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Participles A participle is a verb form that can function as an

adjective.Kinds of participleKinds Forms ExamplesPresent Participles

Ending in -ing•The losing player got ashamed.

Past Participles

Ending in –ed or other irregular ending

•The married couple have jobs.

Perfect participles

Having + Past ParticipleHaving been + Participle

•Having been warned, he never goes out at night.

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Participles Vs Verbs A verb shows an action, a condition, or

the fact that something exists. A participle acting as an adjective

modifies a noun or a pronoun.

Verbs Participles

The judge has married a couple.

The bird is singing.

The married couple has one baby now.

The singing bird is cute.

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Participial Phrase A participial phrase is a participle modified by

an adverb, a prepositional phrase, or accompanied by a complement. The entire phrase acts as an adjective.

Complements

NOTE: Not all of complements can be formed to be a participial phrase. Only direct or indirect objects can be formed to be a participial phrase.

1.Direct Objects2.Indirect Objects3.Objective Complements4.Subjective Complements

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1. Participle + adverb = Participial PhrasesSoledad speaking quickly is a teacher of English.

2. Participle + prepositional phrase = Participial phrases

The clothes torn into small pieces are lying in the bed.

3. Participle + complement = Participial phrasesEating dessert everyday, I get fatter and fatter.

Participial Phrase Examples

A participial phrase modifies Soledad.

A participial phrase modifies the clothes.

A participial phrase modifies I

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Punctuating Participial Phrases If a participial phrase begins a sentence, a comma

is used after that phrase, before the sentence.Crying loudly, the boy was canned by his mother.

A comma or commas are used to set off the participial phrase that is not important to the sentence (when a participial phrase modifies a proper noun or noun already identified in a sentence.)Angkor Wat, build by Khmer architecture, attracts visitors from all over the world.My youngest sister, not living with me, has a good job.I met Mr. John Miner, working with me last year.

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, ,

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Using Participial Phrases to combine sentences Participial phrases can be used to combine the

information in two sentences into one sentence

I have lost all money. I went home. Having lost all money, I went home. OR Going home, I have lost all money.

The president shook hands with people. He barely made his way to the car. Shaking hand with people, the president barely made his way to the car. OR Barely making his way to the car, the president shook hands with people.

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Nominative Absolutes A nominative absolute is a noun or a pronoun

followed by a participle or a participial phrase that functions independently of the rest of the sentence.

Nominative absolute can show time, reason, or circumstances.

Time: Three year having passed, I decided to wait for her no longer.

Reason: No body having any more to say, the meeting was closed.

Circumstance: All the money having been spent, we started looking for work.

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