preliminary findings from the 5th ewcs on gender agnès parent-thirion head of the surveys and...
TRANSCRIPT
Preliminary findings Preliminary findings from the 5th EWCS on genderfrom the 5th EWCS on gender
Agnès Parent-Thirion
Head of the Surveys and Trends unit
European Working Conditions SurveyEuropean Working Conditions Survey
• European wide survey – 5 waves already: 1991, 1995, 2000 (+01/02), 2005 and 2010
• 1 questionnaire / translated in all the languages 2010: 32 languages and 16 variants
• Country coverage: EU + neighbour countries 5th EWCS (2005):34 countries covered : EU27 + ACC3 + NO + IPA3 42000 interviews in total (1000/4000 interview per country)
• Workers survey: employees and self-employed (15+) (LFS def) • Face to face interviews
2010: 40 min // 2010 • From 1991 to 2010: questionnaire has expanded from 30 to 100 questions
– however attempt to keep ‘trends’ • Gender mainstreaming, a concern • Revision of
Questionnaire: with support of a questionnaire development group + Eurofound’s Governing Board (advisory committee on EWCS)
Quality process: strict quality assurance mechanisms
Participation rates over time (LFS)Participation rates over time (LFS)
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
EU12 Women EU12 Men EU15 Women
EU15 Men EU27 Women EU27 Men
Proportion of women in supervisory positions, Proportion of women in supervisory positions, EC12, EU15 and EU27, 1991 - 2010 (%)EC12, EU15 and EU27, 1991 - 2010 (%)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1991 1995 2000 2005 2010
EC12
EU15
EU27
Level of job segregation at the workplaceLevel of job segregation at the workplaceby gender, 2010, EU27 (%)by gender, 2010, EU27 (%)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Men Women All
Mostly men
Mostly women
More or less equal number ofmen and women
Working time duration
• Working time is decreasing on average From 40.5 hrs/week in 1991 (EC12) to 37.5 hrs/week in EU27
(2010)- On average men work 7 hrs more than women in paid employment
- However: paid + unpaid work: women work more
Gender time segregation- Women work more shorter hours
-Men work more longer hours
20 or less 21-34 35-40 41-47 48 or more
Male 6.6% 5.9% 56.8% 9.7% 21.0%
Female 19.5% 19.0% 45.4% 6.0% 10.1%
Average working hours and Average working hours and distribution of working hours, per countrydistribution of working hours, per country
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
EL
RO
BG PL
SK
CZ
HU SI
MT
CY LT LV PT
EE LU ES
EU
27 SE FI
BE IT AT
DE
UK
FR IE DK NL
Working hours preference, Working hours preference, by gender, age and employment status, 2010, EU27 (%)by gender, age and employment status, 2010, EU27 (%)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
All
Men
Women
Less than 30 years of age
Between 30 and 49 years of age
50 or more years of age
Self-employed
Employed - permanent contract
Employed - Other
More The Same Less
Working time organisation for women and men
A lot of regularity: • 67% workers work same hour/week• 58% work same hours/day• 77% work same days/week• 61% start and finish at the same time every day-> This is more the case for women than for men…
But considerable proportion work non standard work: • 16% of the workers work long days
at least 5 times a month• 10% of workers do night work (more men than women)
more than 3 times a month• 17% of the workers do shift work (equal for men and women) • 20% work on call• 53% work at the weekend at least once a month
26% work at least one Sunday a month
Work life balanceWork life balance
• 18% of workers have problems with work-life balance Men > women esp. men 30-49 yrs old Dissatisfaction for women more evenly spread over career
• But flexibility of workers and employers One third of the workers can easily take 1 hour off
Easier for men than for women More than one third of the workers work in their free time
Slightly more men and for womenNearly 20 % (both men and women) do this more
than once per week
But if we look at all working time …
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
PT female
FT female
PT male
FT male
paid w ork commuting time second job unpaid w ork
Working to tight deadlines, Working to tight deadlines, EC12, EU15 and EU27, 1991-2010 (%)EC12, EU15 and EU27, 1991-2010 (%)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
1991 1995 2000 2005 2010
EU12
EU15
EU27
Physical risk factors, 2010, EU27 (%) Physical risk factors, 2010, EU27 (%) – similarly high for men and women– similarly high for men and women
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Men Women Men Women
Tiring or painful positions Repetitive hand / armmovements
A 1/4 of the time or more
(Almost) all of the time
““Male” physical risk factors, 2010, EU27 (%)Male” physical risk factors, 2010, EU27 (%)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Men
Wom
en
Men
Wom
en
Men
Wom
en
Men
Wom
en
Vibrations Noise Breathing insmoke, fumes,powder or dust
Carrying ormoving heavy
loads
A 1/4 of the time or more
(Almost) all of the time
““Female” physical risk factors, 2010, EU27 (%)Female” physical risk factors, 2010, EU27 (%)
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
Men Women Men Women
Lifting or moving people Handling infectious materials
From 1/4 of the time to around3/4 of the time
(Almost) all of the time
Psychosocial factors: Client contact, Psychosocial factors: Client contact, 2010, EU27 (%)2010, EU27 (%)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Men Women Men Women
Handling angry clients Dealing directly with people
From 1/4 of the time to around3/4 of the time
(Almost) all of the time
Job fulfilment, 2010, EU27 (%)Job fulfilment, 2010, EU27 (%)
Men Women
Does your job require that you hide your feelings? 23.00% 28.50%
Do you get emotionally involved in your work? 39.30% 46.20%
Do you feel you are doing useful work? 83.90% 83.60%
Does your job give you a feeling of work well done? 83.10% 84.10%
Violence, Discrimination and Harassment (Part I), Violence, Discrimination and Harassment (Part I), 2010, EU27 (%)2010, EU27 (%)
Men Women
Over the last month, during the course of your work, have you been subjected to verbal abuse? 10.80% 10.70%
Over the last month, during the course of your work, have you been subjected to unwanted sexual attention? 1.10% 2.60%
Over the last month, during the course of your work, have you been subjected to threats and humiliating behaviour? 4.90% 5.10%
Violence, Discrimination and Harassment (Part II), Violence, Discrimination and Harassment (Part II), 2010, EU27 (%)2010, EU27 (%)
Men Women
Over the past 12 months, during the course of your work, have you been subjected to physical violence? 2.00% 1.70%
Over the past 12 months, during the course of your work, have you been subjected to bullying /harassment? 3.90% 4.40%
Over the past 12 months, during the course of your work, have you been subjected to sexual harassment? 0.60% 1.50%
Some final points
• Women and men at work : Gender segregation at labour market
Still widespread … not so easy to tackle Working time : more than just hours
Organisation, transitions over life-course…Reconciliation with private life: work-life balance
Variability is increasing and needed Other elements to look at to understand men and women’s
jobsClient contact, different risks, …
• More analysis will be done on data to understand working conditions of men and women
Thank youThank you
www.eurofound.europa.eu
On behalf of all the ewcs project team,
Evolution of weekly working hours, Evolution of weekly working hours, 1991 – 2010, EC12, EU15 and EU27 (%)1991 – 2010, EC12, EU15 and EU27 (%)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
1991
1995
2000
2005
2010
1991
1995
2000
2005
2010
EC
12 (
/EU
15
from
1995)
EU
27
20 or less 21 to 34 35 to 38 39 to 41 42 to 48 more than 48
Working when sick in the past 12 monthsWorking when sick in the past 12 months
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Denm
ark
Mal
ta
Slove
nia
Sweden
Finlan
d
Unite
d Kin
gdom
Belgiu
m
Luxe
mbo
urg
Franc
e
Slova
kia
Eston
ia
Cypru
sEU27
Nethe
rland
s
Latv
ia
Ger
man
y
Irelan
d
Spain
Hunga
ry
Austri
a
Lith
uani
a
Czech
Rep
ublic
Roman
ia
Portu
gal
Gre
ece
Polan
dIta
ly
Bulga
ria
Yes No I w as not sick
Able to work at 60, by countryAble to work at 60, by country
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
NL
DE IE DK
UK
SE FI
CY IT
EE
EU
27 LV BE AT
RO LT CZ
MT
SK LU BG PL
ES
HU
FR EL
PT SI