presentation of biodiesel and renewable diesel research study
TRANSCRIPT
California Environmental Protection Agency
Air Resources Board
Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Research Study
March 12, 2009 Tom Durbin
California Environmental Protection Agency
Air Resources Board 1
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Engine Dynamometer Cycle Development
– Engine parameters (J1939) obtained from chassis dynamometer runs over the UDDS and Cruise cycles
• UDDS was loaded at weight of truck cab only • Cruise was loaded at the full vehicle GVWR
– A single test run was selected to represent the set of engine parameter data collected
• Based on NOx emissions, deviation from the drive cycle, and examination of outliers
– Torque and RPM values normalized – Cycles were optimized for the engine dyno – New regression statistics criteria
2
Engine Parameters
• 2006 Cummins ISM 370 • In-line, 6 cylinder, 4-stroke, 10.8 L
engine • 385 @ 1800 rpm • Turbo charged with EGR
3
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
UDDS Engine Dynamometer Cycle R
PM
and
Torq
ue
(%of m
axim
um
)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
normalized RPM normalized torque
4
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
RP
M a
nd
Torq
ue
(% o
f m
axim
um
)
Cruise-1 Engine Dynamometer Cycle 120
normalized torque normalized RPM
100
80
60
40
20
0 0 500 1000 1500 2000
-20
5
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Cruise-2 Engine Dynamometer Cycle P
erce
nt S
pee
d/T
orq
ue (%
)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Normalized Speed Normalized Torque
Time (sec)
6
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Engine 1 Test Runs – Testing completed
• Soy-based biodiesel • Animal-based biodiesel • Renewable diesel • Initial round of mitigation testing with additives and renewable
blends
– Biodiesel Results show trends consistent with expectations • Increasing NOx for the biodiesel blends • Decreasing PM for the biodiesel blends • Decreasing THC for the biodiesel blends
– Renewable diesel results show reductions in NOx and PM – Complications due to outliers
7
= = = =
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Soy Feedstock Test Matrix A Lght. UDDS B FTP C1 ARB 40 mph Cruise C ARB 50 mph Cruise
Engine 1-2006 cummins ISM
Soy based biodiesel Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Day 9 Day 10 Day 11 Day 12 Day 13 Day 14 Day 15 Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle
CARB A B20 B B50
CARB
A CARB
B100
C1 B100 B B20 C1 CARB
B50
B B50
B100
A B100
CARB
A CARB A B20 B B50
B100
A B100
CARB
C1 CARB
B5
C1 B5
CARB
C1 C1 A B A C1 B A B C1 C1 A B A C1 C1 B C1 C1 B A A C1 C1 B B C1 C1 B C1 C1
B20 C1 B50 B C1 A B20 B CARB A B C1 B B20 A B50 C1 B C1 C1 C1 B C1 A B A C1 A A C1 B B C1 A C1 C1 A A B C1 C1 B C1 B A C1 A A B C1 C1
Day 16 Day 17 Day 18 Day 19 Day 20 Day 21 Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle
CARB C
B50
B50
CARB A
B100
B100
CARB A
B5
B5
CARB C CARB C B50 A A C B C C B B B C C C A
B20 A C B C C B100
CARB
B C A A C B20 C C B B C C C C
B20 B C A C C C A B C C C C C A B C B50 C C
CARB C CARB A CARB B CARB C C C B C C C C C A B A C C C
8
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Outlier Complications
-2.0E-02
0.0E+00
2.0E-02
4.0E-02
6.0E-02
8.0E-02
1.0E-01
1.2E-01
1.4E-01
1.6E-01
1.8E-01
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
NO
x E
mis
sion
s (g
/sec
.)
200810101059 200810130852 200810161234 200810170809
Time (sec.)
9
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Outlier Complications
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Inta
ke A
ir T
empe
ratu
re (°
F)
200810101059
200810130852
200810161234
200810170809
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Time (Sec.)
10
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
NO
x E
mis
sions
(g/s
ec.)
Outlier Complications 3.00E-01 120
2.50E-01 100
2.00E-01 80
0 200 400 600 800
Norm
aliz
ed T
orq
ue
and
RP
M (%
)
200812020818 CARB 200812031056 B20 200812021156 B20 200812021621 B50 200812030905 B50 200812031331 CARB 200812031607 B100 200812040730 B100 200812041108 B20 200812041336 B20 200812041527 CARB 200812051142 B50 200812050807 CARB 200812051333 B50 200812051443 B100 200812080808 B100 200812080958 CARB 200812081253 B20 200812081445 B20 200812090946 B50 200812091137 B50 200812091351 B100 200812091543 B100 200812100836 CARB 200812021230 B20
1.50E-01 60
1.00E-01 40
5.00E-02 20
0 Normalized RPM 0.00E+00 Nomalized Torque
-5.00E-02 -20 Time (sec.)
11
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Draft Test Results (NOx) NOx Emissions
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
Em
issi
ons
(g/b
hp-h
r)
ULSD
B20 - Soy
B50 - Soy
B100 - Soy
B5 - Soy
UDDS FTP CRUISE - 1 CRUISE - 2
12
x
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Draft Test Results (NO ) NOx Emissions
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
NO
x E
mis
sion
s (g
/bhp
-hr)
ULSD
B20 - Animal
B50 - Animal
B100 - Animal
B5 - Animal
UDDS FTP CRUISE - 2
13
14
Draft Test Results (NOx)
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Draft Test Results (PM) PM Emissions
UDDS FTP CRUISE - 1 CRUISE - 2 0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
Em
issi
ons
(g/b
hp-h
r)
ULSD
B20 - Soy
B50 - Soy
B100 - Soy
B5 - Soy
15
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Draft Test Results (PM) PM Emissions
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
PM
Em
issi
ons
(g/b
hp-h
r)
ULSD
B20 - Animal
B50 - Animal
B100 - Animal
B5 - Animal
UDDS FTP CRUISE - 2
16
17
Draft Test Results (PM)
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
18
Draft Test Results (THC)
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
19
Draft Test Results (CO)
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Draft Test Results (NOx) NOx Emissions
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
NO
x E
mis
sion
s (g
/bhp
-hr)
ULSD
R20
R50
R100
UDDS FTP CRUISE - 2
20
21
Draft Test Results (NOx)
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
22
Strategies for NOx Mitigation
– Additives
– Renewable/biodiesel blends – GTL
– Match blending – subsequent testing??
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Additive Testing – 2- ethyl-hexyl-nitrate (EHN)
• 1% level in B5, B10, and B20
– Di-tert-butyl-peroxide (DTBP) • 1% level in B10 and B20
– Both additives have been studied by NREL and SwRI
– Use B20-soy with highest NOx disbenefit – All testing on FTP – DTBP successful at 1% level with B10 – 2-EHN unsuccessful at 1% level with B5 – Additional testing as needed to look at cycle effects
and higher blend levels 23
24
Renewable/Biodiesel Blend Testing
– R80/B20 - successful
– R55/CARB25/B20 - successful – CARB70/R20/B10 - unsuccessful
– CARB75/R20/B5 - successful
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Text Matrix - Mitigation CARB B20-S 1% 2-EHN R80 B20-S CARB B10-S 1% DTBP C25/R55/B20-S CARB CARB
B20-S 1% DTBP CARB B10-S B5 - S CARB B5-S 1% 2-EHN C70/R20/B10-S C75/R20/B5-S
B20-S 1% DTBP CARB B10-S B5 - S CARB B5-S 1% 2-EHN C70/R20/B10-S C75/R20/B5-S
B20-S 1% 2-EHN R80 B20-S CARB B10-S 1% DTBP C25/R55/B20-S CARB CARB CARB
25
P N y P S
N S S
S S B - - -oB BH H0 0 5R s - -T TE 2 1E BA - 0 5 B B
%D
%D- 0 - /12 B 0C 22 / /B 5 0 2% B %5 2 R1 1/ R R1 10 /5S S8 / /S S5 0 7R- - 2 7- B0 0 -0 5B B2 1 R2 BB B R RB AA AC C C
First Round Results - Draft
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.2
NO
x E
mis
sions (g
/bhr-
hr)
26
27
Draft Test Results (NOx)
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Additional Mitigation Testing
– Testing with a GTL fuel planned shortly
– Additional testing of Additives, etc. possible
28
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Additional Slides - Draft THC Emissions
UDDS FTP CRUISE - 1 CRUISE - 2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Em
issi
ons
(g/b
hp-h
r)
ULSD
B20 - Soy
B50 - Soy
B100 - Soy
B5-soy
29
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
TH
C E
mis
sion
s (g
/bhp
-hr)
Additional Slides - Draft THC Emissions
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
ULSD
B20 - Animal
B50 - Animal
B100 - Animal
B5 - Animal
UDDS FTP CRUISE - 2
30
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
Em
issi
ons
(g/b
hp-h
r)
Additional Slides - Draft CO Emissions
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0 UDDS FTP CRUISE - 1 CRUISE - 2
ULSD
B20 - Soy
B50 - Soy
B100 - Soy
B5 - Soy
31
Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study
CO
Em
issi
ons (g
/bhp
-hr)
Additional Slides - Draft CO Emissions
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
ULSD
B20 - Animal
B50 - Animal
B100 - Animal
B5 - Animal
UDDS FTP CRUISE - 2
32