presentation of the work: “ qos-enabled group communication in integrated vanet-lte heterogeneous...
TRANSCRIPT
PRESENTATION OF THE WORK: “ QoS-ENABLED GROUP COMMUNICATION IN INTEGRATED VANET-LTE HETEROGENEOUS
WIRELESS NETWORKS ”
AGENDA OF THE PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION PROPOSED VANET-LTE INTEGRATED
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE CLUSTER HEAD ELECTION MULTICASTING IN THE INTEGRATED
NETWORK LOWER-LEVEL OVERLAY MESH-BASED
SHARED MULTICAST TREE UPPER-LEVEL COMMUNICATION AND
DYNAMIC SCHEDULING OF LTE eNB QoS FRAMEWORK COMPONENTS OF LTE eNB RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH
© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE ICC 2011© PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE ICC 2011
CONFIDENTIALCONFIDENTIAL
INTRODUCTION TO BEYOND 3G HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS
NETWORKS Integration of 3GPP-based cellular networks with the IEEE 802.11 WiFi
family. HWN in this paper: Integration of 3GPP LTE with IEEE 802.11p-based
VANETs for seamless multimedia data connectivity over mobile vehicles. IEEE 802.11p-based VANETs:
Unlicensed Frequency: 5.9 GHz Gross Data Rates: 6 to 27 Mbps Peak Radio Communication Range: 300 metres Total number of channels: 7 ; Channel Frequency : 10 MHz
Long Term Evolution (LTE): Peak downlink data rates of 100 Mbps and uplink data rates of 50 Mbps RAN round-trip time of 1.4 ms Bandwidth ranging from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz.
ENVISIONED VANET-LTE INTEGRATED NETWORK
ARCHITECTUREServing
GW PDN GW
Internet Global Servers
CL 1.1
CL1. 2Moving Direction
BSTOrdinary Vehicle
Gateway Candidate
Gateway
BST
LTE Active Region
CL 2.2
CL2.1 Moving Direction
Signaling network
RSVP
Core Network
SACM
PPM
GWMM
SCMM
Moving Direction
Moving Direction
LTE Active Region
ENVISIONED VANET-LTE INTEGRATED NETWORK
Individual vehicular entities in a VANET: Ordinary Vehicles: Activated with IEEE 802.11p only. Gateway Candidates: Activated with IEEE 802.11p, but only enabled with LTE E-UTRAN Gateways: Activated with both IEEE 802.11p and LTE E-UTRAN, which are instantaneous Cluster
Heads of individual sub-clusters of the network.
Components of the LTE network: eNodeB (eNB): LTE Base Station Transceiver. Serving GW: Performs routing within the core components and network switching functions. PDN GW: Packet Data Network Gateway for communication with external network and performs
packet-switching within UMTS
QoS Framework modules: GWMM: Gateway Management Module SCMM: Sub-cluster Management Module SACM: Session Admission Control Module PPM: Policy Provisioning Module
LTE ACTIVE REGION AND GATEWAY CANDIDATES
LTE Active Region : Region within VANET where LTE Received Signal Strength (RSS) is profound/intense (Greater than a pre-defined SSTh) .
Gateway Candidates (GWC): Vehicles in VANET, equipped with both IEEE 802.11p and LTE eUTRAN interfaces, lying within or moving into the LTE Active Region.
Ordinary Vehicles (OV): Vehicles in VANET, that are either not equipped with IEEE 802.11p and UTRAN interfaces, or not lying within or moving into the LTE Active Region.
Selection of minimum number of optimal gateways per direction to enable VANET communication with LTE. E-UTRAN interface is activated only on these gateways
Advantages of having minimum number of optimal Gateways: Reduce bottleneck at LTE eNB by minimizing unnecessary allocation of additional E-
UTRAN channels to vehicles during their short time of existence in VANET. Efficient handovers during loss of optimality.
CLUSTER HEAD ELECTION
Metrics used in CH Election Mechanism: IEEE 802.11p transmission rate (Tx)
LTE Uplink/Downlink Channel Quality Indication (CQIeNB)
Relative Distance (Dr)
Leading-edge GWC: Identified by the absence of GWCs behind it and Trailing-edge GWC: Identified by the absence of GWCs before it.
Initiated by a HELLO packet broadcast by the leading-edge GWC within the sub-cluster.
GWC with maximum weight – Notified and Elected as the CH, after the broadcast. HELLO packet fields:
TS: Current time stamp on the broadcast packet. ID: Relative identity of the GWC within the sub-cluster. Leading and Trailing edge
GWCs are GWC1 and GWCn, where n denotes size of the sub-cluster W: Net weight of the GWC
DEG : One-hop neighbourhood degree of the GWC GWCmax : Structure of the GWC with the maximum weight within the sub-
cluster (till the current time stamp): GWCid : Relative identity of the GWCmax
Dr : Relative hop distance from the leading-edge GWC
Tx Rate: IEEE 802.11p transmission rate of GWCmax
CQIeNB : Uplink/Downlink CQI value of the LTE eNB in the GWCmax
Wid : Net weight of the GWCmax
Hop dist: Hop distance from the GWCmax to the GWC.
Link State : Structure of the one-hop neighbors to the GWC NBid : Relative ID of the neighbour GWC
Wid : Net weight of the neighbour GWC
CLUSTER HEAD ELECTION
CLUSTER HEAD ELECTION
Fields of the ACK packet piggybacked from the GWC GWCdisc : Discarded list of GWCs within the sub-cluster
GWCid : Relative identity of the GWC discarded
Wid : Weight of the GWC discarded
Hop dist : Hop distance from the current GWCi
Position : Location information of the current GWCi
GPS co-ordinates (x,y,z) Angle of inclination with respect to the Cartesian Space Velocity of the current GWCi (v) Link Expiration Time with the Sender (LET)
Discarded list of GWCs in ACK packet - to prevent re-transmission of the control packets, reduce computational complexity in comparing the weights and forbidding them from contesting the GW election.
ALGORITHM FOR CH ELECTION
Initiate HELLO packet broadcast by GWC1
Assign the hop dist field of the GWCmax structure to 0 and the remaining fields to the corresponding values of GWC1.
Assign NBid and Wid to NULL.
For each one-hop neighbour GWCi receiving HELLO, repeat Compare Dr, Tx Rate and CQIeNB metrics of GWCmax with those of GWCi (Xij) and
determine maximum of each metric as max(Dr), max(Tx_Rate) and max(CQIeNB), where 1 < j < 3.
Compute the scaled value (Yij) of each metric as (Dr/max(Dr), Tx_Rate/max(Tx_Rate), CQIeNB/Max(CQIeNB)).
Determine weight (Wi) of each GWCi as
Assign Wi to the field W of the current GWCi
3
1
)_*(j
jiji FACTORPRIORITYYW
ALGORITHM FOR CH ELECTION
If Wi > Wid of GWCmax then Assign the GWCid, Dr, Tx_Rate, CQIeNB and Wid fields of GWCmax with the respective
values of GWCi.
Assign hop dist field value of GWCmax to 0.
Else Increment hop dist field value of GWCmax by 1
End If Assign NBid and Wid of Link State field to the sender of the current GWCi
Piggyback ACK to the sender GWC and notify the list of discarded GWCs. Update the Link State field of the previous relaying neighbor with the
corresponding ID and W values of the current GWCi
Forward HELLO packet with updated metric information to the one-hop neighbors of GWCi
ALGORITHM FOR CH ELECTION
If ACK is received then Forward neighbor ACK packet to sender GWC.
End If If GWCi is the trailing edge GWC then
Send NOTIFY_CH packet to GWCmax using the Time-To-Live (TTL) value, equal to the value in hop dist field.
Exit For End if
End For If GWCmax receives NOTIFY_CH then
Compute the TTL value of the CH as in [1] Broadcast Cluster Head Advertisement (CHADV) within the sub-cluster
End if
MULTICASTING AND QoS IN THE INTEGRATED NETWORK
End-to-end multicasting between spatially-apart vehicular groups. 2 Levels of Multi-casting:
LOWER-LEVEL MULTICASTING (Within VANET sub-clusters) UPPER-LEVEL MULTICASTING (Between LTE eNB and VANET
CHs) Integration of the lower and upper levels of multicasting. Facilitates optimal communication of multimedia data. Vehicular groups – Managed and co-ordinated by CHs. VANET CHs – Managed by LTE eNB.
LOWER-LEVEL VANET MULTICASTING
Construction of a shared multicast tree over a virtual overlay 2-hop mesh. Advantages of a shared multicast tree:
Centralized Good Efficiency with low overhead
Advantages of a distributed mesh: Robust, Scalable with alternate routes for managing link failures
Initiation of the virtual mesh construction by a GWC, during the process of CH election, with encapsulation of the link-state information of its sender GWCs in the HELLO packet.
Receiver sends ACK to the sender, in turn, padding the GWC information of its receiver.
Thus, construction of a 2-hop virtual mesh. Maintenance of this partial view of the sub-cluster by a GWC using unicast tunnels.
VIRTUAL 2-HOP OVERLAY MESH CONSTRUCTION
A
B
C
D
E
FG
H
IB WB
C Wc 2
1
A
A WA
C Wc 1
1
D WD 2
BA WA
B WB 1
2
D WD 1
E WE 2
C B WB
C WC 1
2
E WE 1
F WF 2
D
C WC
D WD 1
2 F WF
G WG 2
1E
D WD
E WE 1
2
G WG 1
I WI 2
H WH 2
F
I WI 1
H WH 1
E WE 2
F WF 1
G
F WF
G WG 1
2
H WH 2
I
F WF
G WG 1
2
I WI 2
H
For Shared multicast treeFor overlay mesh
ESTABLISHMENT OF EDGES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF A SHARED
MULTICAST TREE DATA STRUCTURES
V1(i) : 1-hop neighborhood set for GWCi in the underlying virtual mesh
T1(i) : 1-hop neighborhood set for GWCi in the shared multicast tree
V2(i,j): 2-hop neighborhood set for GWCi via GWCj
: incoming one-hop tree neighborhood set of a GWC, say GWCx
Initiated by the CH, when T1=V1
LETjx : Link Expiration Time between j and x. For CH, T1=V1.
ALGORITHM For each repeat
For each where = { } repeat If where then
If LETjx > LETmx then
)(xin
)(1 iTj ),(2 jiVx )(xin ø
),(2 miVx )(1 iTm
ESTABLISHMENT OF EDGES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF A SHARED
MULTICAST TREE
Construct an edge (j,x) in the multicast tree .
end if Else
Construct an edge (j,x) in the multicast tree .
End if End For Forward T1(j) to j
End For
}{)(1)(1 xjTjT
}{)(1)(1 xjTjT
QoS-ENABLED UPPER-LEVEL VANET-LTE COMMUNICATION
Gateway Election: Performed over available CHs using Gateway Selection Algorithm
Gateway Election Metrics: IEEE 802.11p Tx rate
CQIeNB
Mobility Speed Route Expiration Time (RET)
Hybrid Gateway Discovery mechanism: Notifies sources about the elected Gateways.
Activation of E-UTRAN interfaces over the available GWs to enable communication with the LTE eNB.
QoS-ENABLED UPPER-LEVEL VANET-LTE COMMUNICATION
Domain-level Hierarchical multicasting where GWs serve as the sub-roots for communication between the source and destination VANET sub-clusters.
Gateway Handover when existing gateway loses its optimality with check of IEEE 802.11p transmission rate, CQIeNB and RET metrics.
De-activation of the E-UTRAN interface of the serving Gateway upon Gateway Handover, followed by registration of the newly-elected GWs with the LTE eNB
Similar handover process for CH by optimality check on CQIeNB, IEEE 802.11p Tx Rate and Dr metrics.
Identification of the destination group by the respective CH if group is a sub-cluster.
QoS-ENABLED UPPER-LEVEL VANET-LTE COMMUNICATION
Spl. Cases if destination vehicles are OVs, When destination OVs are already aware of their participation in the multicast
sessions Identification of CHs by the OVs using Hybrid Discovery mechanism by initiating
broadcast of CH Solicitation messages. When destination OVs are unaware of their participation in the multicast
sessions Pro-active CH discovery with periodic broadcast of CH Advertisement messages with
appropriate metrics within the destination VANET. Selection of one or more GWs from the available CHs using related metrics. Virtual mesh view of the destination group is maintained by the CH to facilitate
effective group communication with the destination vehicles. MBMS of the LTE – Enables same multimedia content to be transmitted to
different GWs on a p-t-m basis if more than one GW serves destination vehicles.
QoS FRAMEWORK FOR LTE SCHEDULING
LTE scheduling : Dynamic Resource allocation for varying GWs across different time instances.
DiffServ-based QoS framework for resource allocation. Modules:
PPM (Policy Provisioning Module): Handles priority requirement of the multicast sessions on the GW side.
SACM (Session Admission Control Module): Decides session admission/drop based on GW requirements.
SCMM (Sub-Cluster Management Module): Manages vehicular mobility, multicast mesh maintenance and resources within VANET sub-cluster
GWMM (Gateway Management Module): Reserves and manages resources for GWs on the LTE eNB.
QoS FRAMEWORK FOR LTE SCHEDULING
LTE-SAE traffic classes: Conversational, Streaming, Interactive and Background
Subscription profile of the sub-cluster set by the PPM for GW to decide upon the QoS requirements of the multicast session
LTE scheduling – based on the following parameters: Number of destination vehicles to be served (nd) Net bandwidth required for each GWC Number of multimedia sessions to be served (ns)
QoS FRAMEWORK FOR LTE SCHEDULING
QoS metrics: Delay, Jitter, Packet error rate and loss ratio, Throughput
SACM – Interfaced with the PPM for scheduling sessions by the LTE eNB
Prioritized Parameter
Decision Criteria QoS class(es) served
NdGW with maximum cluster size or multicast group size
Interactive/Background
β GW serving less number of vehicles Conversational/Streaming
Ns GW with good CQIeNB and Tx Rate Streaming
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Implementation Details: Platform: NS2 (Version 2.34) No. of vehicles: 50 Topological area: 8000x1000m2
Patches used: IEEE 802.11p-based WAVE patch, LTE patch, NS-MIRACLE, PUMA (Protocol for Unified Multicasting through Advertisements), AODV+
LTE RSSI Threshold: -174.8 dBM/Hz
Performance Evaluation Parameters: Data Packet Delivery Ratio (DPDR) Packet Error Rate (PER) Delay Throughput
Comparison Standards: PUMA over CVMT (Clustered Virtual Mesh-based Tree) – Proposed mechanism Standard PUMA for multicasting Simultaneous AODV unicast using CMGM
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Improvement over standard PUMA = 4%Improvement over simultaneous AODV
unicasts = 20.32%
Improvement over standard PUMA = 6.49%Improvement over simultaneous AODV
unicasts = 16.91%
1 2 3 4 5
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
PUMA over CVMT
Standard PUMA for multicasting
Simultaneous AODV unicast using CMGM
Number of multicast sessions
Da
ta P
ack
et D
eliv
ery
Ra
tio (
%)
100-125
150-175
200-225
250-275
275-300
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
PUMA over CVMT
Standard PUMA for multicasting
Simultaneous AODV unicast using CMGM
IEEE 802.11p transmission range of vehiclesA
vera
ge
Ind
ivid
ua
l Pa
cke
t Err
or
Ra
te [M
bp
s]
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Improvement over standard PUMA = 10.45%Improvement over simultaneous AODV
unicasts = 8.95%
1 2 3 4 5
0.050
0.070
0.090
0.110
0.130
0.150
PUMA over CVMT
Standard PUMA for multicasting
Simultaneous AODV unicast using CMGM
Avg number of sub-clusters in VANET
Ave
rag
e la
ten
cy b
etw
ee
n G
WS
OL
/GW
AD
V b
roa
dca
st
an
d e
sta
blis
hm
en
t of G
ate
wa
y
Co
mm
un
ica
tion
pa
th [s
]
Improvement over standard PUMA = 10.45%Improvement over simultaneous AODV
unicasts = 8.95%
2 4 6 8 10
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
38
42
46
50
54
Gatew ay Profile P1
Gatew ay Profile P2
Gatew ay Profile P3
Average number of vehicular gateways in destination VANET
Avera
ge in
div
idual L
TE
dow
nlin
k th
roughput [M
bps]
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
CONCLUSION Envisioned a VANET-LTE Integrated architecture to provide multimedia communication
services over spatially-apart vehicular groups. Proposal of an effective Cluster Head election mechanism to effectively manage VANET
sub-clusters. Proposal of a virtual 2-hop overlay mesh-based shared tree for lower-level VANET
multicasting. Discussed Upper-level multicasting with CH/GW handover and QoS framework for the
LTE eNB to schedule and serve the VANET Gateways. Display of encouraging simulation results in terms of LTE throughput and end-to-end
delay. FUTURE WORKS
Exploring the capabilities of the MBMS feature of the LTE Incorporation of appropriate Erasure Correction Codes
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