Presented by: Brady Lawson and Riley Callahan

Confrontations in the Middle East

Chapter 17 Section 4

Growth in the oil industry throughout the Middle East caused a conflict between the old-fashioned Islamic idealisms and the modernized Western avariciousness

Iran’s leader, at the time, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was a main supporter for the implementation of Western governments and their oil companies

Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran

Iranian nationalists opposed the foreign alliancesThey united within the

leadership of Prime Minister Muhammad Mossaddeq

They seized and nationalized British oil company, after which they forced the shah to flee

The United States feared that Mossaddeq would enlist the Soviets for support so they had him arrested and returned the shah to power

Secular Clashes

Combined with US power the shah westernized his countryMillions of Iranians, however,

continued to live in poverty The Shah attempted to limit the

political influence of religion by limiting the roles of the Islamic legal and academia

The conservative Muslim leaders (aka ayatollahs) opposed this oppressive rule They believed Western influence to be

corrupting both morally and sociallyThey wanted Iran to be a republic

ruled by the Islamic law makers

The United States

Supports the

Secular Rule

Iranian Poverty

Ayatollahs

Former Iranian Secret Police

Member

The leader of the ayatollahs was Ayatollah Ruholla KhomeiniHe lived in exile

He recorded messages which spurred strikes and starting in 1978 riots broke out all over Iran This outbreak led to the shah fleeing in January

1979After this Khomeini returned from his exile

and established an Islamic state

Ayatollah Rule

Khomeini’s Anti-US Policies Islam was the central

theme by which Khomeini instituted domestic policies

The United States took Khomeini in for medical treatment in 1979 so, with his blessing, a group of revolutionaries seized the US embassy in Tehran capturing over 60 hostages for 444 days until their release on January 20, 1981

A letter from President

Carter demanding

the release of the Hostages

of Tehran immediately.

Khomeini encouraged Muslim fundamentalists in other countries to overthrow their secular governments. This only heightened tensions between Iran

and Iraq because the Iraqis belonged to to the rival Sunni Muslim sect.

In 1980 war broke out between the two countries lasting for over eight years.

The United States secretly sold weapons to Iran in attempt to get their hostages released. Over one-million Iraqis and Iranians died in

the struggle.

Superpower Face OffFollowing World War II Afghanistan maintained

its independence from the United States and the Soviet Union until the 1950s.

The soviet union started to influence the government.

In the 1970s a Muslim revolt threatened to overthrow Afghanistan’s communist regime. This triggered the soviet invasion in December

1979.

Continued… The Soviets expected to stop the rebellion quickly and

withdraw from Afghanistan within a year. The Soviets ended up in Afghanistan for ten years

because the Mujahideen, supplied by America with weapons, new the terrain better and used being able to blend in to their advantage.

This war closely mirrored that of the Vietnam war fought by the United States.

American Response The United States supplied the rebels with weapons because

they considered the Soviet Union a threat to the rich Middle eastern oil supplies.

President Jimmy Carter warned the Soviets that any attempt to gain control of the Persian Gulf would be repelled by any means necessary. No such attempt was made by the Soviet Union.

The United states also boycotted the 1980 summer Olympics in Moscow.

Soviets Pull Out In the 1980s a new soviet regime acknowledged the war’s

devastating cost and decided to withdraw their troops from Afghanistan.

After a ten year occupation the Soviets finally withdraw from Afghanistan in February 1989.

By the end of the war internal unrest and economic problems were tearing the Soviet Union apart

Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi Iran’s leader after WWII who embraced Western influences

Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini Head of Muslim conservative leaders whom opposed the Western move

and organized several forms of protestation

Crisis in Tehran With the ayatollah’s approval a group of men captured over 60

hostages and held them for 444 days

Saddam Hussein Governed Iraq as a secular state in opposition of Iran

Mujahideen Rebels in Afghanistan

Mikhail Gorbachev Leader of a new Soviet regime which ended hostilities in Afghanistan

Review of Key Terms

Quiz1. Who was Iran’s leader who embraced Westernized governments and companies?

2. What is the name of the conservative Muslim leaders, and their main headman?

3. How did the Muslim leaders wish Iran to be governed as?

4. Which Prime Minister forced the shah to leave in the early 1950’s?

5. What happened at the Tehran hostage crisis?

6. Who did the U.S secretly sell weapons to during the Iran and Iraq war and why?

7. What two advantage did the Mujahideen have over the Soviets?

8.What was the United States worried about the Soviet Union taking control of?

9. How long did the Soviet Union occupy Afghanistan.?

10.What war, fought by the United Sates, mirrors the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan?

Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi

Ayatollah’s and their leader was Ruholla KhomeiniAs a republic ruled by Islamic law

Prime Minister Muhammad MossaddeqRevolutionaries captured 60+ hostages for 444 days

Iran because they hoped to get back the hostages being held by IranThey could blend in and they knew the terrain

Oil supplies in the Persian Gulf

10 years

The Vietnam war

http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/iraniraq.htm

http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/Iran_Iraq_War_Legal_and_International_Dimensions.htm

http://muftah.org/attacking-iran-lessons-from-the-iran-iraq-war/

http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/sociopol_brzezinski06.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_war_in_Afghanistan

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/apr/28/afghanistan-mujahideen-taliban

http://www.raxanreeb.com/wp-content/uploads/al-shabaab.jpg

http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Everyone%20Else/pages-4/CIA-dealt-devastating-blow-by-Taliban-forces-Scrape-TV-The-World-on-your-side.html

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/5215392/Taliban-troops-make-tactical-retreat-from-Buner-district.html

http://www.currybet.net/cbet_blog/2008/08/a-brief-history-of-olympic-dis-8.php

Works Cited