher

Education Associations; International Law Scholars;Nongovernmental Organizations; Ismail Elshikh;

ANT-Defamation League; Jewish Council forPuclic Affairs; Union for Reform Judaism; Central

Conference of American Rabbis; Women of ReformJudaism; American Bar Association; Muslim Justice

League; Muslim Public Affairs Council; IslamicCircle of North America; Council on American-Islamic Relations; Asian Americans AdvancingJustice-Asian Law Caucus; National ImmigrantJustice Center; Asista; Americans for Immigrant

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Justice; Futures Without Violence; North CarolinaCoalition Against Domestic Violence; Sanctuary forFamilies; Members of Congress; Service Employees

International Union; American Federation ofState, County & Municipal Employees, American

Federation of Teachers; History Professors &Scholars; Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under

Law; Center for Reproductive Rights; SouthernCoalition for Social Justice; National Center for

Lesbian Rights; Judge David L. Bazelton Center forMental Health Law; Chicago Lawyers' Committeefor Civil Rights Under Law; Mississippi Center forJustice; Washington Lawyers' Committee for CivilRights and Urban Affairs; Technology Companies;Fred T. Korematsu Center for Law & Equality; JayHirabayashi; Holly Yasui; Karen Korematsu; CivilRights Organizations; National Bar Associations

of Color; Foundation for the Children of Iran;Iranian Alliances Across Borders; Massachusetts

Technology Leadership Council; Episcopal Bishops;Immigration Law Scholars & Clinicians on StatutoryClaims; Former Federal Immigration & Homeland

Security Officials; Constitutional Law Scholars;Medical Institutions; Advocacy Organizations;

Individual Physicians; Tahirih Justice Center; AsianPacific Institute on Gender-Based Violence; Casa

de Esperanza; National Domestic Violence Hotline;Interfaith Group of Religious & Interreligious

Organizations; Oxfam America, Inc.; ConstitutionalLaw Professors; American Jewish Committee;Muslim Rights, Professional & Public Health

Organizations; Cato Institute; National AssianPacific American Bar Association; Association

of Art Museum Directors; American Alliance ofMuseums; College Art Association; 94 Art Museums;

American Professional Society on the Abuse ofChildren; Advocates for Human Rights; Asian

Law Alliance; Asian Pacific American Network ofOregon; CASA; Community Refugee & ImmigrationServices; Integrated Refugee & Immigrant Services;Immigrant Law Center of Minnesota; Southeast Asia

Resource Action Center; Immigrant Rights Clinicof Washington; Square Legal Services, Inc.; AirportAttorneys Coalition, Amici Supporting Appellees.

No. 17-1351

|Argued: May 8, 2017

|Decided: May 25, 2017

|Amended: May 31, 2017

SynopsisBackground: Citizens or lawful permanent residentswho had at least one family member seeking entryto United States, and three organizations serving orrepresenting Muslim clients or members, brought actionfor declaratory and injunctive relief against the President,the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and itsSecretary, the Department of State and its Secretary,and the Office of the Director of National Intelligenceand its Director, regarding President's second executiveorder temporarily suspending entry of nationals fromsix predominantly Muslim countries, and suspending for120 days the United States Refugee Admissions Program(USRAP) and decreasing refugee admissions for 2017by more than half. The United States District Courtfor the District of Maryland, No. 8:17-cv-00361-TDC,Theodore D. Chuang, J., 2017 WL 1018235, grantedin part plaintiffs' motion for preliminary injunction,issuing nationwide injunction with respect to temporarysuspension of entry. Defendants appealed.

Holdings: The Court of Appeals, Gregory, Chief Judge,held that:

[1] alleged injuries to one of the plaintiffs, a lawfulpermanent resident, were cognizable for Article IIIpurposes;

[2] plaintiffs seriously called into question the good faithfor President's assertion of facially legitimate reasons forthe executive order, and thus, court was required tostep away from deferential posture for judicial review ofactions of political branches in immigration context;

[3] it was appropriate to apply the Lemon v. Kurtzman testfor an Establishment Clause violation;

[4] plaintiffs were likely to succeed on merits of religiouspurpose element of Establishment Clause claim, asrequired for issuance of preliminary injunction;

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[5] balance of equities and public interest factor weighedin favor of issuing preliminary injunction;

[6] nationwide preliminary injunction was warranted; but

[7] District Court abused its discretion by including thePresident in the injunction.

Affirmed in part and vacated in part.

Traxler, Circuit Judge, filed an opinion concurring in thejudgment.

Barbara Milano Keenan, Circuit Judge, filed an opinionconcurring in part and concurring in the judgment, inwhich Thacker, Circuit Judge, joined in part.

Wynn, Circuit Judge, filed a concurring opinion.

Thacker, Circuit Judge, filed a concurring opinion.

Niemeyer, Circuit Judge, filed a dissenting opinion, inwhich Shedd and Agee, Circuit Judges, joined.

Shedd, Circuit Judge, filed a dissenting opinion, in whichNiemeyer and Agee, Circuit Judges, joined.

Agee, Circuit Judge, filed a dissenting opinion, in whichNiemeyer and Shedd, Circuit Judges, joined.

West Headnotes (60)

[1] Constitutional LawEstablishment of Religion

The Establishment Clause stands as anuntiring sentinel for the protection of one ofthe most cherished founding principles, thatgovernment shall not establish any religiousorthodoxy, or favor or disfavor one religionover another. U.S. Const. Amend. 1.

Cases that cite this headnote

[2] Constitutional LawNecessity of Determination

The doctrine of constitutional avoidancecounsels against the issuance of unnecessaryconstitutional rulings.


[3] Federal CourtsStanding

A district court's legal determination that aplaintiff has Article III standing is reviewed denovo. U.S. Const. art. 3, § 2, cl. 1.


[4] Federal CourtsCase or Controversy Requirement

The Constitution's gatekeeping requirementthat federal courts may adjudicate only“Cases” or “Controversies” obligates courtsto determine whether litigants have standingto bring suit. U.S. Const. art. 3, § 2, cl. 1.


[5] Federal Civil ProcedureIn general; injury or interest

Federal Civil ProcedureCausation; redressability

To demonstrate Article III standing andthus invoke federal jurisdiction, a party mustestablish that: (1) it has suffered an injury infact; (2) the injury is fairly traceable to thedefendants' actions; and (3) it is likely, andnot merely speculative, that the injury will beredressed by a favorable decision. U.S. Const.art. 3, § 2, cl. 1.



To establish a cognizable injury, as elementfor Article III standing, a plaintiff must showthat he or she suffered an invasion of alegally protected interest that is concrete andparticularized and actual or imminent, not

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conjectural or hypothetical. U.S. Const. art. 3,§ 2, cl. 1.



In evaluating Article III standing, the courtmust be careful not to decide the question onthe merits for or against the plaintiffs, andmust therefore assume that on the merits theplaintiffs would be successful in their claims.U.S. Const. art. 3, § 2, cl. 1.


[8] Constitutional LawFreedom of Religion and Conscience

To establish Article III standing for anEstablishment Clause claim, a plaintiff musthave personal contact with the allegedestablishment of religion, and a mere abstractobjection to unconstitutional conduct is notsufficient to confer standing. U.S. Const. art.3, § 2, cl. 1; U.S. Const. Amend. 1.


[9] Constitutional LawFreedom of Religion and Conscience

Because Establishment Clause violationsseldom lead to physical injury or pecuniaryloss, the Article III standing inquiry hasbeen adapted to also include the kindof noneconomic or intangible injuries thatEstablishment Clause plaintiffs are morelikely to suffer, and feelings of marginalizationand exclusion are cognizable forms of injury.U.S. Const. art. 3, § 2, cl. 1; U.S. Const.Amend. 1.


[10] Aliens, Immigration, and CitizenshipInjunction

United StatesReview of presidential actions

Alleged injuries to plaintiff Muslim lawfulpermanent resident were cognizable, forpurposes of Article III standing to seekdeclaratory and injunctive relief based onEstablishment Clause challenge to President'sexecutive order temporarily suspending entryof nationals from six predominantly Muslimcountries; a visa application on behalf ofplaintiff's wife, a national of one of thedesignated countries, had been approved buther entry would be barred if the ordertook effect, thereby prolonging plaintiff'sseparation from his wife, and he alleged thatthe order sent a state-sanctioned messagecondemning his religion and causing himto feel excluded and marginalized in hiscommunity. U.S. Const. art. 3, § 2, cl. 1;U.S. Const. Amend. 1; Immigration andNationality Act §§ 212(f), 215(a), 8 U.S.C.A.§§ 1182(f), 1185(a); Executive Order No.13,780, § 2(c), 6, March 6, 2017, 82 Fed. Reg.13209, 2017 WL 875616.



Article III standing can be premised on athreatened injury rather than actual injury, aslong as the threat of injury is both real andimmediate. U.S. Const. art. 3, § 2, cl. 1.



The purpose of the imminence requirementfor a threatened injury is to ensure thatthe alleged injury is not too speculative forArticle III purposes, i.e., it must be certainlyimpending. U.S. Const. art. 3, § 2, cl. 1.




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Threatened injury to plaintiff Muslimlawful permanent resident, from prolongedseparation from his wife, whose visaapplication had been approved, wasimminent, as required for injury-in-factelement for Article III standing to seekdeclaratory and injunctive relief based onEstablishment Clause challenge to President'sexecutive order temporarily suspending entryof nationals from six predominantly Muslimcountries, including a country for whichplaintiff's wife was a national; order appearedto operate by design to delay issuance ofvisas to foreign nationals, and government'ssuggestion that pending visa applicationsmight be denied rather than delayed suggestedthat wife would need to restart the lengthyvisa application process if order was enforced.U.S. Const. art. 3, § 2, cl. 1; U.S. Const.Amend. 1; Immigration and Nationality Act§§ 212(f), 215(a), 8 U.S.C.A. §§ 1182(f),1185(a); Executive Order No. 13,780, § 2(c), 6,March 6, 2017, 82 Fed. Reg. 13209, 2017 WL875616.




In assessing whether plaintiff Muslim lawfulpermanent resident had an injury sufficientto support Article III standing to seekdeclaratory and injunctive relief based onEstablishment Clause challenge to President'sexecutive order temporarily suspending entryof nationals from six predominantly Muslimcountries, based on plaintiff's allegation thatthe order sent a state-sanctioned messagecondemning his religion and causing himto feel excluded and marginalized in hiscommunity, the court would not delveinto whether the order sent a sufficientlyreligious message such that it violated theEstablishment Clause; that was a meritsdetermination, and the court could assumethe merits of plaintiff's claim when assessinghis standing. U.S. Const. art. 3, § 2, cl.

1; U.S. Const. Amend. 1; Immigration andNationality Act §§ 212(f), 215(a), 8 U.S.C.A.§§ 1182(f), 1185(a); Executive Order No.13,780, § 2(c), 6, March 6, 2017, 82 Fed. Reg.13209, 2017 WL 875616.


[15] Federal Civil ProcedureRights of third parties or public

The prudential standing doctrine includesa general prohibition on a litigant's raisinganother person's legal rights.


[16] Federal CourtsAliens, immigration, and citizenship

Ripeness requirement was satisfied, for actionby citizens or lawful permanent residentswho had at least one family member seekingentry to United States, which action soughtdeclaratory and injunctive relief based onEstablishment Clause challenge to President'sexecutive order temporarily suspending entryof nationals from six predominantly Muslimcountries; while order allowed waivers,plaintiffs were bringing a facial constitutionalchallenge, and plaintiffs would suffer unduehardship if their family members wererequired to attempt to secure a waiverbefore plaintiffs could challenge the order.U.S. Const. Amend. 1; Immigration andNationality Act §§ 212(f), 215(a), 8 U.S.C.A.§§ 1182(f), 1185(a); Executive Order No.13,780, § 2(c), 6, March 6, 2017, 82 Fed. Reg.13209, 2017 WL 875616.


[17] Federal CourtsFitness and hardship

When evaluating ripeness, the court considers:(1) the fitness of the issues for judicialdecision, and (2) the hardship to the parties ofwithholding court consideration.


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An action is fit for judicial resolution, aselement of ripeness analysis, when the issuesare purely legal and when the action incontroversy is final and not dependent onfuture uncertainties.



Hardship from withholding consideration bythe court, as element of ripeness analysis, ismeasured by the immediacy of the threat andthe burden imposed on the plaintiff.


[20] Aliens, Immigration, and CitizenshipJudicial review and intervention


Doctrine of consular nonreviewability didnot bar judicial review of EstablishmentClause challenge, brought by citizens or lawfulpermanent residents who had at least onefamily member seeking entry to United States,to President's executive order temporarilysuspending entry of nationals from sixpredominantly Muslim countries; claims wereconstitutional in nature, and claims werenot being brought by aliens, i.e., the familymembers. U.S. Const. Amend. 1; Immigrationand Nationality Act §§ 212(f), 215(a), 8U.S.C.A. §§ 1182(f), 1185(a); Executive OrderNo. 13,780, § 2(c), 6, March 6, 2017, 82 Fed.Reg. 13209, 2017 WL 875616.



Judicial review of a consular official's decisionto issue or withhold a visa is proper in casesinvolving claims by United States citizensrather than by aliens, and involving statutory

claims that are accompanied by constitutionalones.



The doctrine of consular nonreviewabilitydoes not bar judicial review of constitutionalclaims.


[23] Constitutional LawNature and scope in general

Constitutional LawDetermination of constitutionality of

actions of other branches in general

It is emphatically the province and duty of thejudicial department to say what the law is, andthis duty will sometimes involve the resolutionof litigation challenging the constitutionalauthority of one of the three branches, butcourts cannot avoid their responsibility.


[24] InjunctionExtraordinary or unusual nature of

remedy

A preliminary injunction is an extraordinaryremedy involving the exercise of very far-reaching power, and is to be granted onlysparingly and in limited circumstances.


[25] InjunctionGrounds in general; multiple factors

For a district court to grant a preliminaryinjunction, a plaintiff must establish that: (1)he is likely to succeed on the merits; (2) he islikely to suffer irreparable harm in the absenceof preliminary relief; (3) the balance of equitiestips in his favor; and (4) an injunction is in thepublic interest.

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[26] Federal CourtsPreliminary injunction; temporary

restraining order

On appeal from the issuance of a preliminaryinjunction, the District Court's factualfindings are reviewed for clear error and itslegal conclusions are reviewed de novo.



Courts do not apply rational basis reviewto Establishment Clause challenges, becausethat would mean dispensing with the purposeinquiry that is so central to EstablishmentClause review. U.S. Const. Amend. 1.


[28] Aliens, Immigration, and CitizenshipPower to regulate in general



Despite the political branches' plenary powerover immigration, that power is still subject toimportant constitutional limitations, and it isthe judiciary's responsibility to uphold thoselimitations.


[29] Constitutional LawDetermination of constitutionality of


The political branches' power overimmigration is not tantamount to aconstitutional blank check, and vigorousjudicial review is required when animmigration action's constitutionality is inquestion.


[30] Aliens, Immigration, and CitizenshipPower to regulate in general



The judicial branch affords significantdeference to the political branches in theimmigration context, and the governmentneed only show that the challenged action isfacially legitimate and bona fide, to defeat aconstitutional challenge.




For the challenged action of the politicalbranches, in the immigration context, tobe facially legitimate, as element forthe government to defeat a constitutionalchallenge under deferential judicial review,there must be a valid reason for the challengedaction stated on the face of the action.




For the challenged action of the politicalbranches, in the immigration context, to bebona fide, as element for the governmentto defeat a constitutional challenge underdeferential judicial review, the action musthave been taken in good faith.


[33] CourtsNumber of judges concurring in opinion,

and opinion by divided court

When a fragmented Supreme Court decidesa case and no single rationale explainingthe result enjoys the assent of five Justices,the holding of the Court may be viewed asthat position taken by those Members who

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concurred in the judgments on the narrowestgrounds.




Where a plaintiff, who is challenging onconstitutional grounds the action of thepolitical branches in the immigration context,makes an affirmative showing of bad faiththat is plausibly alleged with sufficientparticularity, courts may look behind thechallenged action to assess its faciallylegitimate justification.


[35] Aliens, Immigration, and CitizenshipConstitutional questions

Aliens, Immigration, and CitizenshipInjunction


Challengers' plausible allegations, made withparticularity, seriously called into questionthe good faith for President's assertionof facially legitimate reasons for executiveorder temporarily suspending entry ofnationals from six predominantly Muslimcountries, and thus, the court was requiredto step away from deferential posturefor judicial review of actions of politicalbranches in immigration context, and insteadconduct more searching review that lookedbeyond order's stated reasons, in action fordeclaratory and injunctive relief, assertingEstablishment Clause violation; challengersalleged that order invoked national securityas pretext for anti-Muslim religious purpose,and they pointed to ample evidence,including President's numerous statementsas a candidate expressing animus towardsIslamic faith, a previous executive orderthat included a preference for religiousminorities in majority-Muslim nations, andevidence that the order would not diminish

the threat of terrorist activity. U.S. Const.Amend. 1; Immigration and Nationality Act§§ 212(f), 215(a), 8 U.S.C.A. §§ 1182(f),1185(a); Executive Order No. 13,780, § 2(c), 6,March 6, 2017, 82 Fed. Reg. 13209, 2017 WL875616.


[36] Aliens, Immigration, and CitizenshipSecurity and Related Grounds

Constitutional LawParticular Issues and Applications

It was appropriate to apply the Lemon v.Kurtzman test for an Establishment Clauseviolation, where challengers had providedplausible allegations, made with particularity,that seriously called into question thegood faith for President's assertion offacially legitimate national-security reasonsfor executive order temporarily suspendingentry of nationals from six predominantlyMuslim countries. U.S. Const. Amend. 1;Immigration and Nationality Act §§ 212(f),215(a), 8 U.S.C.A. §§ 1182(f), 1185(a);Executive Order No. 13,780, § 2(c), 6, March6, 2017, 82 Fed. Reg. 13209, 2017 WL 875616.



Under the Lemon v. Kurtzman test foran Establishment Clause violation, thegovernment must show that: (1) thechallenged action has a secular legislativepurpose; (2) its principal or primary effectis one that neither advances nor inhibitsreligion; and (3) it does not foster an excessivegovernment entanglement with religion. U.S.Const. Amend. 1.


[38] Constitutional LawSecular p

president of the united states, et al. v. delaware; state of … · 2017-06-07 · representing...

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