Research on Breast Cancer

Made by MS Fadi Saad

Diagram of the BreastThe breast is a glandular organ.It is made up of a network of

mammary ducts.Each breast has about 15-20

mammary ducts that lead to lobes that are made up of lobules.

The lobules contain cells that secrete milk that are stimulated by estrogen and progesterone which are ovarian hormones.

Definition of Breast Cancer

BC is malignant(cancer) tumor that originating from breast tissue, most commonly from the inner lining of milk ducts or the lobules that supply the ducts with milk. Cancers originating from ducts are known as ductal carcinomas, while those originating from lobules are known as lobular carcinomas. Breast cancer occurs in humans and other mammals. While the overwhelming majority of human cases occur in women, male breast cancer can also occur.

History about BC in female * The first case-controlled study on breast cancer epidemiology was done by Janet Lane - Claypon , who published a comparative study in 1926 of 500 breast cancer cases and 500 control patients of the same background and lifestyle for the British Ministry of Health.

• In the 1980s and 1990s, thousands of women who had successfully completed standard treatment then demanded and received high-dose bone marrow transplants, thinking this would lead to better long-term survival. However, it proved completely ineffective, and 15–20% of women died because of the brutal treatment.

• Prominent women who died of breast cancer include Anne of Austria, the mother of Louis XIV of France; Mary Washington, mother of George, and Rachel Carson, the environmentalist.

Types of BCThere are many types of breast cancer, but some of them are very rare, Sometimes a breast tumor can be a mix of these types or a mixture of invasive and in situ cancer: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) Invasive (or infiltrating) ductal

carcinoma (IDC) Invasive (infiltrating) lobular

carcinoma (ILC) Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) Metastatic breast cancer Triple negative breast cancer

Signs & Symptoms The most common symptom of breast cancer is a new lump or mass. A lump that is painless, hard, and has uneven edges is more likely to be cancer. But some cancers are tender, soft, and rounded or even painful. So it's important to have anything new or unusual checked by a doctor.

Other symptoms of breast cancer include the following: Swelling of all or part of the breast Skin irritation or dimpling Breast pain Nipple pain or the nipple turning inward Redness, scaliness , or thickening of the nipple or breast skin A nipple discharge other than breast milk

Although these symptoms can be caused by things other than breast cancer, it is important to have them checked out by doctor.

Symptoms

Diagnosis the BC (test diagnosis)MammogramsClinical breast examBreast awareness and breast self-examMRI (magnetic resonance imaging)Breast ultrasoundBiopsyHER2/neu statusTests of gene patterns

Risk Factor of BCWhile we do not yet know exactly what causes breast cancer, we do know that certain risk factors are linked to the disease, A risk factor is something that affects your chance of getting a disease such as cancer.

Risk factors you cannot changeGenderAgeGenetic risk factorsFamily historyPersonal history of

breast cancer:Race

Dense breast tissueCertain benign (not

cancer) breast problemsBreast radiation early in

lifeMenstrual periodsLobular carcinoma in situ

Risk of Factor of BC

Risk and lifestyle choices

Not having children or having them later in life Certain kinds of birth control Using hormone therapy after menopause Not breastfeeding Alcohol Being overweight or obese

The percentage of infection

TNM Staging System

• size (T stands for tumor)• lymph node involvement (N stands for node)• whether the cancer has

metastasized (M stands for metastasis), or moved beyond the breast to other parts of the body.

Treatment & Medication

The main types of treatment for breast cancer are:

SurgeryRadiationChemotherapyHormone therapyDrugs

Epidemiology• Breast cancer is related to age with only 5% of all breast cancers

occur in women under 40 years old.• In the twelve world regions, the annual age-standardized incidence

rates per 100,000 women are as follows: Eastern Asia – 18 per 100,000 women South Central Asia - 22 per 100,000 women Sub-Saharan Africa – 22 per 100,000 women South-Eastern Asia – 26 per 100,000 women North Africa - 28 per 100,000 women Western Asia - 28 per 100,000 women South and Central America - 42 per 100,000 women Eastern Europe - 49 per 100,000 women Southern Europe - 56 per 100,000 women Northern Europe - 73 per 100,000 women

References

Wikipedia.com National Cancer institute.com WebMD.comMayoclinic.comAmerican Cancer SocietyBreast health center

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