presentation dex kotze- global march for elephants and ......1" "!! " "...

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1 South Africa’s rhino horn shortfall is over 370 tons per year By Dex Kotze Comments in November 2014 by officials from the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) that South Africa is seeing success in curbing rhino poaching are misleading as the death toll mounts relentlessly, with 1215 rhinos slaughtered in 2014, far above the number of 1004 seen in 2013. Already over 205 rhinos have been killed in South Africa in 2015. The DEA’s absence from the London Wildlife Conference earlier in 2014 and President Zuma’s failure in August to attend a plenary session combatting wildlife crime in Washington whilst he was at the USAfrica summit strengthens opinion that the government has adopted a stance in favour of rhino horn trade. The DEA recently stated “there's very little we can do about the belief in the use of rhino horn that exists in other countries. Legalisation would be a more mediumterm solution. Does this department have any vision beyond the medium term and has it accurately considered the potential everlasting effects of such a catastrophic decision? The exponential growth of Asian economies, coupled with the proliferation of China’s presence in the African continent (ChinaAfrica trade reached $198 billion in 2012) may just be a component of the government’s obeisance to China’s economic dominance. A species on the brink of yet another catastrophe can ill afford miscalculated decisions and hidden agendas. South Africa owns roughly 83% of the world’s rhino populations and has lost nearly 4000 rhinos since the inception of the poaching crisis in 2008. This pales into insignificance if one considers that Africa lost on average 5021 black rhinos a year for the 10 years between 1970 and 1980, when 65 000 of these iconic animals were hunted and poached ad nauseam and only 14785 were left in the African wilderness. Today fewer than 4800 black rhinos survive in the wild. History of black rhino trade In a TRAFFIC report from 1992 (attached) it is documented that 62 000 black rhinos disappeared from East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda) between 1972 and 1992. The report highlights oficial export figures of black rhinon horn to total 56 694 kg between 1949 and 1976 to the following countries: Hong Kong 23,852 Kg SouthYemen 9, 007 kg Zanzibar 8,101 kg China 7,619 kg

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Page 1: Presentation Dex Kotze- Global March for Elephants and ......1" "!! " " South!Africa’s!rhino!horn!shortfall!is!over!370tons!per!year!! By!Dex!Kotze! Comments"inNovember2014"by"officials"from"the"Department"of"Environmental

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   South  Africa’s  rhino  horn  shortfall  is  over  370  tons  per  year    

By  Dex  Kotze  

Comments  in  November  2014  by  officials  from  the  Department  of  Environmental  Affairs  (DEA)  that  South  Africa  is  seeing  success  in  curbing  rhino  poaching  are  misleading  as  the  death  toll  mounts  relentlessly,  with  1215  rhinos    slaughtered  in  2014,  far  above  the  number  of  1004  seen  in  2013.    Already  over  205  rhinos  have  been  killed  in  South  Africa  in  2015.  The  DEA’s  absence  from  the  London  Wildlife  Conference  earlier  in  2014  and  President  Zuma’s  failure  in  August  to  attend  a  plenary  session  combatting  wildlife  crime  in  Washington  whilst  he  was  at  the  US-­‐Africa  summit  strengthens  opinion  that  the  government  has  adopted  a  stance  in  favour  of  rhino  horn  trade.  The  DEA  recently  stated    “there's  very  little  we  can  do  about  the  belief  in  the  use  of  rhino  horn  that  exists  in  other  countries.  Legalisation  would  be  a  more  medium-­‐term  solution.    

Does  this  department  have  any  vision  beyond  the  medium  term  and  has  it  accurately  considered  the  potential  everlasting  effects  of  such  a  catastrophic  decision?    The  exponential  growth  of  Asian  economies,  coupled  with  the  proliferation  of  China’s  presence  in  the  African  continent  (China-­‐Africa  trade  reached  $198  billion  in  2012)  may  just  be  a  component  of  the  government’s  obeisance  to  China’s  economic  dominance.  A  species  on  the  brink  of  yet  another  catastrophe  can  ill  afford  miscalculated  decisions  and  hidden  agendas.  

South  Africa  owns  roughly  83%  of  the  world’s  rhino  populations  and  has  lost  nearly  4000  rhinos  since  the  inception  of  the  poaching  crisis  in  2008.    This  pales  into  insignificance  if  one  considers  that  Africa  lost  on  average  5021  black  rhinos  a  year  for  the  10  years  between  1970  and  1980,  when  65  000  of  these  iconic  animals  were  hunted  and  poached  ad  nauseam  and  only  14785  were  left  in  the  African  wilderness.    Today  fewer  than  4800  black  rhinos  survive  in  the  wild.  

History  of  black  rhino  trade  

• In  a  TRAFFIC  report  from  1992  (attached)  it  is  documented  that  62  000  black  rhinos  disappeared  from  East  Africa  (Kenya,  Tanzania  and  Uganda)  between  1972  and  1992.  The  report  highlights  oficial  export  figures  of  black  rhinon  horn  to  total  56  694  kg  between  1949  and  1976  to  the  following  countries:  

• Hong  Kong  23,852  Kg  • SouthYemen  9,  007  kg  • Zanzibar  8,101  kg  • China  7,619  kg  

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• US  2,642  kg  • UK  1,686  kg  • Japan  1,601  kg  • Others  2,186  kg  • Total  56,694  kg    

The  report  also  highlights  mismatched  figures  between  official  export  data  from  East  Africa  and  import  data  from  Japan  being  4  to  12  times  more,  with  the  conclusion  that  smuggling  was  rife  to  cirmumvent  import  taxes  in  an  era  before  the  creation  of  CITES  and  the  rhino  horn  trade  ban.  Simlilarly  the  mismatches  between  declared  exports  from  East  Africa  to  South  Yemen  and  declared  minimum  imports  to  North  Yemen  between  1969  and  1977  total  22  645  kg.  One  main  rhino  horn  trader  in  Sanaa,  the  capital  of  North  Yemen  kept  records  of  volumes  in  the  period  when  horn  could  be  legally  imported.  He  monopolised  the  two  thirds  of  the  trade  in  Yemen  and  his  records  are  exact  from  1980  to  1986.  The  report  highlights  this  one  Yemeni  trader  to  have  claimed  36  000  kg  representing  the  death  of  a  minimum  of  12  750  black  rhinos.  

Between  the  years  1849  -­‐1895,    11  000kg  a  year,  equal  to  about  170  000  black  rhinos  disappeared  from  East  Africa.  

Taiwan’s  declared  imports  between  1966  and  1985  totalled  9  522  kg  and  South  Korea  between  1970  and  1983  were  2  857  kg.    

Thgese  figures  of  black  rhino  horn  trade  are  mostly  when  trade  was  legal,  CITES  did  not  exists  ,  the  world  population  was  less  than  half  it  is  currently,  there  were  no  online  platforms  reaching  billions  of  people  and  most  importantly  China’s  population  was  half  of  its  current  population  where  the  vast  majority  were  extremely  poor.  

South  Africa  needs  a  two  third  majority  vote  of  all  180  CITES  members  

A  legalised  trade  in  rhino  horn  can  only  be  approved  if  two  thirds  of  all  members  of  the  Convention  on  International  Trade  in  Endangered  Species  of  Wild  Fauna  and  Flora  (CITES)  agree  to  it.  South  Africa’s  government  appears  to  apply  for  legalised  trade  when  it  hosts  the  next  Conference  of  the  Parties  (CoP)  of  CITES  in  2016.  Global  efforts  have  been  underway  for  numerous  years  to  eradicate  the  use  of  rhino  horn  in  Asia.  However,  it  is  highly  doubtful  that  the  required  majority  will  be  obtained.    Even  if  the  required  two-­‐thirds  majority  of  member  countries  agree  to  legalised  trade,  it  will  take  more  than  8  years  to  create  the  necessary  mechanics  and  legislation  around  the  world  to  enact  legalised  trade.    Over  the  last  two  years  alone,  more  than  2000  rhinos  have  been  killed.  South  Africa’s  poor  record  of  governance  and  control  of  corruption  at  the  highest  level  under  President  Zuma  is  a  major  obstacle  for  a  legalised  trade  to  work.  Stockpiles  of  rhino  horn  worth  millions  have  already  been  stolen  from  government  offices  where  safe  custody,  security  alarms  and  electric  fences  were  blatantly  absent.  

The  government  and  pro-­‐trade  lobby’s  concept  of  a  ”transparent”  central  selling  organization  regulating  rhino  horn  trade  is  a  pipedream  that  could  never  curb  illicit  rhino  horn  trade.  Comparing  this  model  to  the  CSO  that  the  diamond  industry  created  many  years  ago  is  naïve.  Illicit  diamond  trading  continues  throughout  the  world  and  criminal  syndicates  in  South  Africa  are  targeting  jewellery  stores  on  a  weekly  basis.  Shocking  statistics  by  the  Consumer  Goods  Council  of  South  Africa  for  2014  show  a  monthly  average  of  73  retail  robberies  across  the  country  for  the  first  10  months  of  2014,  a  large  proportion  being  retail  jewellers.  

 

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Nations  who  consume  rhino  horn  boast  a  population  of  1.49  billion  people.    The  populations  of  China,  Vietnam,  Thailand,  Hong  Kong  and  Taiwan  are  expected  to  grow  to  just  over  1.7  billion  people  in  11  years’  time  

There  are  about  11  000  Ultra  High  Net  Worth  millionaires  in  China  today-­‐  people  with  wealth  in  excess  of  $30  million,  expected  to  grow  to  15  000  in  the  next  8  years.  China  will  add  $1  trillion  to  global  GDP  every  year  this  decade.  By  2022  China  will  have  more  billionaires  than  the  UK,  France,  Switzerland  and  Russia  combined.  

Although  hundreds  of  organisations  are  working  tirelessly  around  the  globe  on  demand  reduction  campaigns,  the  vastness  of  China’s  populations  still  reflects  that  most  Chinese  are  under  the  impression  that  rhino  populations  in  Africa  are  omnipresent  and  are  unaware  of  Africa’s  poaching  crisis  and  the  scourge  of  illegal  wildlife  trafficking,  estimated  in  excess  of    $20  billion  per  year.    

China  has  roughly  120  million  affluent  people,  more  than  double  the  number  of  South  Africa’s  population.  By  2020  this  group  will  grow  to  280  million,  their  spending  power  growing  fivefold  to  $3.1  trillion,  equal  to  35%  of  China’s  total  consumption.    

As  recently  as  2000,  only  4  percent  of  urban  households  in  China  were  middle  class.  By  2012,  that  share  had  soared  to  over  two  thirds.  Presently  there  are  250  million  middle  class  consumers  in  China.    By  2022  China’s  middle  class  will  swell  to  630  million,  the  upper  middle  class  will  account  for  54  percent  of  all  urban  households  and  generate  just  under  half  of  total  Chinese  private  consumption.  

The  animal  welfare  debate  of  China’s  disregard  for  all  animals,  be  it  bear  bile  farming,  tiger  bone  farming  or  massacres  of  dogs  has  continued  for  decades.  Raping  another  continent’s  natural  resources  of  wildlife  leaves  no  indelible  consciousness  amongst  a  political  elite  that  is  unwavering  on  restoring  China  as  the  pivotal  axe  in  the  global  arena.  

China’s  Foreign  Direct  Investment  in  Africa    

The  foundations  for  China’s  investments  in  Africa  and  extrapolation  of  natural  resources  were  laid  in  1996,  when  The  Forum  on  China-­‐Africa  Cooperation  (FOCAC)  was  established  in  Addis  Ababa  after  President  Jiang  Zemin  gathered  with  African  Presidents.    Four  years  later,  China  created  a  $5  billion  African  development  fund,  cancelled  all  outstanding  debt  and  started  creating  trade  and  economic  zones,  built  schools,  hospitals  and  infrastructure.  Fitch  Ratings  estimated  China’s  $67  billion  loans  to  sub  –Saharan  African  countries  between  2001  and  2010  to  exceed  those  of  the  World  Bank  by  $12.5  billion.  Unlike  the  West,  China  invested  in  Africa  with  no  strings  attached  in  terms  of  political  dogma  exercised  by  African  leaders.  China’s  approach  to  labor  in  Africa  robs  the  continent’s  local  population  of  opportunities  to  earn  a  living,  as  thousands  of  low-­‐skilled  Chinese  migrant  workers  construct  new  public  buildings.  Chinese  bidders,  who  regularly  obtain  construction  tenders  on  the  continent,  indirectly  receive  American  aid  to  Africa.  China  is  exporting  its  labor,  dumping  cheap  goods,  affecting  the  environment,  disregarding  local  laws,  fuelling  corruption  and  empowering  some  appalling  governments.  

The  ivory  factor  

It  is  no  surprise  that  the  renewed  onslaught  against  Africa’s  elephants,  rhinos,  pangolins  and  other  wildlife  occurred  in  parallel  with  China’s  entry  into  African  economies.    Conservative  estimates  are  that  over  a  million  Chinese  people  live  and  work  in  Africa.  In  a  recent  report  compiled  by  the  Environmental  Investigation  Agency,  it  

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is  claimed  that  officials  travelling  with  Chinese  President  Xi  Jinping  to  Tanzania  in  2013  went  on  a  buying  spree  of  illegal  ivory,  causing  prices  of  ivory  in  Tanzanian  markets  to  double  overnight.  The  ivory  was  loaded  in  diplomatic  bags,  immune  from  custom  checks.    

CITES  approved  two  once–off  sales  of  ivory,  in  1999  and  again  in  2008.  At  the  last  sale,  about  106  tons  of  ivory  was  sold  to  Japan  and  China,  at  a  mere  $157  per  kg.  Notwithstanding  these  stockpiles  entering  China  legally,  the  poaching  of  African  elephants  continues  relentlessly.  Recent  scientific  reports  have  determined  that  100  000  elephants  were  killed  over  3  years  between  2010  and  2012.    Less  than  400  000  elephants  survive  in  Africa.    Statistics  for  African  elephants  are  extremely  outdated.  Fortunately  a  census  that  is  currently  being  conducted  will  be  released  in  mid-­‐2015.  Evidence  exists  that  the  domestic  Chinese  ivory  market  is  an  important  driver  of  poaching  and  trafficking  and  unless  it  is  addressed  on  a  global  scale,  poaching  will  continue  to  the  detriment  of  wild  elephants.  In  the  online  black  market  in  China,  raw  ivory  trades  up  to  $3700  per  kilogram  and  worked  ivory  as  high  as  $10700  per  kilogram.  

Conspicuous  consumption  the  death  knell  for  rhino  

Proponents  in  favour  of  trade  conveniently  ignore  the  dynamics  of  China’s  gargantuan  populace,  Asia’s  newfound  addiction  to  conspicuous  consumption  and  obsessive  desire  for  status  and  prestige.  Legalising  rhino  horn  has  the  potential  to  create  a  demand  in  excess  of  370  tons  per  annum.  If  legalised,  five  percent  of  populations  from  consuming  countries  can  effortlessly  command  a  mere  5  grams  of  rhino  horn  per  person  per  annum,  especially  in  view  of  the  Ferrari  factor  where  wealthy  consumers  also  purchase  rhino  horn  for  status  and  gifts  of  jewellery  and  libation  cups,  besides  using  it  as  traditional  Chinese  medicine.  South  Africa’s  stockpiles  of  rhino  horn  are  approximately  25  tons.  If  a  rhino’s  horn  is  cut  correctly  at  a  certain  height  without  injury  to  the  animal,  it  can  only  yield  about  3.5  kg  every  3  years.  There  is  little  doubt  Kruger  National  Park,  that  houses  less  than  8000  of  South  Africa’s  rhinos  will  not  dehorn  any  of  its  rhino  due  to  nearly  1.5  million  tourists  flocking  to  this  world  renowned  park  every  year.  Immediately,  available  horn  for  trade  will  be  diminished.    According  to  a  study  by  the  Department  of  Environmental  Affairs,  “harvesting”  of  horn  in  South  Africa  will  yield  at  maximum  3.6  ton  per  annum.  Neither  a  once-­‐off  sale,  nor  ongoing  “farming”  of  rhino  horn  will  secure  sufficient  supplies  in  a  market  of  such  enormity.  

 

APEC  is  committed  to  conserve  wildlife  resources  and  facilitate  trade  in  legally  harvested  wildlife  

In  a  joint  ministerial  statement  by  the  Asia-­‐Pacific  Economic  Cooperation  (APEC)  Ministers  released  on  8  November  2014,  it  was  made  abundantly  clear  that  APEC  is  committed  to  “facilitate  trade  in  legally  harvested  wildlife.”  On  10  November,  Mr.  John  Scanlon,  the  Secretary-­‐general  of  CITES,  released  a  statement  welcoming  the  APEC  Ministerial  decision.    A  few  weeks  prior,  on  20  October  2014,  Mr.  Scanlon  commented  that  CITES’  resolutions  specifically  state  it  does  not  allow  commercial  trade  in  Appendix  1  specimens  and  that  CITES  resolution  9.10  recommends  that:    

Parties  dispose  of  confiscated  and  accumulated  dead  specimens  of  Appendix-­‐I  species,  including  parts  and  derivatives,  only  for  bona  fide  scientific,  educational,  enforcement  or  identification  purposes,  and  save  in  storage  or  destroy  specimens  whose  disposal  for  these  purposes  is  not  practicable;  

The  rhino  horn  trade  debate  is  unquestionably  creating  huge  divisions  globally  in  the  conservation  world.  CITES  has  listed  19  nations  as  being  part  of  the  Gang  of  19,  those  countries  who  are  implicitly  involved  in  illegal  wildlife  trafficking  networks.  Of  the  seven  Asian  countries  who  are  part  of  the  Gang  of  19,  five  are  members  of  APEC.  

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CITES  has  had  very  little  success  in  convincing  members  of  the  Gang  of  19  to  comply  with  measures  to  effectively  combat  wildlife  trafficking.  It  is  rather  inappropriate  for  CITES  to  commend  APEC’s  ministerial  statement  and  more  deplorable  that  neither  APEC,  nor  CITES  make  an  attempt  to  exclude  elephants  and  rhinos  from  the  definition  of  “legally  harvested  wildlife”.  

Emerging  markets  

Presently,  emerging  markets  are  experiencing  similar  industrial  and  urban  revolutions  that  started  in  the  18th  century  in  England  and  elsewhere  in  the    developed  world  in  the  19th  century.  Emerging  markets  contribute  more  to  global  economic  growth  than  developed  ones.  By  2025,  China  will  have  more  large  companies  than  either  the  United  States  or  Europe  and  more  than  45  percent  of  Fortune  500  companies  will  be  from  emerging  markets.  In  2000  this  was  just  5  percent.  The  global  population  is  growing  by  65  million  a  year  and  nearly  half  of  global  GDP  will  come  from  these  markets  in  the  next  10  years.  The  emergence  of  2  billion  consumers  who  will  now  have  sufficient  incomes  to  support  discretionary  spending  cannot  be  ignored  in  major  decision  making  processes  of    the  future  of  rhinos.  The  success  of  leaders’  strategies  will  depend  on  their  ability  to  recognise  the  magnitude  and  momentum  of  these  markets  and  not  make  decisions  based  on  outdated  intuitions.  

Selling  25  tons  of  horn  stockpiles,  similar  to  ivory  stockpiles  sold  in  1999  and  2008  will  have  a  calamitous  effect  on  rhinos  in  the  wild.  Ignorant  policymakers  who  are  instrumental  in  the  extinction  of  a  50  million  year  old  species  will  leave  no  legacy  for  future  generations  and  will  remiss  in  their  duties  as  guardians  against  the  extinction  trend  of  endangered  wildlife.  The  time  has  come  for  Minister  Molewa  to  converse  with  conservationists  and  business  leaders  who  oppose  her  department’s  single-­‐mindedness  that  will  lead  to  an  upsurge  in  demand  and  effectively  destroy  what  has  been  achieved  in  terms  of  demand  reduction.