Pratyaya or suffix is added at the end of verbal root to transform the verbal

root into indeclinable, imperfect verb, definite verb, past tense of verb, present

continuous tense of verb and so on.

The following are some important suffixes:

àTyya>Suffixes

àTyya>

4. AnIyr!

7. Kt

8. zt&

3. Lyp!

2. KTva

1. tumun!

6. Ktvt!5. tVyt!

2. ri]tum! � To protect

3 . yaictum! � To beg

4. g&hItum! � To hold

5. leiotum! � To write

6. vistum! � To live

7. xaivtum! � To run

8. ivmaeictum! � To release

9. Éivtum! � To become

10. baeixtum! � To teach

11. jIivtum! � To live

12. jiLptum! � To blabber

13. icNtiytum! � To think

14. oaidtum! � To eat

15. iniNdtum! � To criticise

16. d{fiytum! � To punish

17. vKtum! � To speak

18. AagNtum! � To come

19. gNtum! � To go

20. patum! � To drink

21. ïaetum! � To hear

22. htuRm! � To snatch

23. ttuRm! � To cross

24. ktuRm! � To do

25. hNtum! � To kill

26. lBxum! � To get

27. ³Iiftum! � To play

28. pittum! � To fall

29. Swatum! � To stand

30. mtuRm! � To die

31. paliytum! � To nurture

32. AicRtum! � To worship

Here are a few examples:

The suffix tum! is added to the verbs to indicate the purpose of action.

Example: ram> piQtu< iv*aly< gCDit, Räma goes to school in order to study.

Once the tumun !-àTyy is added to the verbal derivative, it becomes an

indeclinable, which means that the word will be the same in all genders, cases

and numbers.

9.1 tmu un-! àTyy>

1. piQtum! � To read

an action, if the subject does another action, then, the KTva suffix is added to

the completed action.

Example: ram> piQTva ³Iiftu< gCDit, Having read, Räma goes to play.

The verbal forms formed with KTva suffix are also indeclinables.

Here are a few examples:

1. piQTva � Having read

2. ilioTva � Having written

3. xaivTva � Having run

4. %idTva � Having risen

5. %i;Tva � Having lived

6. hisTva � Having laughed

7. ri]Tva � Having protected

8. g&hITva � Having held

9. É]iyTva � Having eaten

10. g[iyTva � Having counted

11. caeriyTva � Having stolen

12. rciyTva � Having composed

13. yaciyTva � Having begged

14. tafiyTva � Having beaten

15. kwiyTva � Having told

16. icNtiyTva � Having thought

17. imilTva � Having met

18. ÉUTva � Having been

19. hTva � Having killed

20. gTva � Having gone

21. pITva � Having drunk

22. nTva � Having prostrated

23. Sm&Tva � Having remembered

24. ijTva � Having conquered

25. �:q�va � Having looked

26. ïuTva � Having heard

27. k«Tva � Having done

28. TyKTva � Having given up

29. mTva � Having considered

30. AiqTva � Having Wandered

The suffix Tva is added only to roots that are not prefixed by upasarga. It

denotes the sense of adverbial past participle (prefix). After having completed

9.2 KTva-àTyy>

Lyp!-àTyy (y) is suffixed when the verbal form has an upasarga prefixed to it.

Example: When the Lyp! is added to }a, which has the iv upasarga, it becomes

iv}ay.iv + }a + Lyp! = iv}ay � Having known

Without upasarga, }a becomes }aTva.Here are a few more examples:

1. Aa + þe = AahUy � Having called

2. in + bNx! = inbXy � Having bound

3. Aa + da = Aaday � Having brought

4. à + # = àeTy � Having reached

5. Aa + p̈ = AapUyR � Having filled up

6. à + ivz! = àivZy � Having entered

7. iv + lI = ivlIy � Having dissolved

8. sm! + Sm& = s<Sm&Ty � Having thought well

9. Aix + # = AxITy � Having got

10. Aa + p&CD! = Aap&CD!y � Having asked

11. in + mJj! = inmJJy � Having sunk

12. %d! + Swa = %Tway � Having got up

13. ins! + ic = iniíTy � Having decided

14. sm! + k« = s<Sk«Ty � Having purified

Lyp!-àTyy Lyp!-àTyy has the same function as KTva-àTyy, but the only difference is that, in

15. à + vc! = àaeCy � Having told

16. Aa + éh! = Aaéý � Having climbed

17. Aa + mNÇ! = AamNÈy � Having discussed

18. à + nm! = à[My � Having prostrated

19. Aa + gm! = AagTy/AagMy � Having come

When the AnIyr!!-àTyy is added to the verbal root, the potential passive participle

is formed. It conveys a sense of 'necessity' or 'command'.

Example: ïImÚaray[> Smr[Iy>, Lord Näräyaëa is to be remembered.

The derivatives formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender,

number and case.

Example:

Masculine Gender −−−−− pQnIy>Feminine Gender −−−−− pQnIyaNeuter Gender −−−−− pQnIym!Here are a few more examples:

1. kr[Iym! � To be done

2. pQnIym! � To be read

3. gmnIym! � Have to go

4. vhnIym! � To be carried

5. hnnIym! � To be killed

6. hsnIym! � Have to laugh

7. vdnIym! � To be spoken

8. vcnIym! � To be spoken

9. danIym! � To be given

10. dzRnIym! � To be seen

11. ïv[Iym! � To be heard

12. ÉednIym! � To be split

13. inNdnIym! � To be condemned

14. TyjnIym! � To be given up

15. ÉaejnIym! � To be consumed

16. oadnIym! � to be eaten

17. jynIym! � to be conquered

18. yaejnIym! � to be linked

19. nynIym! � to be carried

20. Smr[Iym! � to be remembered

9.4 AnIyr-!! àTyy>

The usage of tVyt!-àTyy is similar to AnIyr!-àTyy. The only speciality is that

the aspects of 'necessity' and 'command' are stressed more in the tVyt!-àTyythan AnIyr!-àTyy.

Example: ktRVy< dEvmaiûkm! , The religious rites ought to be done.

The derivatives formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender,

number and case.

Example:

Masculine Gender � piQtVy>Feminine Gender � piQtVyaNeuter Gender � piQtVym!Here are a few examples:

1. piQtVym! � Must be read

2. Éai;tVym! � Must be spoken

3. ÉaeKtVym! � Must be enjoyed

4. ointVym! � Must be dug

5. baeixtVym! � Must be educated

6. ktRVym! � Must be done

7. TyKtVym! � Must be given up

8. datVym! � Must be given

9. ïaetVym! � Must be heard

10. maijRtVym! � Must be purified

11. sihtVym! � Must be borne

12. leiotVym! � Must be written

13. tirtVym! � Must be crossed over

14. ³IiftVym! � Must be played

15. kwiytVym! � Must be told

16. ri]tVym! � Must be protected

17. jetVym! � Must be conquered

18. SwatVym! � Must be positioned

19. hNtVym! � Must be killed

20. SnatVym! � Must be bathed

21. }atVym! � Must be known

22. ÔòVym! � Must be seen

23. netVym! � Must be carried

24. patVym! � Must be drunk

25. gNtVym! � Must be gone

26. v´Vym! � Must be spoken

9.5 tVyt-! àTyy>

The past active participle is formed by adding the suffix Ktvt! to the verbal

root and has the same meaning as that of the verbal past tense.

Example: ram> iv*aly< gtvan! (AgCDt! ), Räma went to school.

Thus gtvan! and AgCDt! mean one and the same.

The derivates formed using this suffix agree with the noun in gender, number

and case.

Example:

Masculine Gender � piQtvan!Feminine Gender � piQtvtINeuter Gender � piQtvt!!Here are a few examples:

1. gtvan! � Went 4. p&óvan! � Asked

2. k«tvan! � Did 5. xaivtvan! � Ran

3. iSwtvan! � Stood 6. piQtvan! � Read

9.6 Ktvt-! àTyy>

7. nmSk«tvan! � Prostrated

8. g&hItvan! � Held

9. %Ktvan! � Told

10. �òvan! � Looked

11. oaidtvan! � Ate

12. Aiqtvan! � Roamed

13. Swaiptvan! � Established

14. TyKtvan! � Gave up

15. àei;tvan! � Sent

16. i]Ptvan! � Threw

17. ïutvan! � Heard

18. pItvan! � Drank

19. ijtvan! � Conquered

20. iliotvan! � Wrote

21. AahUtvan! � Called

22. nItvan! � Carried

23. AanItvan! � Brought

24. iciNttvan! � Thought

25. Aacirtvan! � Did

26. }atvan! � Knew

The past passive participle is formed by adding Kt-àTyy to the transitive verbal

roots.

Example: rav[> ht>, Rävaëa has been killed.

The verbal derivative formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in

gender, number and case.

Example:

Masculine Gender � k«t>Feminine Gender � k«taNeuter Gender � k«tm!Here are a few examples:

1. k«t> � Has been done 3. gt> � Has been gone

2. ïut> � Has been heard 4. �ò> � Has been looked

9.7 Kt-àTyy>

5. pIt> � Has been drunk

6. nIt> � Has been carried

7. piQt> � Has been read

8. taift> � Has been beaten

9. ht> � Has been killed

10. ijt> � Has been conquered

11. iliot> � Has been written

12. kiwt> � Has been told

13. TyKt> � Has been given up

14. }at> � Has been known

The present participle is formed by adding zt&-àTyy to the verbal root. This

has the sense of present continuous tense.

Example: ram> gayn! gCDit, Räma goes singing.

The verbal derivative formed using this suffix agrees with the noun

in gender, number and case.

Example:

Masculine Gender � k�vRn!Feminine Gender � k�vRNtINeuter Gender � k�vRt!Here are a few examples:

1. k�vRn! � Doing

2. gCDn! � Going

3. AagCDn! � Coming

4. pQn! � Reading

5. z&{vn! � Hearing

6. Tyjn! � Giving up

7. xavn! � Running

8. palyn! � Protecting

9.8 zt&-àTyy>