presentation of histology 2008-2009 - breast cancer ( type 2007 )

8/3/2019 Presentation of Histology 2008-2009 - Breast Cancer ( Type 2007 )

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Breast Cancer


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Ductal carcinoma: cancer begins in the

cells of the ducts ( most common type ).

Breast profile:A ducts

B lobules

C dilated section of duct to hold milk

D nipple

E fatF pectoralis major muscle

G chest wall/rib cage

Enlargement:A normal duct cells

B ductal cancer cells

C basement membrane

D lumen (center of duct)


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Lobular carcinoma: Cancer begins in

the lobes or lobules

Breast profile:A ducts

B lobules

C dilated section of duct to hold milk

D nipple

E fat

F pectoralis major muscle

G chest wall/rib cage

Enlargement:A normal cells

B lobular cancer cells breakingthrough the basement membrane

C basement membrane


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Inflammatory breast cancer

Cancer has spread tothe skin of the breast

the breast looks red andswollen and feels warm.

The redness andwarmth occur becausethe cancer cells blockthe lymph vessels in the

skin.


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Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called

a Risk factor.


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Hereditary breast cancer

It represents 5% to 10% of all breast cancer. Women who have an altered gene related to

breast cancer and who have had breast cancer in

one breast have an increased risk of developingbreast cancer in the other breast.

These women also have an increased risk of

developing ovarian cancer, and may have anincreased risk of developing other cancers.

Tests have been developed that can detect

altered genes.


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Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast.


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Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues

to check for signs of cancer.

Excisional biopsy :The

removal of an entire lump of

tissue.

Incisional biopsy :Theremoval of part of a lump or

a sample of tissue.

Core biopsy: The removal of

tissue using a wide needle.

Fine-needle aspiration

(FNA) biopsy: The removal

of tissue or fluid, using a thin

needle.


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MRI (magnetic resonance imaging):

A procedure that

uses a magnet,radio waves, and

a computer to

make a series of

detailed pictures

of areas inside

the body.


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Estrogen and progesterone receptor

test:

Effects of estrogen and progesterone on the

growth of cancer cells

The test results show whether hormone

therapy may stop the cancer from growing.


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The process used to find out whether the cancer

has spread within the breast or to other parts of

the body is called Staging.

the staging process determines the stage of the

disease , important to determine the plan

treatment.


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The three ways that cancer spreads in the

body are:

Through tissue. Cancer invades the

surrounding normal tissue.

Through the lymph system. Cancer invades

the lymph system and travels through the

lymph vessels to other places in the body.

Through the blood. Cancer invades the veins

and capillaries and travels through the blood

to other places in the body.


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When cancer cells break away from the primary (original)tumor and travel through the lymph or blood to otherplaces in the body, another (secondary) tumor may form.

This process is called metastasis The secondary (metastatic) tumor is the same type of

cancer as the primary tumor.

For example, if breast cancer spreads to the bones, the

cancer cells in the bones are actually breast cancer cells.The disease is metastatic breast cancer, not bone cancer

On the bone scan multiple osseous metastases can be seen

St f B t C


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Stages of Breast Cancer Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ):

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a noninvasive condition

Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is an invasive condition

Stage I: The tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller and has not spread outside the breast.

Stage IIA:

the tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller and has spread to the axillary lymph nodes

the tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters and has not

spread to the axillary lymph nodes.

Stage IIB

larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters and has spread to the

axillary lymph nodes

larger than 5 centimeters but has not spread to the axillary lymph nodes.

In stage IIIA: Cancer is found in axillary lymph nodes that are attached to each other or

to other structures, or cancer may be found in lymph nodes near the sternum


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Stage IIIB

The tumor may be any size and cancer has spread to :

to the chest wall and/or the skin of the breast

to axillary lymph nodes

to lymph nodes near the sternum.Cancer that has spread to the skin of the breast is inflammatory breastcancer.

Stage IIIC

the tumor may be any size and may have spread to:the chest wall and/or the skin of the breast.

to lymph nodes above or below the clavicle

to axillary lymph nodes or to lymph nodes near the sternum.

Cancer that has spread to the skin of the breast is inflammatory breastcancer.

In operable stage IIIC, the cancer is found in lymph nodes below the clavicle

In inoperable stage IIIC, the cancer is found in lymph nodes above the clavicle

Stage IV: The cancer has spread to other organs of the body, most often

the bones, lungs, liver, or brain.


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The prognosis (chance of recovery) and

treatment options depend on the following:


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1- Surgery

a)- Breast-

conserving

surgery, an

operation toremove the

cancer but not

the breastitself


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1- Surgery

b)- Totalmastectomy:Surgery to

remove thewhole breastthat has cancer.

This procedureis also called asimplemastectomy.


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1- Surgery

c)- Modifiedradicalmastectomy:Surgery to remove

the whole breastthat has cancer,many of thelymph nodesunder the arm,

the lining over thechest muscles, andsometimes, partof the chest wall

muscles.


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1- Surgery

d)- Radicalmastectomy:Surgery to removethe breast that hascancer, chest wallmuscles under thebreast, and all ofthe lymph nodesunder the arm.

This procedure issometimes calleda Halsted radicalmastectomy.


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Radiation therapy cancer treatment using high-energy x-rays or other

types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them fromgrowing.

External radiation therapy uses a machine outside thebody to send radiation toward the cancer.

Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substanceare placed directly into or near the cancer.


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Chemotherapy

Cancer treatment using drugs to stop thegrowth of cancer cells, either by killing the

cells or by stopping them from dividing. When

Regional chemotherapy :drugs act on site of introduction

Systemic chemotherapy : thedrug is taken by mouth or injected into a

vein or muscle, enter the bloodstream

and can reach cancer cells throughout

the body


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Hormone therapy

Cancer treatment that removes hormones or blockstheir action to stops cancer cells from growing.

The hormone estrogen, which makes some breast

cancers grow, is made mainly by the ovaries. Treatment to stop the ovaries from making estrogen

is called ovarian ablation.

Hormone therapy with aromatase inhibitorsdecrease the body's estrogen by blocking an

enzyme called aromatase from turning androgen

into estrogen.


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Try to maintain a healthy weight throughout

your life

Do not smoke and limit alcohol consumption

Eat healthy and limit fatty food

Exercise regularly and stay active at every

stage of life

Avoid medications and antibiotics except

when absolutely necessary


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presentation of histology 2008-2009 - breast cancer ( type 2007 )

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