Presentation of Theories

Said Abid s/o Said Tahir

Banking and Finance Scholar

Albukhary International

University16 December 2013

1. Social Cognitive Learning Theory (Denler, Wolters, & Benzon, 2013).

2. Cognitive Learning Theory (Gardner, 1982).

3. Maslow’s Theory of Deficiency Needs (McLeod, 2013).

4. The Elaboration Theory by Reigeluth (1999a:426).

5. The Elaboration Theory: Epitomizing (Reigluth, 1999).

Table of the Contents

Social Cognitive Learning Theory

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Summary of the Social Cognitive Learning Theory

Using social learning methods, the teacher has the children sit in a circle on a

large carpet for group time.  The children are arranged so that every person is

visible. The teacher sits at the head of the circle and reads The Milk Makers, by

Gail Gibbons. After the story, the teacher distributes four cards to each child

displaying four stages of milk production (Denler, Wolters, & Benzon, 2013).

The Theory explains that the Children can understand better while the

teacher is having the discussion and explaining the story together with

his pupils while setting with them. Through this way, the children can

improve their level of understanding, memorizing, and can understand

the lesson easily. And through this way the student become more

brave, courage, and attentive.

Application

Summary Cognitive Learning Theory

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When the topic seems exhausted the teacher reads the book, The Milk

Makers, by Gail Gibbons.  The children are encouraged to interrupt

the story for questions related to the previous hypotheses.  As the

children interact with the story they are asked to edit their earlier

ideas (Gardner, 1982).

Summary Cognitive Learning Theory

Maslow’s Theory of Deficiency needs

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Summary of Maslow’s Theory of Deficiency needs

The deficiency, or basic needs are said to

motivate people when they are unmet. Also, the

need to fulfill such needs will become stronger

the longer the duration they are denied (Mcleod,

2013).

The longer a person goes without food the more

hungry they will become.

Application

Elaboration Theory

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Elaboration theory helps users “ select and

sequence content in a way that will

optimize the attainment of learning

goals” Reigeluth (1999a:426) quoted by

Wiley (2000:37).

Summary of the Elaboration theory

The Elaboration Theory can really help AIU

student while describing them about insomnia.

This is because the theory follow a step by step

framework, where AIU students can fully

understand and eliminate this problem in the

future.

Application

Elaboration Theory: Epitomizing

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Epitomizing is finding the simplest version of

the task to teach and that is still representative of

the entire task (Reigluth, 1999).

Summary of the Elaboration Theory: Epitomizing

From the Elaboration Theory the model of

Epitomizing can really help AIU students in

Eliminating Insomnia. This is because AIU students

prefer a simple way of describing information, so by

using this theory they can avoid insomnia problem in

the future.

Application

• Denler, H., Wolters, C., & Benzon, M. (2013). Social Cognitive Theory. Eduction.com, 1.

•  

• Gardner, H (1982).  Art, mind and brain: A cognitive approach to creativity.  Basic Books: 

USA. 

• McLeod, S. A. (2007). Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved from http://

www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html

• Reigeluth, C. M. (1979). In search of a better way to organize instruction: The elaboration

theory. Journal of Instructional Development, 2 (3), 8-15.

• Reigeluth, C. M. (1999a). The elaboration theory: Guidance for scope and sequence

decisions. In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional design theories and models: A new

paradigm of instructional theory. (pp. 5-29). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

References