By Keramyda Konstantina

‘ The process of indented misleading or

wrongly informing the participants

h h h’ (Howitt & Cramer, 2014)

1897- Leon Solomons

Discrimination between a single point and two points

’ (Howitt & Cramer, 2014)

Participants were informed that they might be being deceived

(Howitt & Cramer, 2014)

1974 – Milgram

Studies of obedience

Participants believed that the study investigated the effect of

punishment on learning.

Participants were told that it was crucial for the experiment to punish a

third party with electric shock.

Participants were not informed that they were been deceived.

(Milgram, 1974)

W social psychological research

would be difficult if not

…

(Howitt & Cramer, 2014)

Deception in research might cause distress and psychological

harm.

(The British Psychological Society, 2009)

Recipients might become cynical about the purposes and attitudes

of researchers . (The British Psychological Society, 2009)

Deception, depending on the study, might or might not jeopardize

’ -being. (Berkowitz, 1962)

Deception methods might lead to hostility and suspicion towards

participation in research . (Howitt & Cramer, 2014)

Deception might be considered ,if the proposed research has

, (Howitt & Cramer, 2014)

Must be established that there is no alternative approach by

which deception would not be used. (Howitt & Cramer, 2014)

If deception is used should be explained by the researcher as

early as possible. (Howitt & Cramer, 2014)

Deceived participants should be given the right to withdraw from

the study. (Howitt & Cramer, 2014)

Deliberate lies and omission of particular details of a research must

be differentiated. (The British Psychological Society, 2009)

If anger, discomfort or otherwise object is expressed as a response

when the nature of deception is revealed, then the deception is

inappropriate and it should be reviewed. (The British Psychological Society, 2009)

Berkowitz, L. (1962). Aggression: A social psychological analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.

British Psychological Society, (2009). Codes of Ethics and Conduct: Guidance Published by the

Ethics Committee of the British Psychological Society. Leicester: British Psychological

Society. Retrieved from

http://www.bps.org.uk/system/files/documents/code_of_ethics_and_conduct.pdf

Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2014). Introduction to research methods in psychology (Fourth ed.).

Pearson.

Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority. New York: Harper & Row