Spanish IIIRealidades-2El 4 de febrero2017Para empezar e Capítulo 1A

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Using the verb SER Realidades 2 Página 5

Using Ser with adjectives to form complete sentences

El verbo SERThese notes on Spanish grammar cover the verb 'SER' (to be) and are accompanied by a video and interactive exercises.

The Spanish verb SER is used, for example, to describe people. We use it to express someone's name, personality, appearance, nationality. Unlike English, it has six different forms, one for each pronoun. It is an irregular verb. It is important to differentiate it from the verb ESTAR. Both verbs are translated as the verb 'to be' in English, but SER is more permanent than ESTAR.

When we talk about or describe someone, we use the verb SER:

La alumna es colombiana. The student is Colombian.

El profesor es venezolano. The teacher is Venezuelan.

Los amigos son simpáticos. The friends are nice.

Ella es María. She is María.

Pronoun Verb formYo soyTú eresÉl, Ella, Usted esNosotros, Nosotras somosVosotros, vosotras soisEllos, Ellas, Ustedes son

Use 'yo' to talk about ourselves: Yo soy Gimena. I am Gimena.

Use 'tú' to talk to another person, like 'you' in English. ¿Tú eres salvadoreña? Are you Salvadoran?

Use 'él' to talk about men and boys, like 'he' in English. Él es Mario. Él es muy simpático. He is Mario. He is very nice.

Use 'ella' to talk about women and girls, like 'she'. Ella es Julia. Ella es muy seria. She is Julia. She is very serious.

Use 'usted' to show respect. ¿Usted es el Sr. (señor) Gómez? Are you Mr. Gómez?

Use 'nosotros' to talk about ourselves. Nosotros somos amigos. We are friends.

In Spain, use 'vosotros' to speak to more than one person informally. ¿Vosotros sois estudiantes? Are you students?

Use use 'ellos' to talk about more than one person. Ellos son de Ecuador. They are from Ecuador.

Use 'ellas' to talk about more than one woman. Ellas son profesoras. They are teachers.

In Spain, use 'ustedes' to address more than one person formally. ¿Ustedes son de Madrid? Are you from Madrid?

In Latin America, use 'ustedes' to address more than one person formally or informally. ¿Ustedes son de Perú? Are you from Peru?

The Spanish Verb Ser (to be)In Spanish, the verb Ser is used to identify and describe people, places and things.

Present tense conjugation:yo soy I am

tú eres You are

usted es You are

él/ella es He/She is

nosotros somos We are

vosotros sois You are

ustedes son You are

ellos/ellas son They are

uses of Ser

To describe yourself (inherent characteristics)

Soy responsable, y tranquila.

I am a responsible and tranquil person

To contrast two people

Yo soy argentina , tú eres mexicano.

I am Argentinean and you are Mexican.

To describe an item

El libro es rojo y verde. The book is red and green.

To say what something is made of using “de” (of).

La mesa es de madera. The table is made of wood.

To give the location of an event.

La fiesta es en mi casa. The party is in my house.

To describe others

Ellos son estudiantes. They are students.

Making Negative Statements

In order to make a negative statement, put "no" in front of the verb ser.

Yo no soy romántico y Juan no es práctico.

I am not a romantic person and Juan is not practical.

Questions

In Spanish many questions can be formed with the verb Ser

¿Qué es esto? Esto es un libro.

What is this? This is a book.

¿Quién eres? Soy Mauro. Who are you? I am Mauro.

¿De dónde eres? Soy de Where are you from? I am from

España. Spain.

¿Cómo es Usted? Soy alto y sincero.

What are you like? I'm tall and sincere.

¿Qué eres? Soy profesor.What is your occupation? I am a professor.

SER

usingSER in complete sentences to describe people, places and things.

1. Having a pen pal and writing to him-her describing your friends and classmates.

2. La practyica- Actividad 7 página 53. Actividad 8 escribir página 5 ¿Y cómo son tus

compañeros?4. Juego Actividad 95. Adivina Ud.¿? Guess who? Describe fanous people

And have others guess who it is

Realidades 2 Página 14

Las clasesEl arteLas ciencias naturales

La educacìon fisicaEl españolLas matemáticasLa tecnología

A VER SI RECUERDAS:

Question Words in Spanish

Interrogative Pronouns (Question Words)

Interrogative pronouns simply mean question words. Whether or not you realize it, a question word is actually a pronoun because it is used in place of the noun that would be the answer to the question.

Following is a complete list of question words. Notice that they all have accent marks.

Most of the question words have exact equivalents in Spanish and English. But there are a few issues you must understand in order to use the correct question word in context. There are three Spanish interrogative pronouns that can be translated to the English word what: qué, cuál, and cómo. Unfortunately, they are not just interchangeable, but there are some simple rules to govern their usage.

What rule 1: Always use qué to mean what directly in front of any noun.

               ¿Qué libro lee usted?               What book do you read?               ¿Qué comida comen ellos?               What food do they eat?

What rule 2: Qué is used in front of any form of the verb ser when asking for a definition or an explanation. That is, when you're really asking “What does it mean?” or “What is it?”

What rule 3: Cuál is used in front of any form of the verb ser when you're asking for a choice or specific answer. For example, consider the difference between the following two answers to a question about your address. The sample questions that generate them use the es form, which means is, of the verb ser.

A: My address is the house number, the street name, city, state, and zip code where I live.

B: My address is 555 Kingston Lane, Carrollton, Ohio 44615.

Answer A is obviously the response to a question asking for a definition or explanation of the word “address.” This is the type of answer elicited from the following question:

        ¿Qué es dirección?

        What is “your address?” (give me an explanation or definition of address)

Answer B is clearly the type of response to the question, “What is your address?” Any question asking for a specific response, as in the following example, requires the question word “ cuál.”

         ¿Cuál es tu dirección?

         What is your address? (give me a specific place)

What rule 4: Cómo is often used as a response when someone fails to hear a comment and would like it

repeated. In English when someone says something you don't hear, you say, “What?” If this happens in Spanish, the one word response, “¿ Cómo?” is appropriate. That does not, however, mean that cómo can be used to mean “What?” in any other situation.

The importance of knowing how to ask a question is obvious, but a large number of people tend to mix up the question words or simply can't remember them.

Try to use mnemonic (memory) tricks to help you remember the question words. The following examples are silly, and therein lies their beauty. Although they won't elicit the exact question word, they will certainly jar your memory. You should try to think of your own mnemonic devices for the rest of the question words.

       How did he get into a coma?       Cómo = how       Who dates Barbie? Ken!       Quién = who       What do they sell at K‐mart?       Qué = what

       When can I buy a condo?        Cuándo = when

Most questions that have a question word are created exactly like a yes or no question with the question word in front. Take the question “Does he speak Italian?” ¿Habla él italiano? There are several question words that could be placed in front of the question to elicit more information than a yes or no answer.

The following examples show how different question words can elicit different answers:

         ¿Cómo está tu familia?          How is your family?

         ¿Dónde habla él italiano?          Where does he speak Italian?

          ¿Cuándo habla él italiano?          When does he speak Italian?

         ¿Por qué habla él italiano?         Why does he speak Italian?

All of the sample questions can be created simply by switching the subject and the verb to create a yes or no question and then placing the specific question word in front.

HAY QUE… / TENER + QUE…..

TENER QUE, HAY QUE

Tener que + infinitive is one way to express obligation or necessity. This expression can be translated as “someone has to do something.” Tener is conjugated according to the subject of the sentence.

Tengo que comer las verduras.I have to eat the vegetables.

Ángel tiene que leer el periódico.Ángel has to read the newspaper.

Ellos tienen que comprar una revista.They have to buy a magazine.

Hay que + infinitive is used to express the idea of “one must do something” or, “it is necessary to do something.” It is a more general expression and since there is no subject, the verb form hay is always used.

Hay que tomar un taxi.It is necessary to take a taxi.

Hay que estudiar mucho.One must study a lot.

These examples illustrate the contrasting uses of these two expressions:

María tiene un examen el lunes. Ella tiene que estudiar.María has a test on Monday. She has to study.

No es fácil aprender el español. Hay que practicar mucho.It isn’t easy to learn Spanish. It is necessary to practice a lot.

Stem-changing verbs in spanish

STEM-CHANGING VERBS: E:IE

Remember, there are three types of infinitives: -ar, -er, -ir. Infinitives are made up of two parts: the ending and the stem. In the following examples, the stem is underlined and the ending is in bold.hablarcomervivir

With regular verbs, the stem stays the same, and the ending changes as they are conjugated.

hablo como vivo

hablas comes vives

habla come vive

hablamos comemos vivimos

habláis coméis vivís

hablan comen viven

With some verbs, the stem also changes when you conjugate them. In the present tense, there are three groups of stem-changing verbs:o:uee:iee:i

u-ue jugarWith the second group of stem-changing verbs, the letter e in the stem changes to ie in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros.

cerrarcierrocierrascierracerramoscerráis

cierranHere’s an

other e:ie stem changing verb. Compare it to the regular verb comer. Notice that the endings are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing verbs.entender (e:ie)

entiendo

entiendes

entiende

entendemos

entendéis

entienden

Here’s another e:ie stem-changing verb. Notice how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and vosotros forms.

mentir (e:ie)

miento

mientes

miente

mentimos

mentis

mienten

Here is a list of common e:ie stem-changing verbs.

acertarto guess, get right

encenderto light, kindle

advertirto advise, warnentenderto understand

cerrarto close, shut

fregarto scrub, wash dishes

comenzarto begin

hervirto boil

confesarto confess

mentirto lieconsentirto consent

negarto deny

convertirto convert

pensar (en)to think about

defenderto defend

perderto lose

empezarto begin

preferirto prefer

e:ie stem-changers (cerrar)cierro

cierras

cierra

cerramos

cerráis

cierran

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