Project OnProject On

Historical Background & Historical Background &

Generations of Computers…Generations of Computers…

While working with this Project, While working with this Project, we have classified the whole we have classified the whole project into two segments…project into two segments…

History of Computing.History of Computing.

Generation of Generation of Computers.Computers.

Case Study 01Case Study 01

History of History of Computing…Computing…

A typical computer operation back when computers were people.

Although the Abacus is not a computer, The history of Computing really began with this device. It was used in China and Japan for thousands of years before Christ. The Abacus is a manual device combining two fundamental concepts. First, numerical information can be represented in a physical form. Second, this information can be manipulated in the physical form to produce the required result.

An Old Abacus

Abacus

The Abacus is essentially a collection of beads strung on parallel rods fixed in a frame.There are two positions. The beads in the upper portion count five each and those in the lower portion count one each. Arithmetic calculations are performed by manipulating those beads.

A Modern Abacus

Abacus

The first machine to add numbers mechanically was invented by Pascal, the French mathematician and philosopher in 1643. His machine consisted mainly of a row of toothed wheels. These teeth were numbered from 0 to 9. The machine could add eight columns of numbers. It sets a milestone in the development of computers. Later in the same century German mathematician Leibnitz added the facility of multiplication and division as well.

Blaise Pascal

His Mechanical Calculator

Mechanical Calculator

Charles Babbage, a Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge university, England, attempted in 1812 to build a difference engine, a machine that could add, subtract, multiply, divide and perform a sequence of steps automatically. Babbage called his machine a difference engine because he attempted to use it to compute mathematical tables by adding differences.

Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage-His Engine

Babbage failed to get the necessary fund for his machine and in 1833 the project was dropped. He didn’t gain necessary fund for this project even though his concepts were sound in every respect. It is generally stated that the technology in Babbage time just did not permit the development of instruments with the precision required by his analytical engine.

Babbage’s Difference Engine

Charles Babbage-His Engine

A major development occurred in 1886 when Herman Hollerith devised a system based on the principle on punching holes into cards, similar to jacquard’s idea that a machine, a new way to handle large volume of data, could sense these holes. Jacquard and Charles Babbage had used punched cards and operated them by mechanical devices. The first card machine that was electrically activated was used by Hollerith to compute the statistics of the 1890 United States census. Till 1960s the punched card system was the chief mode of processing data.

Punched Card

Herman Hollerith

Punch Card Machine

In 1937, Howard A. Aiken of Harvard University began work on the design of fully automatic calculating machine using the concepts of Babbage and punch cards in collaboration with the IBM (International Business Machine). Seven years later in January 1944 the design came to a reality and was named MARK I. This was considered to be the first digital computer. MARK I could accept data from punch cards, store them in memory, make calculations by means of automatically controlled electromagnetic relays and arithmetic counters which were mechanical. It performed arithmetic and logical operations and solved scientific problems.

Harvard MARK 1 IBM MARK 1

First Digital Computer

The innovation of very high-speed vacuum tube, a built in device, led to the first all electronic computer in the year 1947. It contains vacuum tubes, registers, capacitors and switches and it was much faster than the MARK I.

ENIAC

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator):Calculator):

ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer)

First Electronic Computer

   The first computer to use magnetic tape for data input and output was UNIAC I. It was built in 1946. The first UNIAC computer was installed at the United States Bureau of the Censor in 1951. It was the first computer to be produced commercially. It could process numeric as well as alphabetic data. Vacuum tubes were used in this system also.

UNIAC Working in UNIAC

UNIAC (Universal Automatic Computer):UNIAC (Universal Automatic Computer):

First commercially produced computer

Case Study 02Case Study 02

Computer Computer Generations…Generations…

Drum primary storage.

Punched card and paper-tape secondary storage

Vacuum-tube circuit.

Continuous maintenance required

Batch processing

First commercial computer

Vacuum tubes generated considerable heat

Huge computers, which required a lot of space and special air-conditioning

Poor reliability Vacuum Tube

First Generation (1951-1958)

IBM 650/704

EDSAC

ENIAC

EDVAC

UNIVAC 1

IBM 650

Limited internal storage capacity

Slow input/output operations,

Used punched cards

Computers programmed with machine Language

Examples of first generation computers

First Generation (1951-1958)

Magnetic-core primary storageTape secondary storageTransistor circuitsGreater reliability and speedHigh-level procedural languages FORTRAN & COBOL.Reduced generated heatSmaller & more reliableFaster than first generationsRequire less power to operateDevelopment of magnetic disk storage

Transistor

Second Generation (1959-1964)

Increased storage capacityTransistors replaced vacuum tubes

Computers programmed in high level language

In 1961, COBOL was developed

Examples of second generations computers

IBM-700/1401

ATLAS

ICL 1901 IBM 700

Second Generation (1959-1964)

Magnetic disk secondary storage

On line real time processing Multi Programming operating

systems Integrated circuits Increased miniaturization,

speed and reliability

Development of minicomputers Transistors replaced by integrated circuits

Integrated circuit consists of thousands of transistors and other electronic components on a silicon crystal.

Integrated Circuit (IC)

Third Generation (1965-1971)

Better storage devices (tapes)Improved input, output deviceFaster than the previous generations computersConcept of multi programming was usedUsed Operating systemsExamples of third generations computers

IBM/360/370 NCR 395 Burroughs B6500

IBM 360

Third Generation (1965-1971)

Large scale and very large scale integrated circuits

Semi conductor primary storage

Dramatic decrease in hardware cost

Increasing cost of software Development of

micro/personal computers

Development of electronic spreadsheets

Point of origin data capture and entry• Widespread use Of CRT terminals• Data base management systems• Applications development by users

Microprocessor

Forth Generation (1971-Present)

User friendly software Virtual storage operating

systems Distributed data

processing Increased used of data

communication and computer networks.

Microprocessor used Graphics terminals Use of VLSI (Very Large

Scale Integrated Circuits)• Compact, faster• More reliable• Cheaper

A Midrange HP Laptop

Forth Generation (1971-Present)

Organic chips Decreasing costs of

software Decreasing costs of

hardware Super and ultra

personal computers

Increased miniaturization

Vast improvements in the price performance ratio

Artificial intelligence.

Artificial Intelligence

Fifth Generations (Future)

Applications: Artificial intelligence,

robots, large scale, corporate modeling, oil exploration,weather system modeling, star wars systems and personal robots.

Auto decisions Large storage facility High speed Multi point Input/Output Non-procedural software Under development in USA,

Japan and UK.

A Robot Kismet

Fifth Generations (Future)

The relation between hardware cost and accuracy of the computers in different generations

Hardware Cost & Size

Speed &

Acc

uracy

1st Generation

2nd

Generation3rd Generation

4th Generation

5th Generation

Thanks a Thanks a millionmillion

Submitted By…Submitted By…  Mehnaj Binte ZiaMehnaj Binte ZiaRoll No: 1002052Roll No: 1002052

Sunriz IslamSunriz IslamRoll No: 1102048.Roll No: 1102048.

Level 1, Semester 1Level 1, Semester 1Telecommunication & Electronic Engineering.Telecommunication & Electronic Engineering.