pragyan vol 07 issue 01

00 Editorial01 Editor’s Mail Box02 Campus Update ............................................../ Surjya Chutia07 Academic World Around08 PanoramaPersonality14 An Engineer from IIT, now a FarmerExam and Education16 "‹¸Ú> ëA¡ïÅº Î šìA¢¡ ....../ ³èº : ë™àìW¡ó¡ ëóø¡S¡ ëºr¡Wô¡¤à\¢à¹; ">å : ¹àoà W¡à}³àÒüCareer19 ëA¡[¹Úà¹ ë\¸à[t¡ .............................................../ >ã[º³ ë\¸à[t¡ ëÎ>àš[t¡24 Advice for students Entering XI25 Exam Schedule - 200926. Career TabloidScience and Tech.27. Greatest Total Solar Eclipse of the Century ......../ Uday Narayan Deka30. Total Solar Eclipse-2009 : How to Observe it Safely.../ Dr. Rajib Bordoloi33. Waste Management at Personal Level........................../ Anirban Ghosh35. št¡}K¹ "Š±ét¡ \ã¯>îÅºã .................................../ ¹ç¡‰ >à¹àÚo ¤¹A¡àA¡t¡ã39. [ÅÇ¡¹ [¤A¡àÅ "à¹ç¡ ¤õ[‡ý¡ ............................................../ l¡0 ¹ê¡šàºã KîKLanguage and Literature41 A Perspective of the Assamese Language .................../ Rajen Barua45 My Rendezvous with Prague : ........ Czech Rep../ Dr. Rajib Bordoloi50 šøoÚ>¹ ƒåÅ ¤á¹¹ šàát¡ ...‘¹ç¡[W¡>à= A¡à³¹ê¡šã’(?)¹ Å¦ìA¡àÈ / l¡0 ëƒ¯¤øt¡ Å³¢à

54 šì=¹ šòàW¡àºã ................................................../ l¡0 "[\t¡ Aå¡³à¹ [Î}Ò

59 Wå¡[i¡ K¿ : *®¡à¹ i¡àÒü³ ................................/ ³èº : "\”zà ">å : ÎåÅà”z A¡¹

64 Wå¡[i¡ K¿ : "š¹à‹ã............................................................/ ¹[gt¡à Å³¢à69 A¡[¤t¡à : ë>à³º ³àÒàt¡à, ">å¹ê¡š ¤¹à, i¡³àW¡ ëÎàìoà¯àºSocial Science71 State, Patriarchy and Women .................../ Dr. Swarna Lata Baruah78. Indian Philosophy — Some Reflections ................/ Dr. Bandana Puzari83 Health Issues in Developing Countries ......................./ Anita BaruwaStudents’ Column85 A¡[¤t¡à : ÎåÅà”z ëAò¡à¯¹, ºÛ¡ì\¸à[t¡ ¤¹ç¡¯à, \Ú”z[\; ¤¹ç¡¯à86 Wå¡[i¡ K¿ : ëÎl¡ü\ãÚà ¹ê¡³àºJ> .............................................../ " ¬¹ ³¹ào¡

Patron : Dr. Bhuban GogoiAdviser : Dr. Achyut Borthakur, President, ACTA, Tinsukia College Unit

Editor in Chief : Rana K. ChangmaiExecutive Editor : Sushanta KarEditors : Monika Devi, Rashmi Dutta, Mayuri Sarma Baruah, ManashiRajkhowa, Nilimjyoti Senapati, Surjya Chutia, Dr. Kamalesh KalitaStudents’ Representatives : Pankaj Gohain, (Magazine Secretaty, TCSU)

Published by : Secretary, Assam College Teachers’ Association (ACTA),Tinsukia College Unit, Tinsukia College, Tinsukia - 786125Contact : Web : http://sites.google.com/site/pragyan06now

Cell : 9954226966 email : [email protected], [email protected]

Printed at : The Assam Computers (Govt. app ‘A’ Category Press)email : [email protected] - 786125 (Assam)

Editorial Board

1 / /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

Finally, I was able to read the magazine (online). It is a very nice andprofessional publication. Coming out of Tinsukia, I think it is verymeaningful for all in the North East. I will send some literary contributionin Assamese and English in near future. I’m delighted to see the reportof the visit of two students to the Space Talk event at St Anthony’scollege in Shillong. Please, thank them on behalf of Friends of Assamand Seven Sisters. Please send me full names and the classes of thestudents as well as of the teacher who attended there so that FASS mayissue a Certificate to each of them. Please keep up the good work.

ThanksRajen Barua

Chairman, Friends of Assam and Seven Sisters, HQ, Houston, USAemail : [email protected]

It’s very meaningful for the North East

I will try to contributevaluable article on North EastRegion. I am sorry to see myname being mistakenly typedwrongly. It is written asMohem Naorem. It must beMohen Naorem. Anyway,what’s in a name? Ourmission is to promote andwork for welfare of ourregion. I will read the journaland try to be a regularcontributor if possible inevery issue now. I also publish a magazineto promote our culture,language and identity. Iwould like to send somecopies for the college andeditorial staffs, do send meyour mailing address.

Mohen NaoremEditor

The Manipur JournalImphal, Manipur-795004

I’ll try to be a contributor

(Editor’s Note: We are sorryfor the mistakes we havemade with Mohen’s name inhis article “North East Girlsare Very Beautiful”published in the March,09issue of Pragyan. We simplyregret for that. We’ll becautious next time. )

I’ve just downloaded (and read) the (March, 09) issue....and trying todownload the other issues of Pragyan. But I can say that the issue istotally fit for all kinds of students as well as General Readers....I’lltry my best to make it more popular...

* Partho GogoiEx-H.S. Student,2004-06 batch

Totally fit for all

This was easy to open (on-line) and read. Very fine job! That musthave been a lot of work. I salute your effort. Keep it up....

Chandan MahantaSt. Louis, Missouri State, USA; e-mail : [email protected]

I salute your effort !

Heartiest congratulations to the whole team of Pragyan for thesuccessful completion of six years long journey. Long live Pragyan!Pragyan this time is little different from its previous issues. Like toread the cover story which is quite appropriate as we hardly rememberthe great people who contributed a lot for the development of ourculture and society.

Tanusree SarkerLecturer in Political Science,

Women’s College, Tinsukia.; email : [email protected]

This time it’s a bit different

e-mail:[email protected]

/ 2/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

>³ÑHà¹ "à¹ç¡ [¤×¤¤ãÚà *ºK\>àìºòà¡ú ¤×[ƒ>¹ š¹à Òü-ë³Òüº>A¡[¹ Òàìt¡ì¹ [º[J³ ¤å[º* [º[J¤îº¤àA¡ã =à[A¡ ™àÚ¡ú ... "àìšà>àìºàA¡¹‡à¹à šøA¡à[Åt¡ ‘šø`¡à>’& >tå¡> ™åK¹áày-áàyãA¡ "à¹ç¡ `¡à> [ƒÚA¡¡ú ®¡àº®¡à¹t¡ãÚ >àK[¹A¡ A¡[¹ K[Øn¡ ët¡àºA¡¡ú®¡àº >àK[¹A¡¹ "à¹ç¡ šøAõ¡t¡ ë>tõ¡â«¹"®¡à¯¡ú ëƒl¡üt¡à¹ (Ñ¬à‹ã>t¡à Î}Nøà³ãšà>ã¹à³ ƒàÎ Î´š[A¢¡t¡ Î}¤àƒ, ³àW¢¡2009, šø`¡à>) A¡=à "à¹ç¡ ë³à¹(">å¤àƒ) A¡[¤t¡à šøA¡àÅ A¡¹à¹ A¡à¹ìo¤×ìt¡à ‹>¸¤àƒ¡ú

P¡¯àÒài¡ã ë¤à³à¹ >K¹ã¡ú t¡àt¡`¡à>¹ Îå-W¡ZW¢¡à¹ "®¡à¯¡ú >¹A¡àÎå¹¹Î³Úì¤à¹ ®¡àº "à[áº¡ú ÒüÚà¹ š¹àÒü}¹à\ã Å¦ì¹ ®¡¹à "àW¡[¹t¡ "Î³ãÚà¹ƒÒAå¡[¹³à> "àìºàW¡>ã *ºàÚ¡ú t¡à¹"à‹à [¤W¡[ºt¡ ë™ï¯> Î´šA¢¡ãÚ¡ú[t¡[>Wå¡A¡ãÚà¹ [>[W¡>à "¯ìÒ[ºt¡ k¡àÒü¹š¹à *ìºà¯à ¡à> Î³õ‡ý¡ ‘šø`¡à>’ &A¡>tå¡> šƒìÛ¡š¡ú Î³Út¡ ³Òü [ƒAô¡ƒÅ¢ã[A¡áå ëºJà [º[J =à[A¡³¡ú ([W¡[A¡;ÎàÅàÑ|, ëÎ>à-¤à[Ò>ã "à[ƒ Î´šìA¢¡)¡ú

‘šø ¡à>’ "Î³ãÚà Îà[Òt¡¸t¡ &A¡>tå¡> >à³ íÒ ¹*A¡¡ú ‘šø`¡à>’¹ Î³èÒÎƒÎ¸-ÎƒÎ¸àîº ë³à¹ "à”z [¹A¡Aõ¡t¡`¡t¡à `¡àš> A¡[¹ìºà¡ú

‘šø ¡à>’ "Î³ãÚàÎà[Òt¡¸t¡ &A¡ >tå¡>

>à³ íÒ ¹*A¡¡

Readers may choose whatever language they feel comfort with to write in mail box. But for bettercommunication we prefer English and Assamese. – Editor

I got your Pragyan sent by post. Magazine has scholarly articles.It is good looking and well composed.

MB Qasmi, Mumbaie-mail:[email protected]

It has scholarly articles

I’ve visited the Pragyan’s site. It is really a nice journal. I’ve visitedyour personal orkut profile as well. It’s great to know that you area Bengali literature teacher in our college. Please, give my respectto Sri Rana Changmai sir and all other teachers of my college.

Thank you.* Anirban Ghosh – an alumni

Chittaranjan Loco Works, West Bengale-mail: [email protected]

It’s really nice

Provide more current tips

Prochesta Ashadharon ! Antorikata Nirvejal ! Antorik Shubheccha !Paramita (Prajna) Bhowal

an Alumni of 1984 batchcommented in Pragyan’s website.

I’m an ex-student of Tinsukia College. I had Major in History. It’sreally nice to see this college journal (on-line). I will definitely tryto contribute something to Pragyan. Best of luck.

* Mamoon – an Alumni

As a regular reader of Pragyan I hope to get some new and usefulinformation from this. If we get some current study and career tipsthen the usefulness of Pragyan will increase and the market valueof this will increase. This journal will serve as the Gita of studentsand ex-students.

* Biki ( nick name)B’com 2nd year

Prochesta Ashadharon

I’ll contribute

* Scribed in Pragyan’s Orkut Profile

l¡à@ [¤A¡àÅ Aå¡³à¹ ƒàÎ šøàv¡û¡> ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ [¤³à> ¤à[Ò>ã¹ [W¡[A¡;A,¡

¹àÒüì>à \à}Kº &l¡ôì®¡e¡à¹,¤à}Kàºå¹ç¡-37


As per the guidelines of U.G.C, the ‘Cell forWomen Studies and Development’ (CWSD) ofTinsukia College was set up in the year 2005.Since its inception, the cell has been organizingvarious programmes and workshops for bringingawareness among the womenfolk in differentaspects such as health and hygiene, social equality,self dependence etc. in different times. The cellalso observes International Women’s Dayregularly.

This year (2009), besides its normalprogrammes, the cell also organized a specialfelicitation programme on the occasion of

CWSD Observed International Women’s Day1

International Women’s Day. A group of membersof the cell felicitated Dr. Swarnalata Boruah,Retired Prof. & HoD of History department,Dibrugarh University, Ex-president of IndianHistory Congress (2006) — Mediaeval period,renowned feminist of the state, and also one ofthe pioneers of the women movement in thecountry, at her residence at Dibrugarh, who hasbeen suffering illness since long days. She wasfelicitated with a Muga Shawl and a Maan-patraby Bontimala Devi President, CWSD, TinsukiaCollege. The other members in the group wereAnjana Goswami, Roshmi Dutta, Dr. Sanjukta


Gohain Boruah, Dr. Meenakshi Chamua,Dr Rupali Gogoi, Anita Boruah, Dr. AchyutBorthakur and Sushanta Kar.

Dr. Boruah praised the women’s cell forits various deeds and hoped for milestones inthe future. She expressed distress at the fact that,despite constituting half of the world’spopulation, women are still deprived of theirrights and privileges in a patriarchal society that

relegates them to a lower status. She also pointedout that women were in no way less than men intheir ability and capacity to work. She suggestedthe members to organize more seminars,workshops, projects etc. in women related issuesspecially in the remote areas of the state. Shealso suggested to submit projects to the Nationaland International organizations related to theissues for its funding.

Dr. R Bordoloi, HoD, Physics department, Tinsukiacollege participated and presented paper at the internationalconference on ‘Photonics’ that was held at Prague, CzechRepublic from 20-23 April, 2009. The Seminar was organizedby the Society for photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)– U.S.A, a pioneering organization devoted to most advancedphotonics research in the world. Total six hundred scientists andtechnological wizards from all over the world took part in theseminar. Dr. Bordoloi’s Paper had two parts – theoretical andexperimental, presented on 21st & 22nd April, respectively.

It may be mention here that very recently Dr. Bordoloihas been conferred Ph.D Degree by Dibrugarh University for hisResearch Work entitled ‘A Study on a Laser Induced Non-linearPhenomena in Molecular Media’.

National Science Day was celebrated by theAssam Science Society, Tinsukia branch on 28February, 2009, with a day long programme. Theprogramme started with the hoisting of thesociety’s flag by Sri Dilip Kalita, president of thebranch in the morning in front of its office atTinsukia college. The others programmes of theday were a seminar on ‘Remote Sensing and GIS

Dr. Rajib is in the middle of the picture

with two co-participants, one of them is

Prof. Kato (right) of Japan, who heads the

Photonics Dept. of Photonics Lab, Japan.

— a New Horizon of Science’ was held at JatiyaVidyalaya, Tinsukia, where Dr. Kamalesh Kalitadelivered a thought provoking lecture. A ScienceExhibition was also part of the day’s programmeheld at Jatiya Vidyalaya, Tinsukia. The day longprogramme ended with vote of thanks offered byDr. Dipika Bhattacharjee. Secretary, AssamScience Society, Tinsukia branch.

Science Day Observed3

2 Dr. Rajib Bordoloi Attended International Seminar at Prague


The World Environment Day 2009 wasobserved at Tinsukia College on 5th June 2009,with a day long programme, which was organisedjointly by Assam Science Society, Tinsukiabranch, Department of Zoology, Tinsukia Collegeand ‘Ed-en’ (A society for environment education)Tinsukia. World Environment Day has beenobserved all over the world since 1972. The themeof the World Environment Day’ 2009 was ‘Your

World Environment Day Observed5

Ma t h e m a t i c s d e p a r t m e n t o fTinsukia college successfully conducted theMathletics Competition, 2009 on 31st May atthe Tinsukia College Centre among the studentsof Class V to Class XII from differentinstitutions of Tinsukia district. Thecompetition was held in 39 different centresall over the state. Assam Academy ofMathematics was the main organizer of theCompetition. Altogether 60 teams participatedin the competition from 10 different schoolsat the Tinsukia College Centre

It may be mentioned here that the AssamAcademy of Mathematics will organize

Mathletics Competition, 20094

Mathematics Olympiad, 2009 on September 6,which will also be held at Tinsukia CollegeCentre. Interested candidates may contact theMathematics Dept. during the last part of Augustfor its application forms.

Emergency Management and ResearchInstitute (EMRI), Assam in association with

Placement Cell, IQAC, Tinsukia Collegeconducted a campus interview at Tinsukia college

planet needs you – UNite to combat climatechange !’

Sit and draw, poster with the slogan contest,open house nature game cum quiz contest onenvironment issues for students were organizedon the day. A lecture on the topic ‘Role of CivilSociety in Bio Diversity Conservation’ wasdelivered by Dr. Rishi Das, HoD, Zoology dept.of the college, Students from different schools

took part actively in the programmes.

6 Campus Recruitment Drive at the College


on 3rd June 2009 for selecting candidates forEmergency Medical Technician. The selectionprocedure was in two phases – written testexamination and personnel interview (Viva).More than 50 candidates from the students of thecollege appeared in the selection test. Finally sixqualified candidates have been selected to employfor EMT. They are – 1. Dheraz Moran, 2. JagyaPhukan, 3. Gukul Nanda Boruah, 4. SantonuSaikia, 5. Joyanta Boruah and 6. Prabhat Boruah

Moreover, some B.Sc. appeared candidates whohad cleared the written test examination will be calledfor personnel interview at Guwahati later on.

The EMRI is a non profit organization inthe PPP (Public Private Partnership) model. Ithas tie-up with over 55 private and govt.hospitals in Assam to ensure immediate patientstabilization on admission to the hospitals. A freeservice, anyone, any where in the operationalarea can call the toll free number 108 for anyemergencies (Medical, Police, Fire) and help will

reach them in an average of 15 minutes in urbanarea and 20 minutes in rural area. It handles allkinds of Medical emergencies like acuteabdomen illness, respiratory disorders, asthmaattacks, heart attacks, suicide, and pregnancyrelated cases, road accidents etc. It also handlespolice emergencies like theft, bodily offence,property offences etc. Having started itsoperation in the state on 6th Nov. 2008, EMRI –Assam today operates with over 102 Ambulancesserving a population of nearly three crores.

Dr. Rajib Konwar, Senior Lecturer, Physics Department, Tinsukia Collegehas been conferred Ph.D Degree by Dibrugarh University for his Research Workentitled ‘Optical and Spectroscopic Studies of Some Stratified Media’.

He has been working the guidance of Prof. G.D. Baruah, Emritus Fellow,AICTE, Dept. of Physics, Dibrugarh University.

Ph.D Awarded to Rajib Konwar7

Career Counseling Session OrganizedPos t -g r adua t e Studen t s ’ Un ion o f

the Dibrugarh University recently organized acareer counseling sessionat Rang Ghar auditorium.More than 500 studentsof the university attendedthe session. Careercounselor Gauranga KrSharma informed thestudents about theemerging sectors of the 21st century.

The counseling session was also chairedby chief manager, SBI regional office,

Dibrugarh, Bimal Debroy,and Branch manager, SBI,Dibrugarh UniversityBranch, Sanjeev Kumar.

They discussed atlength various careeropportunities in thefinancial services sector

and ways to build careers. [PEB]

(The Updater teaches Economics in the College)

Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh

(Contd. from Page 7)


The Sixth National Conference of PhysicsAcademy of the Northeast was recently held atthe department of Physics, Tripura University.The conference provides a platform forinformation and dissemination of knowledge inthe emerging areas ofphysics as well as of itsi n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r yrelevance.

Altogether 79participants presentedtheir papers in variousbranches of physics likenuclear physics,astrophysics and the like.

Conference of Physics Academy HeldBiswajit Saha of Jadavpur University

bagged the Syeda Kainat Memorial Award for bestoral presentation on condensed matter physics.The Amiyabala Devi Award for best oralpresentation in other than condensed matter

physics was given to SanjeevKalita for his paper on “LateTime Cosmic Acceleration ofa Flat Matter DominatedUniverse with a ConstantVacuum Energy”. The bestposter award went to MizoramUniversity. A Technoquestfestival was part of the

proceedings. [PEB]

CISCO and HCL Comnet for Campus Wide NetworkWith an aim to provide a campus-

wide network that would enable students andfaculty to access the internet and internet basedresources, AssamUniversity, Silchar hasselected CISCO and HCLComnet for widening thenetwork to offeru n i n t e r r u p t e dconnectivity to itsacademic community, i.e.faculty and students. Thisu n i n t e r r u p t e dconnectivity will surely enrich learning andteaching experiences there.

Though the university has deployed

CISCO’s campus wide network earlier, now Ciscois carrying on a campus upgrade process with thelatest Cisco equipments at the University.

Assam University, ateaching cum affiliatingUniversity, established in1994, has nine differentschools (including majordisciplines such as SocialSciences, Humanities,Languages and others)with 29 departments. Thefive districts under the

jurisdiction of the University have as many as 51undergraduate colleges. ©Assam Tribune, and

Pradeep Dutta, ([email protected])

(Contd. on Page 6)

Tripura University, Agartala

Assam University, Silchar


Jayanta Talukdar clinched the men’s individual goldand helped India win the team event in the Archery WorldCup Stage 2 at Porec, Croatia, on 9th May,09. Talukdar, anAssamese youth, upset Athens Olympic gold medalistMarco Galiazzo of Italy by 110-108 in the final to clinchhis second gold. Earlier, the trio of Talukdar, Rahul Banerjeeand Mangal Singh Champia won India the men’s recurveteam gold.

Born in 1987, Talukdar’s journey from a promisingyoungster to India’s top archer has been nothing less thanremarkable. Jayanta was picked up by archery coaches at atalent hunting camp in Guwahati, his native place. At thesubsequent training camp in Tata Archery Academy,Jamshedpur, Jayanta impressed the coaches with his physicalstrength and focused attitude.

In 2004, Jayanta emerged as the topperformer of the Indian team which made historyby winning the silver medal at the junior Worldsin Britain. It was the country’s first medal at aWorld championship.

In 2005, Jayanta became India’stop archer when he upstaged a fewseasoned stars to clinch the Olympicround at the 25th SeniorNationals in Kochi. The sameyear, Jayanta made history ashe became the first Indianarcher to win the gold medal

Archer Jayanta Bagged Gold in Croatia

in the FITA Meteksan Archery WorldCup at Porec, Croatia.

The May, 09th’s performance washis and his team’s second consecutiveteam gold after bagging the first atSanto Domingo World Cup Stage 1 onApril 5, 2009. India had beaten GreatBritain in Stage 1 final. The trio hadbagged India the first team gold inWorld Cup series winning at Antalya(Turkey) in 2008. This was followedby two more already this year.

Talukdar also won his third head-to-head contest against the ItalianGaliazzo, all played at Porec. He firsttamed Galiazzo in 2006 on way to thegold medal, and again beat him in 2008and now in the final on May 9th.Talukdar held the lead in the first twoends of three arrows each at 55-52. Hesurprisingly conceded two points in thethird end to allow the Italian to narrowthe gap to 81-82. When Galiazzo hit an

eight with his second arrowof the final end of

t h e


The Manipur Journal – A Different Initiative

promote and spread their culture and traditionto other parts of the world, The Manipur Journallamented that North East Regions are still unableto showcase their culture, tradition and identityto other nations. The Journal will focus onexposing the culture and tradition of the NorthEast Region. It will also feature articles andstories on culture, traditions and nationalidentities of different nations of the world.Mohen Naorem is the editor of the Journal.Consulting editors include Yuichi Imoue forJapan, Stephen Christopher and Adrienna RoseBlock for Korea, Rajen Barua and ShantiThokchom for the USA.

It might be mentioned here that Mohen hasincluded his name as one of the distinguishedmember of the Pragyan family, as one of his writeups, ‘North East Girls Are Very Beautiful’ gotpublished in the March,09 issue of Pragyan andhe was kind enough to help to improve Pragyan’swebsite well.

A monthly journal on promotion of culture,language and identity of the North East Regionwas launched on Feb 15, 2009 at the ManipurPress Club in Manipur. A function to marklaunching of the journal was held at ManipurPress Club here on that day with DIPR DirectorT. Sitlhou as Chief Guest, President in-chargeof the Editor’s Forum Manipur P. Ibochouba asfunctional president and former news Editor ofAIR Imphal Seram Mangi and College of

Agriculture, CAUDean Dr N. Ibotonas guests of honour.

Observingthat larger

communi t iesof India

and thew o r l d

w o r kt o

Now it’s Non-Resident North East Indian’s Turn

Indian Diaspora has played a major role inshaping India’s political and economic history.The influence is such that a ministry (Ministry ofOverseas Indian Affairs) has been created to lookafter their affairs. In contrast to states like Kerala,Punjab and Gujarat, the number of NRIs fromAssam and the entire North East is miniscule andof relatively recent origin. Moreover, they aremostly professionals. Hence it would beunrealistic to assume huge investments from NR-NEIs.

Keeping this in mind, the North East India

Internation Meet – 2010 (NEIIM-2010) is organizedto tap the vast “knowledge bank” of the NR-NEIs.The event will take place on 11 & 12 January, 2010at Guwahati. The dates have been chosen so thatNR-NEIs travelling to India to attend the PravasiBharatiya Divas on 7-9 January will find itconvenient to attend NEIIM-2010 in Guwahati.Moreover for visiting Assamese NRIs Magh Bihuuruka falls on 13 January.

The NR-NEIs can act as catalysts in thedevelopment of the region through the transfer oftheir knowledge and skills and by facilitating

three arrows, the Indian needed a nine to win.Talukdar hit a 10 to take the second crown in Porec.

In the men’s team summit clash, Russiatrailed by one point (54-55) in the first end,recovered in the second end to tie the match at108 points at halfway mark.However, India took

the lead in the third end at 164-162. Russia showedtheir best in the last end, but it was not enough tobeat the Indians.

Archery Association of India president V.K.Malhotra and secretary general Paresh NathMukherjee congratulated the winners. [PEB]


and their performance in nine categories wasevaluated before therankings were awarded.

Dr Borbora said thatcredit for the newrecognition was due to anumber of people, includingthe students, the staff andthose at the healthdepartment who were

involved in giving a boost to the oldest medical college

The Assam Medical College secured 10th rankamong governmentmedical colleges in anationwide survey doneby Education Times-Gfkrecently. Significantly,the AMC has also beenrecognised as the bestamong medical collegesin the Eastern Zone.

A total of 225 institutions were surveyed

investments from large foreign corporates.NEIIM-2010 will be a one & half day

programme with a number of sessions so thatmaximum number of delegates can participate intheir area of expertise & interest.

The Organising committee has already

started the process of Preliminary Registrationfrom 1st June, 09 . NR-NEI’s are being requestedto send their names to Bidyananda Barkakoty ,Organising Committee Member, NEIIM-2010. Hecan be contacted on : Cell : +91-9435046211,

Email : [email protected]. [PEB]

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh instructedthe Railway Ministry to rechristen the SilcharRailway Station as ‘Bhasa Sahid Station, Silchar’.The Ministry will announce its decision in forthcoming Union Rail Way Budget.

It’s a achievement of ‘Sammilito SamskritikMancha’, a platform of various culturalorganizations of Silchar town, and Bhasa SahidStation Sahid Smaran Samiti. Under theleadership of these two organizations the peopleof the Barak valleyfought for last twoyear torechristened thestation and thenewly launchedSilchar-Agartalatrain. Last year, inthe month of June,both the organization collected 1,44,000signatures from the people of various section ofthe society, irrespective of caste-creed-languageand religion, in an memorandum demanding the

rechristening the station. Chief Minister TarunGogoi agreed and promised to do the needful.Now, after one year the New Union Governmenthas decided to honour the language martyrs whosacrificed their lives for their language onMay 19, 1961.

The Union Railway Minister MamataBanerjee might personally visit Silchar afterRailway Budget to formally inaugurate the newname-plate.

It may be mention here that it’s not only thepeople of Barak Valley that demanded the renaming.The people and the Government of neighbouringstate of Tripura also joined with them. [PEB]

Silchar Railway Station Renamed Bhasha Sahid Station

AMC Among the Top 10 in the Country


of the region. “The turnaround of the AMC is acollective effort, and everyone deserves praise,” hementioned.

Referring to new steps taken in the college,Dr TR Borbora, the Principal of the collegeasserted in front of the media that the collegewas adopting a zero-tolerance approach towardsragging. Three female students, foundresponsible for ragging, have already beenrusticated sending a strong message to all.

The AMC is now in the middle of anambitious expansion programme. From 2007,

funds have been available to create newinfrastructure and bring in a range of sophisticatedequipment. The academic atmosphere hasimproved, and the morale of students, faculty andstaff has gone up.

The institution currently has an annualintake of 170 students for the MBBS course and107 students for the PG programme. It has facultystrength of 381, and its 18 PG departments makeit one of the bigger medical colleges in thecountry. © Buljit Buragohain ([email protected]),

Assam Tribune

Aruni Kashyap, who earned fame in theAssamese literary scene with his essay ‘TheIdentity Crisis of Assamese Youth’ (Asomiya JuvaPrajanmar Poricitir Xonkot), published in‘Satsori’, has won the prestigious Charles WallaceIndia Trust Scholarship to participate in a creativewriting course at the University of Edinburgh.The angry personal essay argued that the shoddyliterature syllabi in Assam schools graduallyreduce the interests of the Assamese youth onAssamese literature.

Aruni debuted with a popular monthlycolumn in the Assamese daily ‘Amar Asom’,when he was a young undergraduate student atSt. Stephen’s College, Delhi. Since then he haspublished short stories, essays, literary essays andpoems in English and Assamese magazines. Hisstories and poems are mostly set in Assam andthe violence that plagues his state finds expressionin them in complex ways. Currently he is lendingfinishing touches to his novel ‘The House with aThousand Novels’, a family saga set in rural

Assam, with the “secretkillings phase” of thenineties as background. Hewants to write a novel soonon the harrowing AssamAgitation since hefeels that thenew generationof Assamesedoesn’t knowmuch about thisn a t i o n a l i s tmovement and the national and internationalmedia has not presented its true picture to theworld; the history textbooks are also silent aboutthis phase that changed Assam forever.

Under this scholarship, he will be attendinga creative writing course during the month ofAugust, under some well known British authors.The Scottish Universities International SummerSchool organises this program every year. The2008 summer school was once again a truly

Amrit Pritam of Assam has won the International Indian FilmAcademy (IIFA) Awards, 2009 for best sound designing of the filmGhajini. He won the award jointly along with Oscar-famed Resul Pookutty.Pritam, who hails from Jorhat, is the first person from Assam and theentire Northeast to have won an IIFA award. Currently Pritam and ResulPookutty have been jointly working on actor/director Saurabh Shukla’sPappu Can’t Dance Saala.

Amrit Pritam Won IIFA Award

Assamese Writer Wins British Scholarship


Eighty-year-old Jaswantiben JamnadasPopat is the only survivor of a group of semi-literate Gujarati housewives who founded LijjatPapad 50 years ago. She celebrated the Lijjatgolden jubilee on 15 March, 09 with 45,000 otherwomen who are part of the women-only co-operative. Mrs. Popat cannot believe that whatstarted as a desperate move to ‘supplement thefamily income’ 50 years ago has come so far.

When seven housewives of them, popularlyknown as ‘seven sisters’, started their business itwas not meant to become so big.It is indeed a bigbusiness today, with an annual turnover of nearly$100m and a flourishing exports account to boot.It’s as if a real life fairy tale turned to be true.

The Lijjat trade began when seven Gujaratihousewives decided to exploit the only skill theyknew – cooking. They were semi-literate whichrestricted their chances to get jobs. But theyrealised their papad-making expertise could beused to earn small amounts of money to help theirhusbands reduce their financial responsibility.

On 15 March 1959, they gathered on the

Dr. Bikul Das, an original resident ofSualkuchi near Guwahati and a graduate of GauhatiMedical College, has got the prestigious Bill andMelinda Gates Foundation grant to explore “boldand largely unproven ways” to improve health indeveloping countries. Dr. Das, at his late fortiesworking with Stanford University Medical Schoolin California, will explore the potential role of stemcells in treating latent tuberculosis infection.

His name for the $100,000-grant figuredamong 81 researchers from 17 countries in the listthat was announced on Monday in Seattle. Theendowment was awarded through the foundation’s

Grand Challenges Explorations initiative, whichaims to develop a pipeline of creative ideas thatcould change the face of global health.

One of the new grants was awarded to DrBikul Das of Stanford University MedicalSchool, who has studied cancer stem cell biologyfor the last decade but maintains an interest ininfectious diseases due to his clinical training inIndia and Bhutan. The new grant will enable himto explore the potential role of stem cells in latentTB infection.© The Times of India, Buljit Buragohain ([email protected])

terrace of an old building in a crowded SouthMumbai locality and rolled out four packets ofpapads to sell. The ‘seven sisters’, startedproduction with the princely sum of 80 rupees(now $1.50), borrowed from a good Samaritan,Chaganlal Karamsi Parekh, a social worker withentrepreneurial brains. It was Chaganlal, whoadvised them that if they wanted to experiencesuccess, never accept donations. They have neverignored his advice. Soon the entrepreneurshipexpanded in Mumbai’s overcrowded and poverty-stricken shanty towns. Three months later thebusiness had 25 women. The trade began toexpand as a co-operative. In a few years they had

international affair, with participants from 27different countries and Man Booker Prize shortlisted author Philip Hensher teaching a masterclass in fiction. This year the creative writingcourses will be taught by authors such as popular

playwright Douglass Maxwell, Man Booker Prizeshort listed author James Robertson and manyothers.© Buljit Buragohain ([email protected])Assam Tribune

Gate’s Grant to Assamese Doctor

Lijjat Papad Celebrated 50th Anniversary


branches all over Mumbai and in subsequentyears all across India.

The women received one award afteranother. Exports flourished. They were on a roll- from poppadoms they branched out into soaps,savouries, chutneys and pickles.

Now after fifty years Lijjat papads are a perfectexample of how a sustainable business can be built,providing large-scale employment to rural women,who are illiterate but skilled. And when such skillsare given an organisational structure on a co-operativebasis a long term sustainable model assures success.

Most of the 45,000-strong female workforcelive in slums or one-room hutments, withcommunal bathrooms and toilets. They are stillpart of what is known as the working class. Butworking for Lijjat Papads gives them financialsecurity. They are now capable of takingdecisions, sending their children to schools andkeeping their men on the straight and narrow.

The Lijjat women have proved that successdoes not necessarily need money andinfrastructure, as long as there is determination.© http://news.bbc.co.uk

Astrometry Nabs Another Exoplanet

Researchers for half a century have tried —and failed — to use the motion of stars movingacross the sky to discover planets that lie beyondthe solar system. Now a team has finally used themethod, known as astrometry, to find one of theseorbs. The newfound extrasolar planet, six timesheavier than Jupiter, orbits the low-mass star VB10 some 20 light-years from Earth, report StevenPravdo and Stuart Shaklan of NASA’s JetPropulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California inthe July Astrophysical Journal.

The traditional method of identifyingextrasolar planets, which now number more than350, relies on tracking the velocity of a parent staralong the line of sight to Earth — rather than acrossthe sky. Because an orbiting planet pulls its parentstar ever so slightly to and fro, the star’s line-of-sight motion speeds up and slowsdown periodically, revealed bytelltale shifts in the color ofstarlight recorded from Earth.This technique, known as thewobble or Doppler shift method,detects heavyweights that lieclose to their star most easily,since such planets produce thelargest changes in that star’s speedalong the line of sight to Earth.But the method can only revealthe minimum mass of a planet.

In contrast, the astrometric method, which

records the positions of stars as they slowly driftacross the sky, pins down the exact mass of a planet.The method favors massive planets that lie far froma parent star, since such planets cause a star to moveby the largest amount across the sky. Researchershave previously used astrometry to measure theprecise mass of planets found with the wobblemethod, but this is the first time the technique hasbeen used to discover an extrasolar planet.

The planet found by Pravdo and Shaklan liesabout as far from its star as Mercury, the solarsystem’s innermost planet, lies from the sun. Yetthe newly discovered body, unlike Mercury, isrelatively cool since its parent star is only one-twelfththe mass of the sun and therefore produces muchless radiation and heat.

The researchers say that because theastrometric technique finds massive planets that

orbit far from parent stars, themethod could identify stars thatmight be examined in follow-upstudies for smaller, Earth-massplanets with tighter orbits. Asearch for those close-in bodiesmight best be examined with thewobble method. Should VB 10harbor a rocky planet that liesmuch closer in, it might behabitable — or at least contain

liquid water. ©Ron Cowen./www.sciencenews.org


Passion for agriculture:I had a passionfor agriculture even when I was young. I don’tknow how my love for agriculture started. Ionly know that I have always been a naturelover. I used to have a garden even when Iwas a teenager. So, from a home garden, akitchen garden, I gradually became a farmer!My mother used to be very happy with thevegetables I grew.Studying at IIT-Madras: My family wasagainst my ambition of becoming anagriculturist. So, I had to find a livelihood formyself. I wrote IIT-JEE and got selected to studyat the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. Ienjoyed studying mechanical engineering.Myintention was to transform what I study into whatI love; mechanisation of farming. I felt thedrudgery in farming is much more than in anyother industry, and no one had looked into it.Working for ONGC after IIT : I started mycareer at the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation(ONGC). My father refused to give me anymoney to start farming. So I asked the officialsto let me work at the offshore sites, on therigs. The advantage was that I could work onrigs for 14 days and then take 14 days off. Ichose to work on the rigs for nine years,

uninterrupted.My first farm land: After 4 years, I saved enoughmoney to buy six acres of land. I bought land atChengelpet near Chennai. I chose that landbecause the plot had access to road and water.Back in 1989, a man in a pair of trousers arousedcuriosity among the farming community. Thatwas not the image of a farmer!Tough beginning as a farmer : I became a fullfledged farmer in 1993. It was tough in thebeginning. Nobody taught me how to farm. Therewas no guidance from the gram sevaks or theUniversity of Agriculture. I ran from pillar to postbut couldn’t find a single scientist who could helpme. I burnt my fingers. My first crop was paddyand I produced 2 tonnes from the six acres ofland, it was pathetic.When I lost all my money,my father said I was stupid. I told him, it didn’tmatter as I was learning. It was trial and error forme for three years. Until 1997, I was onlyexperimenting by mingling various systems.Going to Israel to learn : In 1996, I visited Israelbecause I had heard that they are the best in watertechnology. Take the case of corn. They harvest7 tonnes per acre whereas we produce less than atonne. They harvest up to 200 tonnes of tomatoes,whereas here it is 6 tonnes, in similar area of land.

(One ofthe most interesting

themes at last year’s Pan-IITevent was the session on rural

transformation. IITians who have chosen anoffbeat career hogged the limelight at the event. The

star at the event was R Madhavan, an alumnus of IIT-Madras.This is Madhavan’s success story as a farmer as he told to the

audience...)


I stayed in one of the kibbutz, which is a co-operative farm for 15 days. I understood what wedo is quite primitive. It was an eye opener for me.They treat each plant as an industry. A plantproducing one kilo of capsicum is an industry thathas 1 kilo output. I learnt from them that we abusewater. Drip irrigation is not only for saving waterbut it enhances your plant productivity. Wecommonly practice flood irrigation where they justpump water. As per the 2005 statistics, instead of1 litre, we use 750 litres of water.Dr Lakshmanan, my Guru : I met DrLakshmanan, a California-based NRI, who hasbeen farming for the last 35 years on 50-60,000acres of land. He taught me farming over the lastone decade. Whatever little I have learnt, it isthanks to him. I knew a farm would give me muchbetter returns in terms of money as well ashappiness. Working for money and working forhappiness are different. I work and get happiness.What more do you need?No guidance in India : I said at one platform thatwe have to change the curriculum of the agriculturaluniversities. What they teach the students is not howto farm, but how to draw loans from a bank! Whatthey learn cannot be transformed to reality or to thevillages. The problem in the villages is notmentioned in the university. There is a wide gap andit is getting worse.Making profits : After burning my fingers for fouryears, from 1997 onwards, I started making profits.Even though it took me four years, I did not losehope. I knew this was my path even though I didn’thave any guidance from anyone. In those days,communication was slow. Today, I can getguidance from Dr Lakshmanan on Skype or GoogleTalk, or through e-mail. I send him the picture ofmy problem and ask his guidance. In those days, ittook time to communicate. There was no Internetor connectivity. That was why it took me four yearsto learn farming. Today, I would not have takenmore than six months or even less to learn the trick!The farming cycle: I started crop rotation after 1997.In August, I start with paddy and it is harvested inDecember. I plant vegetables in December itself andget the crops in February. After that, it is oil seeds

like sesame and groundnut, which are drought-resistant, till May. During May, I go on trips to learnmore about the craft. I came back in June-July andstarted preparations on the land to get ready forAugust. In 1999, I bought another four acres. Mytarget is a net income of Rs 100,000 per annum peracre. I have achieved up to Rs 50,000.Selling the products : I sell my produce on myown. I have a jeep and bring what I produce to myhouse and sell from there. People know that I sellat home. I don’t go through any middle man.I takepaddy to the mill, hull it and sell it on my own. Inthe future, I have plans to have a mill too. Thesedays, people tell me in advance that they need ricefrom me. I have no problem selling my produce.Engineering helps in farming : More than anyother education, engineering helps in farmingbecause toiling in the soil is only 20 per cent ofthe work. About 80 per cent of farming needsengineering skills. Science is a must for anyfarming. I have developed a number of simple,farmer-friendly tools for farming areas likeseeding, weeding, etc. as we don’t have any toolsfor small farmers.If I have 200 acres of land, Ican go for food processing, etc. My next projectis to lease land from the small farmers foragriculture. The village will prosper with foodprocessing industries coming there. My yield willalso be more with more land.Abdul Kalam visits the farm : Dr Abdul Kalamvisited my farm when he was the President, afterhearing about what I was doing. He spent aroundtwo hours on my farm. During his visit, he said:“We need not one, but one million Madhavans!” IfI am able to inspire or create even one entrepreneur,I will be very happy, because that is what Dr Kalamwished me to do.Experimental farming : Every acre of my land hasten cents of experimental farming. I have done thisfor the last 15 years. This is a part of my researchand development. Some of it may fail, but even if Isucceed at one thing, that is enough for me.Entrepreneurship in the village : I feel that thenumber of people engaged only in farming shouldcome down. Instead of ten people, there should

Contd. on


[ºJA¡¹ Î´šìA¢¡ : "àì³[¹A¡à¹ [³ì>W¡’i¡à šøìƒÅ¹ ëW¡–i¡š’º (City of St. Paul, Minnestota, USA) >K¹¹ "[‹¤àÎãë™àìW¡ó¡ ëóø¡S¡ ëºr¡Wô¡¤à\¢àì¹ (Joseph Frank Landsberger)¤t¢¡³à> Î}J¸à¹ š¹à &Òü [Åt¡à>t¡ &A¡ >tå¡> ‹à¹à¤à[ÒA¡ "à¹´±A¡[¹ìº¡ú ë™àìW¡ó¡, [™\> ë\à’ >àì³ì¹* \>à\àt¡, &\>[¤Å«[¤J¸àt¡ "‹¸Ú> š¹à³Å¢ƒàt¡à (Study Counsellor) 1981"à¹ç¡ 1991 W¡>t¡ Curriculum and Education Systems"à¹ç¡ International Management [¤ÈÚt¡ Ñ•àt¡ìA¡àv¡¹ë\à’¹ šàá¹ \ã¯>¹ Kì¯Èoà¹ [¤ÈÚ "à[áº Learner Char-acteristics and Attributes; EstablishedSabbatical Precedent for Professional Staff¡ú

"‹¸Ú> A¡àºì¹ š¹à ët¡*ò Î³Nø [¤Å« °³o A¡[¹ìá "à¹ç¡šõ[=¯ã¹ ¤× [¤J¸àt¡ [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚ "à¹ç¡ [ÅÛ¡àšø[t¡Ë¡à>t¡ &Òü [¤ÈìÚ ¤v¡ûõ¡t¡à [ƒ "à[Òìá¡ú ëÎÒü ¤v¡ûõ¡t¡àÎ³èìÒì¹ ët¡*ò Î\àÒütå¡[ºìá ët¡*ò¹ ë¯¤-áàÒüi¡ : Study Guides and Strategies (www.studygs.net)¡ú ¤× šå¹ÑHàì¹ì¹ Î–µà[>t¡ë\à’ "‹¸Ú> Î´š[A¢¡t¡ ¤× Nø”‚ "à¹ç¡ ë¯¤-áàÒüi¡¹ ¹[W¡Út¡à¡ú ët¡ìJt¡¹ š[¹A¡[¿t¡ &J[> l¡üìÀJì™àK¸ W¡àÒüi¡¹ >à³ Historyof Romani Emigration From India &Òü šøàW¡ã> Nø”‚J> "àW¡ºìt¡ ët¡*ò W¡ã>¹ \å [ó¡ "à¹ç¡ c¡à} [c¡Úà>ìÒà}-¹ (Xu Fieand Zhang Tianhong) ºKìt¡ ™åi¡ãÚàîA¡ ">åÎÞê¡à> A¡[¹ Î´šàƒ>à A¡[¹ šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹ìá¡ú &Òü Nø”‚Jì>Òü šø³ào ë™ W¡ã> "à¹ç¡®¡à¹t¡¤È¢¹ [¤ÈìÚ* ë\à’¹ ®¡àìº[J[> "‹¸Ú> "àìá¡ú

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Greetings Sushanta !Thank you for writing, the compliments, and your request.I am glad that you value presenting your content in Assamese and perhaps we can collabo-

rate on a project. Generally I resist duplication of my English on othet websites, mostly becauseof the problem with duplication, as well as the administrative challenge of keeping track of whohas used my content when I upgrade sites. Also the interactive exercises cannot be duplicated.


[™ ÎA¡ìº ëA¡ì>îA¡ [Å[A¡¤ ºàìK t¡àA¡ \àì> ët¡*òìºàìA¡™ì=Ê \àì>¡ú

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"àìšà>à¹ ¤àì¤ šƒà=¢ [¤`¡à> [Å[A¡¤îº ÎÒ\ Ò’¤šàì¹ [A¡”ñ ëi¡[>Wô¡ ëJº¹ [¤ÈìÚ [Å[A¡¤îº A¡[k¡> Ò’¤ šàì¹¡ú>àÒü¤à ÒüÚà¹ [¤š¹ãt¡ìi¡à* Ò’¤ šàì¹¡ú

ÎA¡ìºà [ÅA¡ìoÒü &ìA¡ài¡à šø[yû¡Úà, [™ìi¡à [A¡áå³à>n¡àšt¡ Î´šèo¢ ÒÚ¡ú [ÅA¡o¹ W¡à[¹i¡à n¡àš Ò’º :

&Òü šõË¡àA¡ ášà A¡¹A¡ *"à¹ç¡ šøÅ—ìA¡Òüi¡à¹ l¡üv¡¹ [ƒÚA¡¡út¡à¹ [šW¡t¡ "àìšà>à¹ l¡üv¡¹ Î³èÒ¹ "à¹ç¡ ">¸ "‹¸Ú>[>ìƒ¢[ÅA¡à (Study guide) ¹ ÎÒàÚt¡ [>\¹ ¹o>ã[t¡ šøÑñt¡A¡[¹ º*A¡¡ú"t¡ãt¡¹ š¹à "à¹ ± :

"àšå[> ëA¡ì>îA¡ [Å[A¡¤ [¤W¡àì¹ &Òü Î–ƒ®¢¡t¡"àìšà>à¹ "[®¡`¡t¡à [A¡?"àšå[> [A¡ ®¡àº šàÚ? š[Øn¡¤îº, Î³Î¸à Î³à‹à>A¡[¹¤îº (to solve problems)? ³åJÑ‚ A¡[¹¤îº?"à¤õ[v¡ A¡[¹¤îº? ¤¸àJ¸à A¡[¹¤îº (to interpret)?ƒºãÚ®¡àì¯ A¡=à šà[t¡¤îº?

However, if you translate the content you find valuable into Assamese, then you can also cite theEnglish source on my Website. I could then take that translation and make it available on my Website,include it in interactive exercises, and include a link to both your college and magazine. My Websiteis very prominent in international education, and this will further raise the profile of your effort.

This is a thought. If you do not want to translate, then I suggest a descriptive link to my subjectsand my Website. This has worked very well with other educational institutions.

Thank you again for all.Regards.

JoeEducationally inclined

Wisdom to discern the right pathCourage to take it

Discipline of joy to encounter itjos f landsberger; mail to [email protected]

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only be two people. I am not saying the eight shouldgo jobless. What we should do is, createemployment in the villages based on other agroactivities like value addition, processing, etc.Wecan go for mechanisation in large areas so that thecost per acre goes down. In India, the cost per everymeal is very high. So, my next concern is, how doyou make it cheap. In America, the unskilledworking for one hour can earn three meals a day.Here, in the rural areas, even if they work for oneday, they can’t get one meal a day. How do you

bring down the cost? By producing more food. So,my intention is to make more food.Food insecurity in India : The United Nations says65 per cent of the world population suffers from fooddeficiency, and India ranks first in the list. About 49per cent of our children are undernourished. Thismeans our future generation will be affected. If weare not going to give attention to this area, we are infor real trouble. Food insecurity is more threateningthan an atom bomb!© http://theheadlinestoday.com/2008/12

(">å¤àƒA¡ Òü}¹à\ã ®¡àÈà "à¹ç¡ Îà[Òt¡¸¹ [ÅÛ¡A¡)

An Engineer from IIT, now a Farmer



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Îà´ß[t¡A¡ ³à>¯ Î³àì\ Î–µåJã> ëÒà¯à ®¡Úà¤Ò Î³Î¸àÎ³èÒ¹ ">¸t¡³ íÒìá š[¹ì¤Å šøƒèÈo¡ú šøƒèÈo¹ ó¡ºt¡ "à³à¹¤àÚå, ³à[i¡, šà>ã ÎA¡ìºà &ì>îA¡ ƒè[Èt¡ íÒ š[¹ìá ë™ &Òü‹¹à t¡=à ÒüÚà¹ \ã¯Aå¡º¹ ®¡[¯È¸t¡ "[Ñzâ« "à[\ [¤šÄ íÒš[¹ìá¡ú š[¹ì¤Å šøƒèÈo¹ ó¡ºt¡ Îõ[Ê¡ ëÒà¯à Î³Î¸à¹ ®¡Úà¤Òt¡à">å‹à¯> A¡[¹ "à[\ [¤Å« \å[¹ š[¹ì¤Å Î}¹Û¡o¹ ¤àì¤Î\àKt¡à ¤õ[‡ý¡ šàÒüìá¡ú ÒüÚà¹ ¤àì¤ š[¹ì¤Å Î}¹Û¡o "à¹ç¡t¡à¹ ºKt¡ \[Øl¡t¡ "à>åÈ}[KA¡ [¤ÈÚÎ³èÒ "‹¸Ú>¹ ¤àì¤ &A¡ÎåA¡ãÚà "‹¸Ú> [¤ÈÚ KØn¡ íº l¡ü[k¡ìá "à¹ç¡ t¡à¹ P¡¹ç¡â« "à¹ç¡\>[šøÚt¡à yû¡³àt¡ ¤õ[‡ý¡ šàÒüìá¡ú [¤Å«¹ l¡üÄt¡ ëƒÅì¤à¹t¡Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ ‰ç¡t¡ [¤A¡àÅ Q[i¡ìá "à¹ç¡ ëÎÒü[¤ÈÚ¹ áày Kì¯ÈA¡ ÎA¡º¹ ¤\à¹ W¡à[Òƒà* ¤õ[‡ý¡ šàÒüìá¡ú®¡à¹t¡ìt¡à Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ "‹¸Ú>¹ ¤àì¤ [¤[®¡Ä[ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>t¡ [¤[®¡Ä šàk¡¸yû¡³ ³åA¡[º A¡¹à íÒìá¡ú

š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ (Environmental Science) [ÅÛ¡àNøÒo A¡¹à áày áàyãÎA¡º¹ ¤àì¤ "à[\ Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ ¤× š=³åA¡[º íÒìá¡ú š[¹ì¤Å ÎìW¡t¡>t¡à ¤õ[‡ý¡¹ ºìK ºìK W¡¹A¡àì¹*šøƒèÈo [>Ú”|o t¡=à š[¹ì¤Å Î}¹Û¡o [¤ÈÚt¡ P¡¹ç¡â« [ƒ¤îºíºìá¡ú [¤[®¡Ä A¡º-A¡à¹Jà>à, l¡üìƒ¸àK, ¤õÒ; šø[t¡Ë¡à> Î³èìÒ*šøƒèÈo [>Ú”|o¹ ¤àì¤ [¤[®¡Ä A¡à™¢¤¸¯Ñ‚à Òàt¡t¡ íºìá¡ú

&Òü[¤ºàA¡ [ƒÅ t¡â«à¤‹à> A¡¹à¹ ¤àì¤ šøìÚà\> íÒìáš[¹ì¤Å [¤ÈÚA¡ [¤ìÅÈ `¡à> "à¹ç¡ "Ò¢t¡à Î´šÄ ëºàA¡¹¡úÒüÚà¹ ó¡ºt¡ š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ "Ò¢t¡à Î´šÄ ¤¸[v¡û¡¹ ™ì=Ê¡W¡à[Òƒà Îõ[Ê¡ íÒìá¡ú &Òü [¤ÈÚ¹ [ÅÛ¡à šøàœ¡ ¤¸[v¡û¡ìÚ W¡¹A¡à¹ã/ ë¤W¡¹A¡à¹ã l¡ü®¡Ú Jr¡ìt¡ A¡³¢ Î}Ñ‚àš> šà¤ šàì¹¡ú ¤t¢¡³à>Î³Út¡ &ì> [¤ÈÚ "‹¸Ú> A¡[¹ Îà‹à¹oìt¡ t¡ºt¡ [ƒÚà ëÛ¡yÎ³èÒt¡ ëA¡[¹Úà¹ K[Øn¡¤ šà[¹¡ú1¡ú l¡üìƒ¸àK (Industry)2¡ú Kì¯Èoà "à¹ç¡ l¡üÄÚ> (R & D)3¡ú Îà³à[\A¡ l¡üÄÚ> (Social development)4¡ú š[¹ì¤Å Îà}¤à[ƒA¡t¡à (Environment journalism)

Òüt¡¸à[ƒ¡úš[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ W¡à[Òƒà "à¹ç¡ \>[šøÚt¡à ¤õ[‡ý¡¹ šø[t¡

ºÛ¡¸ ¹à[J ÒüÚàA¡ "à[³ ®¡[¯È¸t¡¹ ëA¡[¹Úà¹ "àJ¸à [ƒ¤ šàì¹òà¡úA¡à¹o š[¹ì¤Å¹ "¯Û¡Ú [™ Òà¹t¡ Q[i¡¤îº íºìá ™’t¡ Î³Nø[¤Å«Òü ">àKt¡ [ƒ>t¡ š[¹ì¤Å Î}¹Û¡o¹ Î¤¢à[‹A¡ P¡¹ç¡â« [ƒ¤îº¤à‹¸ Ò’¤¡ú ëÎÒü ëÛ¡yt¡ ‹à™¢ A¡¹à šåò[\* ët¡ì>ƒì¹ ¤õ[‡ý¡šà¤¡ú t¡à¹ ó¡ºt¡ "ƒè¹ ®¡[¯È¸t¡t¡ š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>ãÎA¡º¹W¡à[Òƒà "àÅàt¡ãt¡®¡àì¯ ¤õ[‡ý¡ šà¤¡ú ëA¡[¹Úà¹ [>¤¢àW¡>¹ ëÛ¡yt¡[‡‹àt¡ =A¡à áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à> "‹¸Ú> A¡[¹[>\¹ ¤àì¤ &A¡ [¤Å«\>ã> ëA¡[¹Úà¹ (Global Career)K[Øn¡¤ šàì¹¡ú Kt¡à>åK[t¡A¡ ëÛ¡y Î³èÒ¹ š¹à "àtò¡[¹ "à³à¹áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ ¤Òº ëÛ¡yJ>t¡ šøì¤ÅA¡[¹ [>\ìA¡ ®¡[¯È¸t¡¹ ¤àì¤ Îà\å A¡¹àìt¡à [>ÆW¡Ú ®¡àº Ò’¤¡úšàk¡¸yû¡³ "à¹ç¡ [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à> @

š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ Ñ•àt¡A¡ (B. Sc) "à¹ç¡ Ñ•àt¡ìA¡àv¡¹(M. Sc), l¡ü®¡Ú š™¢àÚt¡ "‹¸Ú> A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¡ú ë¤[á®¡àK[ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>t¡ &Òü [¤ÈÚ¹ Ñ•àt¡ìA¡àv¡¹ šàk¡¸yû¡³ (M. Sc inEV Sc.) "àK¤ìØn¡à¯à ÒÚ ™[ƒ* ¤× [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>t¡ ÒüÚàA¡ Ñ•àt¡A¡³Òºàìt¡ "‹¸Ú>¹ Îå[¤‹à "àìá¡ú &Òü [¤ÈÚ¹ Ñ•àt¡ìA¡àv¡¹šàk¡¸yû¡³t¡ >à³®¡[v¢¡ A¡[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤ šøà=¢ã [¤`¡à>¹ Ñ•àt¡A¡(B. Sc) ëÒà¯à šøìÚà\>¡ú

t¡ºt¡ &Òü [¤ÈÚ¹ "‹¸Ú>¹ Îå[¤‹à =A¡à ëA¡ÒüJ>³à>[ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>¹ >à³, šàk¡¸yû¡³ "à¹ç¡ ë™àK¸t¡à l¡üìÀJ A¡¹à Ò’º :1) Delhi University, Delhi.

®¡[¯È¸t¡¹ ëA¡[¹Úà¹š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à> : Environmental Science


Course : B.Sc. Ev.Sc.Eligibility : 10 + 2 with Physics.

2) Jamia Hamdard UniversityM. Sc. Ev.Sc (Eligibility : B.Sc)

3) Delhi College of Engineering.(M.Sc. Ev.Sc)

4) JNU, New Delhi (M.Sc. Ev.Sc)5) Sambalpur University, Orissa.

Course : PG Dip. in EnvironmentalEducation and Management.Eligibility : Degree / PG in any Discipline.

6. Bharati Vidyapeeth Institute ofEnvironment Education & ResearchBharati Vidyapeeth UniversityKatraj-Dhankawadi, Pune 411 043Maharashtra.Course : B.Sc/ M.Sc on Ev. Sc

7. SNDT Women’s University, MumbaiCourse : Environmental and Development

(Post Graduation)Duration : 1 YearEligibiliy : Only female candidated withgraduation or post graduation in anysubject.

8. Marathwada University, MaharashtraCourse : M.Sc. Ev.Sc.Eligibility : BSc. Duration : 2 years

9. B.R. Ambedkar Marathwada University,

Aurangabad-431004, MaharashtraCourse : M.Sc. Ev.ScEligibility : B.Sc. Duration : 2 years

10. Shivaji University, Vidyanagar,Kolhapur, MaharashtraCourse : M.Sc. Environmental GeologyEligibility : B.Sc. Duration : 2 years

11. Assam University,Dargakona, Silchar-11Courses :i] M.Sc. (by course work).

Duration : Two Years (Four Sem). No. of seats : 31

ii] M.Phil ( by course work and dissertation). Duration : Three Semesters. No. of seats: 13

iii] Ph.D. (by research work)iv] D.Sc.v] PGDTM (by course work)

Duration : Two Semester12. Gauhati University, Guwahati

Courses : M.Sc, M.Phil and Ph.D13. Tezpur University, School of Energy,

Environment and Natural Resources.i] Dept. of Energyii] Dept. of Environmental Studiesiii] M.Sc in Environmental ScienceFor more information visit :www.indicareer.com.

[¤v¡ãÚ ëÛ¡yJ>¹ ëA¡[¹Úà¹Î³èÒ¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ &ìA¡¤àì¹ÅãÈ¢t¡ =A¡à ">¸t¡³

ëA¡[¹Úà¹ Ò’º W¡ài¢¡àl¡ &A¡àl¡üìsi¡si¡, W¡³åîA¡ CAú Òü¤t¡¢³à> Î³Ú¹ &A¡ "[t¡ \>[šøÚ ëA¡[¹Úà¹, ™’t¡ šøt¡¸àÔà>¹ºKìt¡ Îå–ƒ¹ ó¡º¹ Îåì™àK "àìá¡ú ëƒÅ¹ "=¢>ã[t¡¹ [™³àì>[¤A¡àÅ Ò’¤, CA ÎA¡º¹ W¡à[Òƒà "à¹ç¡ P¡¹ç¡â«* [Î³àì> ¤õ[‡ý¡šà¤¡ú K[t¡ìA¡ ®¡[¯È¸t¡ Î´±à¯>à¹ ó¡àº¹ š¹à* Òü &A¡ šø=³šW¡–ƒ¹ ëA¡[¹Úà¹ [ÒW¡àì¤ Ñ¬ãAõ¡[t¡ ºà®¡ A¡[¹ìá¡ú

CA Ò’º [ÒW¡à¤ ¹Û¡à, [ÒW¡à¤ š¹ãÛ¡à (Auditing) "à¹ç¡A¡¹ Î}yû¡à”zãÚ [¤ÈÚ¹ [¤ìÅÈ`¡¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ Î¹ç¡, l¡àR¡¹ ÎA¡ìºà¤¸¯Îà[ÚA¡ šø[t¡Ë¡à>ìt¡ CA ÎA¡º¹ ëÎ¯à¹ šøìÚà\>¡úëA¡à´šà>ã "àÒü> ">åÎ[¹ [™ ëA¡àì>à ëA¡à´šà>ã¹ [ÒW¡à¤š¹ãÛ¡à¹ ¤àì¤ CA [>™å[v¡û¡ [ƒÚà ¤à‹¸t¡à³èºA¡¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ CAÎA¡º¹ W¡à[Òƒà ™ì=Ê¡ "àìá "à¹ç¡ Òü yû¡³àt¡ ¤õ[‡ý¡ šàÒüìá¡ú

CA Ò’¤¹ ¤àì¤ &\> ¤¸[v¡û¡ (Institute of Char-

tered Accountants ofIndia (ICAI) ¹ ÎƒÎ¸Ò’¤ ºà[K¤¡ú &Ò ü">åË¡à>¹ ÎƒÎ¸šƒ ºà®¡¹¤àì¤ &i¡à [¤ìÅÈ šàk¡¸yû¡³Î³àœ¡ A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤¡úICAI ‡à¹à š[¹W¡à[ºt¡ &Òüšàk¡¸yû¡³¹ [t¡[>i¡à Ñz¹"àìá @ -ÿ- (i) Compe-tency Professional test(CPT) (ii) Professionalcompetency Exam (PCE) (ii) Final Exam.

l¡üZW¡t¡¹ ³à‹¸[³A¡ (10 + 2) l¡üv¡ão¢ ¤à "¯t¡ão¢ áày-áàyãìÚ CA šàk¡¸yû¡³t¡ (CPT) >à³ ®¡[t¢¡ A¡[¹¤ šàì¹¡úëKàìi¡Òü ¤á¹ \å[¹ &Òü šàk¡¸yû¡³t¡ >à³ ®¡[t¢¡ W¡[º =àìA¡¡ú

[>[ÆW¡t¡ ëA¡[¹Úà¹W¡ài¢¡àl¡ &A¡àl¡üìsi¡si¡¡ : Chartered Accountant (CA)


š¹ãÛ¡à ¤á¹t¡ ƒå¤à¹ (ë³ "à¹ç¡ >ì¯´¬¹)">å[Ë¡t¡ ÒÚ¡ú "à>Òàìt¡ ¤à[o\¸¹ Ñ•àt¡A¡ (BCom with 50% marks), "=¤à 55% >´¬¹ÎÒ ">¸ [¤ÈÚA¡ Ñ•àt¡A¡ÎA¡ìº ëšà>ši¡ãÚàîA¡PCC šàk¡¸yû¡³t¡ >à³ ®¡[t¢¡ A¡[¹¤ šàì¹¡ú PCEl¡üv¡ão¢ áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº &ìA¡à\> A¡³¢¹t¡ CA¹ "‹ã>t¡ šø[ÅÛ¡à=¢ã (Articled clerk) [ÒW¡àì¤>è >t¡³ &¤á¹ A¡à³ A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤¡ú t¡à¹ šàát¡CA Wè¡Øl¡à”z š¹ãÛ¡à šàá A¡[¹ &\> CA [ÒW¡àì¤[>\¹ >à³ šgãÚ> A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¤¡ú

[>™å[v¡û¡¹ [ƒÅ¹ š¹à CA &A¡ "[t¡[>[ÆW¡t¡ ëA¡[¹Úà¹¡ú Articled / Audit clerk[ÒW¡àì¤ A¡à³ A¡¹à¹ Î³Ú¹ š¹àÒü áày-áàyãÎA¡º¹ l¡üšà\¢> "à¹ ± ÒÚ¡ú CA [ÒW¡àì¤šgãÚ> ºà®¡ A¡¹à¹ šàát¡ W¡¹A¡à¹ã / ¤¸[v¡û¡Kt¡l¡ü®¡Ú Jr¡ìt¡ ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ ¤àì¤ [>[ÆW¡t¡ [>ìÚàK¹šèo¢ Îåì™àK "àìá¡ú ®¡[¯È¸t¡¹ [>ÆW¡Út¡à [¤W¡¹à"à¹ç¡ t¡à¹ ¤àì¤ šøt¡¸àÔà> º¤îº Îà\å =A¡àÎA¡º¹ ¤àì¤ CA Ò’¤ šàì¹ šø=³ šW¡–ƒ¹ëA¡[¹Úà¹¡ú &Òü šàk¡¸yû¡³ NøÒo A¡[¹¤ [¤W¡¹à áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº t¡º¹ [k¡A¡>àt¡ ë™àKàì™àK A¡[¹¤šàì¹¡ú1. Guwahati Branch of Eastern

India Regional Council,The Institute of CharteredAccountants of IndiaAmbari (Near AGP Office),Guwahati : 781001 AssamPhone : 03612513774email : [email protected],

[email protected]

Web : www.icaiguwahati.org

2. St. Edmund’s CollegeLaitumukhrah RoadShillong - 793 003, MeghalayaPhone : 0364-229993

3. Asansol Branch of EIRC of ICAI,ICAI BhawanKalyanpur Housing MoreVivekananda SaraniP.O. AsansolDist. Burdwan : 713305West Bengal

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¹à\>ã[t¡* Ò’¤ šàì¹ ëA¡[¹Úà¹ :Politics as a Career


Entering high school is perhaps the mostcrucial phase in the life of a teenager. This isthe time when you will have to make concreteplans about your future. This will determinethe course for the rest of your life.

The moment you enter XI standard,you should take utmost care in thechoice of your subjects. An ideal thingto do is to consult academicians,relatives and guardians. Today, optionsare not limited to science,mathematics, commerce or arts. If youare good in mathematics, physics andany of the fields related to thesesubjects appeal to you only then optthese subjects. If you scored goodmarks in mathematics but were poorin physics or you did not find thelaboratory of physics appealing, thereare other options for you.There are options available for jobsafter X for students in Army, Navy orCoast Guards. You can also refer to alist of institutes for courses in ITI,provided on our site vocationalinstitutes in India.If you have a flair for writing and havea good command over language thenyou can go for arts in XI standard andsimultaneously develop your writing

skills. Later you can go for journalismcourse during your graduation.Likewise, if you have a penchant for musicor acting or modeling then you can choosesubjects that may help you in pursuingthese careers after your XII. For a list ofcareer options in music or acting ormodeling please visit our site.If you like pursuing a particular sport thendo not feel shy or awkward about it. Onthe other hand, pursue your studies alongwith sports. Chose such subjects whichmay give you ample time to practice thatparticular sport.This helps you in severalways . It makes it easier for you to pursuea career in sports.There is no alternativeto formal education.Formal educationequips you better to handle the nuancesof the sports. Formal education preparesyou, for life, after your sporting career isover.It provides you a chance to displayyour skills at the pre- University and theUniversity levels. This increases yourchances of selection in the National team.Therefore, it becomes imperative that youchose your subjects in XI very wisely andcareful deliberation. For a choice ofcareers in sports please visit our site.Of course, you should give dueconsideration to the circumstances, socialstatus, priorities of your family, yourphysical attributes, your own limitationsand capabilities and so forth. However,you should keep in mind your ownpriorities. Academic competence increasesif you are able to devote your energiestowards the field of your choice. Youshould keep an open mind. You should notgo for the traditional careers just because


somebody suggested or somebody tried toconvince you.You can go for your SWOT analysis i.e.Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities andThreats. You should build on your strongpoints, try to minimize your weaknesses,try to grab the opportunities that may comeyour way and be wary of perceived threats.You may consult a professionalPsychologist if you so feel like.These days there is a plethora ofinformation. Do a crosscheck about a givencareer option. Research well in advanceover career options. Do not feel shy ofseeking the help of a professional CareerCounselor. Feel free to consult NationalNetwork of Education.You should never doubt your owncapabilities. Half the battle is lost when youstart doubting your owncapabilities.Remember that there is no shortcut to success. At the same time, if yourfield of hobby becomes your field of career,chances of success increase manifold.Arriving at your best career option ispossible, only if you gather as much

information as possible on diverseprofessions and educational opportunities.In no way you should be prejudiced abouta job and end up attaching unqualifiedsuperiority for professions like medicine,engineering, and the civil services, thoughone can always have preferences for.Remember at the end of the day all itmatters is how much you excel in aprofession and the rest follows.The list of careers is perhaps again like theimagination of a poet, endless. Every bodyhas a place under the sun even if the sun isnot benign, you can still make your markunder it by choosing a career option close toyour heart. Never mind, you are not good atmathematics or science, you can still choosefrom a plethora of options from thecommerce stream, humanities, andvocational courses. You name it and we haveit. Here we at National Network of Educationare trying a role, howsoever insignificant itmay seem, to simplify things for you. Withthe help of National Network of Education,each career option seems like the grainsappear as a pearl on the golden beach.

© www.indiaeducation.net/CareerCenter/Advice

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Six of the nine new National Institutesof Technology promised by the UPAgovernment will be set up in the Northeast,one in each state without an NIT at present.

The human resource development ministryhad asked the chief ministers of Manipur,Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya, ArunachalPradesh and Sikkim allocate land for the NITs .

The move follows controversial changesto the institutes’ admission policy last year thatthe northeastern states termed asdiscriminatory against regions traditionallybackward in technical education.

The NITs admit students on the basis oftheir performance in the All India EngineeringEntrance Examination (AIEEE), a national-level test conducted by the CBSE. Till lastyear, 50 per cent of the seats in the NITs werefilled by domiciled candidates of the state inwhich the NIT is located. The states without

NITs were also allocated reserved seats at otherNITs, based on their population.

The rationale for the reservation was thatmost of the NITs were initially set up as RegionalEngineering Colleges (RECs) aimed at developingtechnical education in specific states. A keyprecondition placed by states for the transfer ofthese institutes to the Centre as NITs was thecontinuation of reservation for students belongingto the respective states.Last year, the HRD ministrychanged the admission policy for the NITs. Themove was considered controversial for two reasons: The institutes are officially autonomous bodiesand it is their apex decision making body, the NITCouncil, and not the HRD ministry, that isempowered to alter the admission process.Secondly, the new admission policy also endedstate-specific reservations, stipulating that all seatswould be filled up on the basis of a student’s meritdetermined by performance in the AIEEE.

The end of reservations at the NITs wasdiscriminatory against relatively less developedstates, chief ministers of the northeastern stateshad complained to Prime Minister ManmohanSingh, a Rajya Sabha MP from Assam.

They feared that students from their stateswould no longer find minimum proportionalrepresentation at the NITs. The New initiativewill resolve the issue for ever in a way whichwas unthinkable even before a year or two. [PEB]

The Dibrugarh University will beoffering four-year BTech degree from thisacademic session. An Institute of Engineering

and Technology has been set up on the varsitycampus for this purpose. The necessary clearances

B.Tech at Dibrugarh University

(Contd.on Page 40)

NE States will have one NIT each


On We d n e s d a y J u l y 2 2 , 2 0 0 9a n exceptionally long duration total eclipseof the Sun will be visible in eastern part ofthe globe. The path of Moon’s umbral shadowbegins in India and crosses through Nepal,Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma and China. Theinstant of greatest eclipse occurs in the PacificOcean at 02:35:19 (U.T.). The maximumduration of totality here will be 6m39s.

In Assam the eclipse will start around5:30 a.m. and will end around 7:40 a.m. Thetotality will be around 6:30 a.m. in LowerAssam and around 6.31 a.m. in Upper Assam.The duration of totality will vary from placeto place. Guwahati being on the Latitude of26011’ (N), will be just out of southern limitof path of totality, which will touch southernlimit at 26013’ (N). Northern limit here willbe at 27054’(N) and width of path of totalitywill be around 225 kms. in entire Assam,Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh. Totality willbegin around 6.30 a.m. in this region. Centralline between northern & southern limit willhave maximum duration of totality. Pasightin Arunachal Pradesh is just south of centralline in path of totality. Places away fromcentral line on either side will have lesser timeof duration of totality. (Places on either sideof path of totality will see only partial solareclipse.)

Dhubri in the west & Dibrugarh towardseast in Assam although will be inside the path

o ftotalitywill have lesserduration of 2 minutes 41 seconds & 3 minutes 38seconds respectively as both the places are awayfrom central line.Total eclipses of the Sun draw solar astronomyenthusiasts to the far corners of the globe. Amateursare attracted by expectations of the breathtakingbeauty of the eclipsed Sun during the few minutesof totality. The sky is then as dark as twilight. Onlyin the darkness of totality, the solar corona, theouter atmosphere of the Sun, can be viewed withthe unaided eye. A total eclipse of the Sun is oneof the grandest natural phenomena and the mostspectacular celestial event. A total eclipse of theSun occurs when the Moon passes between the Sunand Earth and obscures the Sun completely.

A total eclipse, which is a life timeexperience, is a fascinating phenomenon – our Sun,which is so normally so reliable, is suddenlystained black by the Moon. Any solar eclipse is aninteresting event, but a total solar eclipse is themost spectacular astronomical phenomenon thatyou’ll ever see.

During the last 500 years, only three totalsolar eclipses had swept Assam. The T.S.E. of17.10.1762 swept Barak Valley. The eclipse of04.06.1788 swept Brahmaputra valley and third

Uday Narayan Deka


one on 17.07.1814 touched Arunachal Pradesh &Dibrugarh, Tinsukia in Brahmaputra Valley.

In the last century, three total solar eclipsesoccurring in 1980, 1995 & 1999 were visible fromIndian soil. However totality of none was visiblefrom N.E.Region.The next total solar eclipseoccurring on 22nd July 2009 will dramatically passover Assam, Bhutan & Aruanachal Pradesh inmorning starting from Gujarat. The duration oftotality in central line in N.E. Region will be morethan 4 minutes i.e. longest duration in recent times.

Prominent places like Dhubri, Kokrajhar,Bongaigaon, Pathsala, Barpeta, Sarthebari, Tihu,Nalbari, Rangia, Tangla, Kalaigaon, Mangaldai,Kharupetia, Rowta, Udalguri, Dhekiajuli, Tezpur,Balipara, Jamuguri, Sootea, Bishanath Chariali,Gohpur, Narayanpur, Banderdewa, Bihpuria,Laluk, North Lakhimpur, Gogamukh, Dhemaji,Silapathar, Jonai, Murkongselek, Sibsagar,Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, Doomdooma, Digboi etc. inAssam will be very convenient to observe theevent. All these places will be within path of totalityand few of them more or less closer to central line.Here in N.E.Region, central line will pass throughmostly hilly region making it difficult to observe

the same from such terrain. As the eclipse willoccur in morning elevation of the Sun duringtotality in Lower Assam will be only about 200. InDibrugarh, Tinsukia, the Sun’s altitude will bearound 260 during totality. So observation fromplain without obstruction in the eastern horizon willonly be useful.

A total solar eclipse is dramatic event. Thesky begins to darken, the air temperature falls, thewinds increase as the Moon’s umbra races towardus. All nature responds; the birds go to roost,flowers close their petals, crickets begin to ring asif evening had occurred. As totality approaches thelandscape is bathed in shimmering bands of lightand dark and the last few rays of sunlight peak outfrom behind the edge of the Moon. And finallypearly white corona blazes forth in a star studdedmidday sky. It is an awesome sight.

The total phase of the eclipse is accompaniedby the onset of rapidly darkening sky whoseappearance resembles evening twilight about halfan hour after sunset. The effect presents anexcellent opportunity to view planets and brightstar in the daytime sky. The brightest and mostconspicuous planet will be Venus. It is located in

Taurus. During thetotality on 22.07.09, thesun’s backgroundconstellation will beCancer near its borderwith Gemini.

Solar eclipsesresult from thealignment of the Sun,Moon, and Earth on theday of New Moon. Totalsolar eclipses - in whichthe Sun is completelyblocked by the Moon -are a spectacular andrare sight to witness. Itis the most beautifulcelestial event in the sky.

The total phase ofan eclipse can and shouldbe seen without any filter.

Path of Totality in Bhutan, Assam & Arunanchal Pradesh indicating centralline of totalty,where totality will be maximum & also indicating duration of

totality in certain prominent places.


It is completely safe to do so. Certainly the mostspectacular and awe-inspiring phase of the eclipse istotality. For a few brief minutes or seconds, the sun’spearly white corona, red prominences andchromospheres are visible. Photograph of the coronamust be made without filter.

A solar eclipse offers students a uniqueopportunity to see a natural phenomenon thatillustrates the basic principles of mathematics andscience taught through elementary and secondaryschools. Indeed many scientists (includingastronomers) have been inspired to study science as aresult of seeing a total solar eclipse. The rise and fallof environmental light levels during an eclipseillustrates the principles of radiometry andphotometry, while biology classes can observeassociated behaviour of plants and animals. It is alsoan opportunity for children of school age to contribute

Sky during Total Solar Eclipse on 22nd July 2009 showing some planets(Mercury, Venus, Mars & Jupiter) and some brilliant stars (Sirius, Rigel,

Betelgeuse, Aldebaran, Procyon, Pollux,Capella & Deneb)

actively to scientific research– observation of contacttimings at different locationsalong the eclipse path areuseful in refining ourknowledge of the orbitalmotions of the Moon and theEarth and sketches andphotographs of the solarcorona can be used to build athree-dimensional picture ofthe Sun’s extendedatmosphere during theeclipse.

Caution : The partialphases of the total solareclipse upto the display of‘Diamond Ring’ or anypartial or annular solareclipses must be observedwith proper solar filter only.The totality can be observeddirectly without any aid. Itcan also be photographedeasily without any filter.The brightness by corona is

slightly more than brightness of a full moon. Assoon as totality ends, again filter should be used toprotect our eyes. We should feel fortunate enoughto have a longest duration total solar eclipse in ourlife time. Let us be ready for the event.

As the event will be occurring in the monsoonperiod, chance of enjoying the eclipse dependsupon availability of clear sky in the morning of22nd July 2009.

In the public interest, Doordarshan has beenrequested to arrange live telecast of the event fromDibrugarh University Campus since Dibrugarh willbe most ideal place for observation in the southbank of Brahmaputra. During monsoon season,many places in north bank are generally cut off inroad communication.

It may be mentioned that there will not be anytotal solar eclipse over Assam in next 900 years.

(The author Retired as Manager, Planning, Reserve Bank of India and these days he is the Secretary ofThe Pragjyotish Amateur Astronomers’ Association, C/o Guwahati Planetarium)


Dr. Rajib Bordoloi

On the 22nd July 2009, the world willget to see a very special celestial event, theTotal Solar Eclipse. However all the worldpopulation is not that lucky as the path oftotality (the umbra of the shadow of the moon)will be passing through only a small belt onthe Globe. Luckily for us, the shadow will bepassing through the entire district of Tinsukiaand a major portion of Dibrugarh, Darrang andLakhimpur etc. As a result, we the people ofTinsukia, Dibrugarh etc will be able to observethe rare event, which has occurred here after ahuge gap of more than 400 years and it willtake more than hundred years for us to getanother chance to observe such a phenomenon.

Solar eclipse or for that matter any eventconcerning the Sun has always been the sourceof inquisitiveness for human since the earlydays of civilization. Especially the eclipses arealways considered with awe and fear. Buttoday we all know, thanks to the knowledgeand information provided by the greatAstronomers since the days of earlycivilization, that the Solar eclipse is just anormal celestial event and it provides us withsome breathtaking and divine scenes that onecan ever get to see in the nature. Anotherimportant thing that we get to learn from theworks of the great astronomers that we shouldtake utmost care while observing the Sun as itcan damage our eyesight without giving us anywarning. Given below are some importantrules that one must strictly obey whileobserving the Sun during eclipse.1. Never look at the Sun

a) Directly, even for a very small time.b) Using cheap solar filters supplied by

unauthorized vendors.c) Using dark Goggles or any dark polymer

films/ sheets.d) Using photographic films (negatives).e) Using used X-ray plates (the plates that

have already been used to take X-ray photoof a person).

f) Using telescopes/ binoculars or cameraswhere proper solar filters are not fitted atall or not fitted properly (always take thehelp of a trained person).

g) Using a mirror or a bucketful of water,where the reflected image of the Sunappears.

2. Always obey the following rules whileobserving the Sun

a) Use a pinhole camera to project the imageof the Sun on a wall or floor; you can see theexact view of the eclipse without harmingyour eyes (see illustration in fig. 1).

b) Use proper solar filter marketed by reputedcompanies or provided by genuinescientific organizations (properly trainedand authorized persons of the scientificorganizations).

c) Use welder’s glass (No. 14). The glass


used by the welders (No. 14) to protect theireyes while welding are recognized by theconcerned authorities as good solar filtersand they are not very costly also.

d) Use mirror projection method. For detailplease see the appendix box below.

There are many other sophisticated but costlymethods available for observing an eclipse. Whilepreparing this article the students and the enthusiastsof this region are only kept in mind and hence onlysimple and less costly methods have been discussed.Another point to be noted that the x-ray plates canalso be used for safe viewing of the eclipse, but itmust be (i) unused and (ii) properly exposed toordinary light (under the supervision of a trainedperson) before use. Even after that some times ithas to be folded twice or thrice to ensure maximumcut off of the harmful radiations.

Another truth about the eclipse is that during‘Totality’ the Sun can be viewed with naked eye

Fig. 1 : Observing the Eclipse using PinholeCamera. Make a pinhole on a plane cardboardsheet hold it as shown in the figure using yourhand or using a stand so that it remains stationary.You can see the image of the sun and the eclipseon the opposite wall clearly.

also. During totality the harmful radiations can’treach us as the Sun is totally covered by the moon.However for that one must

i) Know exactly when the totality begins andends. For that one must have the eclipsecalendar at his/ her disposal, also theirclocks must be synchronized with the ISTor the time followed in the Eclipse Calendar.

ii) Normally for a group of people planningto observe eclipse, there should be onetrained person (may be a teacher) as a guideand a time keeper with a bell or a whistle.As the totality starts, the keeper rings thebell and the group of people observing theeclipse using solar filters would get rid oftheir filters and look at the sun directly. Asthe totality comes to end, the keeper willagain ring the bell and the groupinstantaneously would take their solarfilters to view the rest part of the eclipse.

APPENDICES :1. Pinhole Camera Method :

2. Mirror Projection MethodFig. 2: Take a small mirror, Cover its reflecting

surface with coloured paper and make a small roundhole (1 cm diameter) at the center of the paper so thatthis small opening can reflect Sun rays. Place themirror on the ground as shown in the figure. If youdon’t have a wall nearby, bring a black board fromyour class room with its stand, hang a white drawingsheet from the board. It will serve as your wall, wherethe beautiful image of the Sun will appear and youguys can see the beautiful eclipse. But never look atthe hole on the mirror directly.

3. Eclipse Calendar (Data Source: NASA and DST, Govt of India):

Eclipse time table for some nearby placesare also provided here along with Tinsukia town.However there is always possibility of 1% to 2%error as 100% accurate prediction is not possible.Also in some tables the IST could not be given.

The readers can calculate the IST of their townby simply adding 5 hours 30 min to the UTprovided in the tables. For example if the UT of atown is 00:00:00, the corresponding IST will be05:30:00, i.e. 5-30 am.


Old Tinsukia (Lat : 27.48560 N, Long : 95.3560E) Duration of Totality : 3 min 18.2s Magnitude : 1.012Railway Station

Event Date Time (UT) Alt AziStart of partial eclipse (C1) : 2009/07/22 00:01:51.7 013° 073.7°Start of total eclipse (C2) : 2009/07/22 01:01:31.7 025.8° 079.5°Maximum eclipse : 2009/07/22 01:03:14.3 026.2° 079.7°End of total eclipse (C3) : 2009/07/22 01:04:57.7 026.6° 079.9°End of partial eclipse (C4) : 2009/07/22 02:12:10.9 041.3° 086.5°

Event Date Time (UT) Alt AziStart of partial eclipse (C1) : 2009/07/22 00:01:46.1 012.8° 073.6°Start of total eclipse (C2) : 2009/07/22 01:01:24.0 025.6° 079.4°Maximum eclipse : 2009/07/22 01:03:02.7 026° 079.6°End of total eclipse (C3) : 2009/07/22 01:04:42.2 026.3° 079.7°End of partial eclipse (C4) : 2009/07/22 02:11:52.6 041.1° 086.3°

Makum (Lat : 27.48510 N, Long : 95.43930E) Duration of Totality : 3 min 14.2 s Magnitude : 1.012

Event Date Time (UT) Alt AziStart of partial eclipse (C1) : 2009/07/22 00:01:47.4 012.8° 073.6°Start of total eclipse (C2) : 2009/07/22 01:01:29.8 025.7° 079.4°Maximum eclipse : 2009/07/22 01:03:06.5 026° 079.6°End of total eclipse (C3) : 2009/07/22 01:04:44.0 026.4° 079.8°End of partial eclipse (C4) : 2009/07/22 02:11:59.5 041.2° 086.4°

Duliajan (Lat : 27.35590 N, Long : 95.32290E) Duration of Totality : 2 min 48.1 s Magnitude : 1.008

Event Date Time (UT) Alt AziStart of partial eclipse (C1) : 2009/07/22 00:01:41.6 012.7° 073.5°Start of total eclipse (C2) : 2009/07/22 01:01:33.5 025.6° 079.3°Maximum eclipse : 2009/07/22 01:02:57.2 025.9° 079.5°End of total eclipse (C3) : 2009/07/22 01:04:21.6 026.2° 079.6°End of partial eclipse (C4) : 2009/07/22 02:11:46.7 041° 086.2°

Dibrugarh (Lat : 27.46560 N, Long : 95.9150E) Duration of Totality : 3 min 32.5 s Magnitude : 1.015

Digboi (Lat : 27.34740 N, Long : 95.6360E) Duration of Totality : 2 min 22.2 s Magnitude : 1.006

Doomdooma (Lat : 27.56790 N, Long : 95.55360E) Duration of Totality : 3 min 26.5 s Magnitude : 1.015

Start of partial eclipse (C1) : 2009/07/22 00:01:39.0 5:31:39 012.3° 073.4°Start of total eclipse (C2) : 2009/07/22 01:00:56.6 6:30:57 025.1° 079.2°Maximum eclipse : 2009/07/22 01:02:42.5 6:32:43 025.5° 079.3°End of total eclipse (C3) : 2009/07/22 01:04:29.1 6:34:29 025.9° 079.5°End of partial eclipse (C4) : 2009/07/22 02:11:16.1 7:11:16 040.6° 086°

Event Date Time (UT) IST Alt Azi

Digboi (Lat : 27.34740 N, Long : 95.6360E) Duration of Totality : 2 min 22.2 s Magnitude : 1.006

Start of partial eclipse (C1) : 2009/07/22 00:01:39.0 5:31:39 012.3° 073.4°Start of total eclipse (C2) : 2009/07/22 01:00:56.6 6:30:57 025.1° 079.2°Maximum eclipse : 2009/07/22 01:02:42.5 6:32:43 025.5° 079.3°End of total eclipse (C3) : 2009/07/22 01:04:29.1 6:34:29 025.9° 079.5°End of partial eclipse (C4) : 2009/07/22 02:11:16.1 7:11:16 040.6° 086°

Event Date Time (UT) IST Alt Azi

(The author teaches Physics in the College)


Our home, the Earth is facing the worstenvironmental crisis. It ranges anywhere fromClimate change, Global warming, Globaldimming, Fossil fuels, Sea level rise,Greenhouse gases, to Species extinction,Poaching, Endangered species, Environmentalimpacts of dams, Genetic pollution, Geneticallymodified food controversies. FromOvergrazing, Irrigation, Environmental effectsof meat production, to Land pollution,Desertification, Soil erosion, Soilcontamination, Soil salination. From Urbansprawl, Habitat fragmentation, Habitatdestruction, to Nanotoxicology, Nanopollution,Nuclear fallout , Nuclear meltdown,Radioactive waste, Overpopulation, Ozonedepletion — CFC , pollutions – Air, Light,Noise, Visual, Water, Acid rain, Eutrophication,Marine pollution, Ocean dumping, Oil spills,Thermal pollution, Urban runoff, Water crisis,Marine debris, Ocean acidification, Shippollution, Thermal pollution, Urban runoff,Wastewater, Smog, Tropospheric ozone,Volatile organic compound, and many more.We will have a detailed discussion on each andevery topic that our environment is facing incoming issues of Pragyan. Please readregularly and suggest measures.

Finding a solution to all these problemsis the biggest challenge that humankind isfacing today. The task is huge, most difficultone but not impossible. A proper planning and

a collective effort are necessary on a long termbasis. It is the time to react-else it could be toolate. Everyone will have to participate in this massmovement.

Managing waste is a big challenge in ourcivilised (so called) society. Huge amount ofwaste are generated at our home, office and otherplaces. Some simple steps, if taken by us, canreduce the production of waste to a great deal.Adapt Reduce-Reuse-Recycle Policy :

The critical fist step of waste prevention isrecycling. Please adapt Reduce-Reuse-recyclepolicy and create awareness about it in public. Askyour local retailers to stock more products made fromrecycled materials and buy products made from thehighest recycled content whenever possible. Ingeneral, try to buy products/containers made fromrecycled material as often as possible to support therecycled product market. When purchasing paperproducts, look for paper that has been recycled usinga minimum of 50% post-consumer waste. Also,purchase from companies that do not use chlorineto bleach their paper products (which creates dioxinwaste). Use natural fertilizers for your flower gardenand kitchen garden. Create a compost pit, dump thedry leaves and your vegetable wastes into that whenit is full, cover it with soil. The composts will beready by the next season. While in travel, you maynot have recycle bins, pack your recyclables andcarry back home.

Simplify your lifestyle as far as possible.The belongings that you use and enjoy on regular


basis, only keep them. Once when you’ll reduceyour needs, you’ll purchase less and once youpurchase less, you’ll waste less.Try the 30-Day Rule :

Before purchasing something, think — Doyou really need it? Think about the product’simpact on environment (also associated packagingmaterial) and what impact on environmental willit have during its disposal. When you are thinkingabout buying something, try the 30-Day Rule –wait 30 days after the first time you decide youwant a product to really make your decision. Thiswill eliminate impulse buying.Adapt Use-Wash-Use Policy :

Minimise the use of tree and tree-products athome as far as possible. Use cloth napkins / towelsinstead of paper napkins/towels. Adapt Use-Wash-Use policy. At work, edit your works on computeritself. Take the printout only when you are doneinstead of taking printout-edit-do correction-takefinal printout policy. Create and use note pads fromonce-used papers. Install a reusable notice board athome to leave message for your family membersand roommates instead of writing in a piece of paper.Purchase in Bulk :

Purchase the daily requirement commoditiesin bulk quantity in lieu of buying again and again.This will eliminate the gathering packagingmaterials. Store the food items reusable containers.Avoid Creating Trash :

Avoid creating trash wherever possible. whenordering food, avoid receiving any unnecessaryplastic utensils, straws, etc. (ask in advance), buyice cream in a cone instead of a cup, don’t accept“free” promotional products, buy products with theleast amount of packaging, etc. Every little bit of

(For more articles on other environmental issues, Please log on to http://sites.google.com/site/planetgreenactnow/ Theauthor is an alumni of Tinsukia College and now works at Chittaranjan Loco Works, West Bengal.Photograph Courtesy: Papiya Shome )

trash avoided does make a difference!Stop Polythene Shopping :

Polythene Shopping are one of the greatestthreat to the environment today. Carry your ownreusable shopping bags from home for shopping.Refuse the articles given in plastic shopping bags.Ask for paper bags while carrying small sizedarticles like dal, rice, sugar etc.

When staying at a hotel, let the managementknow that you like to support businesses that adoptenvironmentally responsible practices (includingreducing waste). Suggest the management a SustainableSolutions for Green Hotels environmental tips.Go for Veg-Food :

One of the important steps to protect ourenvironment is to switch to vegetarian diet. Alsoensure everyone has enough to eat. The UnitedNations recently released Livestock’s LongShadow–Environmental Issues and Options, whichconcludes that the livestock sector (primarilychickens and pigs) emerges as one of the top twoor three most significant contributors to our mostserious environmental problems, at every scalefrom local to global. It is one of the largest sourcesof greenhouse gases - responsible for 18% of theworld’s greenhouse gas emissions as measured inCO2 equivalents. By comparison, all transportationemits 13.5% of the CO2. It produces 65% ofhuman-related nitrous oxide (which has 296 timesthe global warming potential of CO2) and 37% ofall human-induced methane (which is 23 times aswarming as CO2). It also generates 64% of theammonia, which contributes to acid rain andacidification of ecosystems. In addition, theenormous amounts of grain required to feedlivestock reduces the amount of food available forthe world’s hungry. Buying organic, locally grown

food also reduces global warmingemissions and helps protect theenvironment.

Think about becoming a lacto-ovo vegetarian (no meat but someeggs and dairy products) or vegan(no animal products). (to becontinued)


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1¡ú A Textbook of Applied Entomology by K.P. Srivastava (1996 Edition and 1st Vol)

2¡ú Insecta – An introduction by Raghumoorthi et al. (2003 Edition)

3¡ú Entomology and Pest Management by L.P. Pedigo (2006 Edition)

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Don't keep your dreams in the eyes. they may drop down as tears. Keepthem in your heart. So that every heartbeat reminds you to fulfil yourdesire. Paramita Prajna : Scribed in Pragyan’s Orkut Profile


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from the AICTE have been already acquired bythe university. Courses would be like ComputerSciences and Engineering, Petroleum Engineering,Electronic & Computer Engineering andMechanical Engineering. All the courses wouldhave the four year semester system, and successfulcandidates would be conferred AICTE approvedB Tech degrees.

The University is also working on to introduceseveral more professional courses for the benefit ofthe students of the northeast. These include aproposed course in Petroleum ExplorationGeophysics, PG courses in Philosophy and Hindi,B.P.Ed (Bachelor in Physical Education). Otherproposals include introduction of courses relatingto aviation, avionics, hospitality and tourism, etc.

Career Tabloid


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In the vast Indian sub continent, theAssamese stands out with its own uniqueidentity which is somewhat different incharacter from the rest of India. This isevident in many respects of the Assameseculture. Importantly, this is noticeable in theAssamese language which has thecharacteristic guttural X (Î) sound. Thissound which is pronounced in between theEnglish sounds /s/ and /h/ is normally notfound in any other modern Indian languages. It is the Assamese language which has givenus not only our separate identity but also hasgiven us our delicate unity in this multi racialAustric-Tibeto-Burman-Mongoloid-Aryanlabyrinth of North East India.

Assamese is the eastern-most memberof New Indo Aryan (NIA) languages in India,and is spoken in the Brahmaputra valley inAssam. It is also the easternmost member ofthe Indo-European group of languages whichis the largest language group in the world witha total number of speakers of more than halfof the world population. All the modernEuropean languages as well as those of Iran,India and Pakistan fall into this Indo-European group. Being the farthest outpostof Aryan migration towards the east,Assamese falls in the outer belt or in theperipheral Indo-Aryan languages.

Assamese is a very ancient language, a factnot very well recognized by manyAssamese. Amongst the NIA languages, Assamesebears some unique characteristics which are notfound in other Indian languages. The phonetics ofthe Assamese language are somewhat different fromother IA languages in India (Sanskrit, Hindi, Punjabi,Bengali etc) chiefly for four reasons. 1) Assameselanguage has developed, over the years, incomparative isolation from other IA languages inIndia. 2) Assamese language was influenced heavilyby the Tibeto-Burman and other languages of NE,while other IA languages in mainland India werenot. 3) The IA languages in mainland India, on theother hand, were influenced heavily by the Dravidianlanguages while Assamese was not. 4) The branchof Aryans that emigrated to Assam in pre-historictimes, were basically pre-Vedic Aryans, because ofwhich Assamese still retains some of thecharacteristics of the original phonetics of the Indo-European group of languages which other IAlanguages in India seem to have lost.

One major difference is the absence of thecerebrals (murdhonyo swor) in the Assameselanguage which are present in Sanskrit and otherNIA languages. In the original pre-Vedic languagethese cerebrals were not there and Sanskrit is saidto have acquired the cerebrals later due to theinfluence of Dravidian languages. Beside that,Assamese has the unique X (Î) sound which is

It is a multi-lingual column. Our valued writers can contribute write-ups in any of the fourlanguages — English, Assamese, Bengali and Hindi. — Editor.


absent in Sanskrit and other NIA languages. Whatis the characteristics of this Assamese X (Î) sound ?Where from and when did the Assamese acquirethis X (Î) sound ? Is it an non Aryan sound ? Letus see what the scholars have to say about theAssamese X (Î) sound.

Phonetically, this Assamese X (Î) sound issimilar to the German sound /ch/ as pronounced inthe word ‘Bach’ or the Scottish sound as found inthe word ‘Loch’. Thus unlike Sanskrit and otherNIA languages, in Assamese, all the three Indo-Aryan Sibilants: s (Î), s’(È) and s’’(Å) arepronounced as X (Î) and not as ‘so’. This is aunique characteristic of the Assamese language.

When the Baptist Missionaries in the earlynineteenth century encountered the Assameselanguage for the first time, they duly observed theAssamese X (Î) sound and opined correctly thatAssamese has the unique X (Î) sound which issimilar to the Greeks. It may be noted here thatnone of the non-Aryan languages in the North East(Bodo, Tai, Meitei, Kuki and other Tibeto-Burmanor Naga-Kuki languages) has any sound similar tothis X (Î) sound. In fact many ethnic groups in theNorth have problem in pronouncing the X (Î)sound correctly. In this context it may be mentionedthat the Sylheti language has this X sound whichis pronounced as h. When Mr Benudhar Rajkhowawas a magistrate in the district of Sylhet, he wrotea book titled Notes on the Sylheti Dialect in 1913.There he showed that the Sylheti language wasmore similar to the Assamese than to the Bengali.He specially noted that the Sylheti peoplepronounce the sibilants S as X (Î) like theAssamese. However, they lean towards /h/ and theysay hi (As. xi), hou (As. xou), heito (As. xeito) etc.unlike the Bengalees. Mr Benudhar Rajkhowa alsocame across an old Sylheti manuscript of PadmaPuran written in old Assamese script.

About this X (Î) sound, Dr. Suniti KumarChatterjee, the leading Indian philologist,remarked, “The change of initial, intervocal andfinal (sibilants) to the gluteral spirant X (Î) inAssamese is something remarkable and isparalleled by what we see in Singhalese andKashmiri. This is also noticeable in Iranian,

Hellenic and Celtic” In many languages thisoriginal Indo-European X (Î) sound was lost whicheither evolved to s, kh or h. According to KaliramMedhi, a great Assamese scholar, “The Assamesepronunciation of the sibilants is peculiar inAssamese, and evidently a relic of pre Vedic Aryanpronunciation.” Dimbeswar Neog anotherAssamese scholar also agrees, “Next to the abovepeculiarities is the Asamiya X (Î) pronunciationof the sibilants which also must have been broughtby the Early Aryans called the Mediterranean.”The X (Î) sound was there in the pre-Vedic Aryanlanguage also before the evolution of the classicalSanskrit language. Dr Suniti Kumar Chatterjee,writes “It seems that in certain forms of OIA (OldIndo-Aryan) languages the X (Î) sound was theactually one employed for S as can be inferred froma medieval pronunciation of S as /kh/ being thenearest approximation to the traditional X(Î)’’. Dimbeswar Neog further writes, “When the Nordicof Vedic Aryan immigration into India took placein the second millennium B.C., the X (Î) sound asin Asamiya was prominent. Chatterjee thinks that“tatax kim” was the actual pronunciation at thetime of the Rig Veda. It came to be pronounced as“tatah kim” in later times owing to the loss of X(Î) sound due to non-Aryan influencepredominating over the Aryan. But it remainedalmost intact in the Dardic or Pisaci speech whichlike the Asamiya is a language of the outer band.”

Mr Neog shows that this X (Î) sound wasthere in the Bengali language till the eighteenthcentury. Citing an Benglo-Portuguese Dictionarywhich was published in Lisbon in 1743 with thespelling x for X (Î) pronunciation in the title, MrNeog commented, “....the Asamiya X (Î)pronunciation lingered in Bengal until at least themiddle of eighteenth century from the earliest timeseven through the “Caryas” and “Krishna Kirtan”etc. Perhaps even to-day the state of Bengal hastwo distinct cross currents of their speech - thelower and deeper being that of old Asomiya orKamrupi, and the upper and the surface currentbeing that of modern or standard Bengali so called.As for the X (Î) pronunciation, it has mostlychanged to H as in East Bengal”.


How this sound came to Assam ? Accordingto one theory, it was carried by the early immigrantswho were the Alpine Aryans from theMediterranean. “During the third millenniumB.C.the Alpine immigration poured into India, onebranch of them moving toward the western coastof India through the Indus valley and the otherbranch pushing towards Eastern India.” Theymust have come through the foothills of theHimalayas bypassing the mainland India. Assamese language bears some interestingcorrespondence to some languages of theHimalayan foothills. It is also probable that someof them came through one of the northern traderoutes thru Tibet and Bhutan, which were incommon use in those times. The X (Î) sound hasalso been retained by some people in Rajasthanand other western states.

Thus we seethat this X (Î)sound in Assameseis not somethingwhich developedin Assam, nor it isa sound which wasinherited from anyof the non-Aryan languagesin Assam, but itsimply marks anearlier Indo-European pre-Vedic heritage.

Thus ourA s s a m e s elanguage is aunique languagewhich is one of thefew which stillretains this X (Î)sound. It isobvious that inAssam we have this sound from the early days ofNarakaxura and before who belongs to an Axura(Sans : Asura) tribe which is an earlier pre-VedicAryan group; the main branch of this groupimmigrated to Persia and later established theworship of the supreme deity, Ahura Mezda as the

formless God. It is interesting to note that even todayAssamese culture has some striking correspondencewith the old Persian culture as found in Zend-Avesta. The Persian language has also somecorrespondence with the Assamese language inmany respects including the common X (Î) soundwhich is pronounced as /h/ like the Sylheti language.

Scholars have now correctly identified thisunique Assamese sound to be a ‘veller fricative’sound. Dr. Banikanata Kakaoty, states that inAssamese it is an ‘unvoiced velar fricative’ sound. Dr Golok Ch Goswami describes it as a “velarvoiceless aspirant’. The International PhoneticAssociation (IPA), has identified all the sounds ofall the languages in the world and have assignedsome unique symbols. The IPA symbol of the ‘velarfricative’ sound as found in Assamese and otherlanguages is the Roman letter X. (See IPA Chart).

Some of the Indo-European languages haveretained this sound although today in each language,the actual pronunciation is slightly different. In theEuropean languages this sound is spelled either as xor ch. In the Greek language it is spelled as x as inthe word Xarish (meaning favor). In the Russian


language it is spelled as x as in the words Xrushchevor Chexov. In the German language it is spelled asch as in the words Dach (meaning roof) or Bach(meaning brook). In Scottish language also thissound is there, and is spelled, like the Germans, asch as in the word Loch (meaning hole).

However, that is not all. Philologists tell usthat this X (Î) sound was there in our familiarEnglish language too. Commenting on this sound,Mr Robert Claiborne states, “Just as English syntaxhas changed over the centuries, so have Englishphonetics and English vocabulary. Thus the soundwe write as ch (as in “church”) appeared in Englishonly about fifteen hundred years back, while theguttural sound /kh/ disappeared about five hundredyears ago (except in Scotland where it is spelled chas in : It’s a braw, bricht moonlight nicht).”(“OurMarvelous Native Tongue”, p 17,). Other linguisticsagree with Mr Claiborne. “There were otherchanges as well, most notably the loss of the OldEnglish sound /x/, which in technical terms, was avoiceless labiodental fricative - or to you and methe throat-clearing sound of /ch/ in Scottish “Loch”or German “Ach”. (“The Mother Tongue : English& How it Got That Way” - Bill Bryson; p 93).

From the ancient past, the Aryan roots of theAssamese language has retained the X (Î) sound evenafter great assimilation with various other linguisticgroups of the Tibeto-Burman family. However, duringthe last two hundred years, we are fast loosing thisunique sound with the advent of the British since 1826.This is happening for several reasons. First under theAnglicized western influence on one hand, and dueto over Sanskritization of the Assamese language inthe modern period on the other, many educatedAssamese are confused about the real significance ofthe X (xo) sound. The Assamese have therefore failed

to adopt a standard Roman letter for this sound. Theabsence of a formal Romanized adoption of this soundin Assamese has created a serious problem. It inhibitsthe Assamese to express this proper Assamese soundthrough the Roman script. As a result, at present, allAssamese proper names are being written andpronounced in rather Anglicized form, the way theBritish had presented these to us in the nineteenthcentury, than in Roman script. We therefore invariablywrite Sibsagar, Hukanguri, Simaluguri andHapekhati, not to speak of hundreds of other suchAssamese words. Not only that. Now a days, we evencarry these Anglicized expressions further and writewords like Asom, Parishad, Satra etc for theAssamese words etc. Needless to say, none of thesewords express the correct Assamese pronunciation.We have already lost this sound from such words asDas, Sharma, Saikia, Sibsagar, Satyen and others. Unless the Assamese develop a keen awareness ofthe situation, I fear that within another few decades,we will probably call ourselves proud Osomiya insteadof Oxomiya.

In order to retain this unique Assamese sound,Assamese should take proper steps. First, inkeeping with the IPA (International PhoneticAssociation) this sound should be represented bythe letter X. Assamese should start writing thissound in their many words which have this sound.Thus the correct spelling of the word Assam inAssamese should be OXOM. There has been someattempt to write the word with the spelling ASOM.Needless to say that the spelling ASOM does notrepresent the proper Assamese pronunciation andthis will be a sure way to kill one’s own language.Same applies to many other words such asSankaradeva, Satriya and many others whichshould be spelled a Xongkordeb, Xotriya etc.

1) Assamese Grammar and Origin of the Assamese Language – Kaliram Medhi. 2) The Background of Assamese Culture– R. M. Nath . 3) Oxomia Bhaxar Moulik Bisar – Debanad Bharali 4) Assamese-Its Formation and Development – DrBanikanta Kakoty 5) Structure of Assamese – Dr Golok Chandra Goswami 6) Origin and Development of BengaliLanguage – S. K. Chatterjee 7) Assamese Grammar and Origin of the Assamese Language – Kaliram Medhi. 8) TheOrigin and Growth of Asomiya Language – Dimbeswar Neog 9) A History of India – A.F.Rudolf Hoernle & Herbert A.Stark 10) Asamiya Barna Prakash – Dr Golokchandra Goswami. 11) The Mother Tongue : English & How it Got ThatWay – Bill Bryson 12) Our Marvelous Native Tongue – Mr Robert Claiborne

References

(The author, an engineer by profession, is a freelance writer and writes on various cultural, linguistic andreligious issues of Assam and India. Sri Barua lives in Houston, Texas, USA. He is also the founder Chairmanof the NGO called, Friends of Assam and Seven Sisters (FASS). To know more about his works please visit :www.friendsofassam.org)


It was 8pm on 31st Dec., 2008. Mydaughter was busy with some of her friendspreparing for their night long celebration of theNew Year eve. My wife was busy as usual inher kitchen. I eased myself off in front of theTV with a cup of tea. Unfortunately the horribleprogrammes on the TV would not let me watchthem and I have decided to sit in front of myPC instead to check if there was any importantmail coming. As I opened the mail box I hardlyrealized that there was a big new year presentwaiting for me in the form of an acceptanceletter from the organizers of the “SPIEinternational Conference on Photonics” to beheld at Prague, Czech Republic from 20 – 23April, 2009. Initially I could not believe myluck. SPIE (Society for Photo-OpticalInstrumentation Engineers-USA) is aPioneering organization devoted to mostadvanced Photonics research in the world andit sets such high standard for itself that it isalmost next to impossible thing to get their nodaffirmatively. That way it was a bigachievement for me to get selected forpresentation of my paper in their conference.My joy knew no bound at that time.

After the initial hangover of the news, it

was time for me to initiate all the preparations thatwere necessary for anyone embarking upon aninternational trip. It started with a seven hour longuninterrupted queue at the passport office,Guwahati. One needs to go there to get an ideaabout the plight of the passport seekers at the RPO,Guwahati. However most of the stuffs of the officewere very sincere and hard working. It was justimproper and inadequate infrastructure that madeeveryone’s life hell out there. After the passport itwas time for the VISA, advanced Hotel Booking,Registration etc. The VISA rules for entry to anyEuropean country are very strict, especially afterthe 9-11 incident and if you are from a place not inthe good book of the international community, theywould refuse you the visa at any pretext and thatwas almost the case with me as well. Above all Idid not have enough money with me at that pointof time to meet with such huge expenses, had itnot been for some of my friends and also my wifeI would never have availed this golden opportunitycoming my way. With financial help from them Ifirst got registered on-line for the conference.Unlike in India the registration fee there was a huge545 Euro (≈ Rs. 37,000/-). Similarly the hotelswere very costly (about 80 to 100Euro per personper night) and I had to book it in advance to meet


with the visa specifications. Then came the bookingof air ticket. There is no direct flight to Prague fromIndia, so after a detailed search I have opted forthe Delhi – Frankfurt – Prague flight route as itsuited my travel plans. For the two way flight Ihad to pay Rs. 51,000/- plus another Rs.14, 000/-for Dibrugarh – Delhi and back journey. On 15th

April I boarded the plane to Delhi as my Visa wasnot ready yet and the Czech Embassy had askedme to appear before them for an interview.

In Delhi I stayed for couple of days at theflat of Mr. Malay Kishore Dutta, who happened tobe one of my most talented and adorable students.Malay and his wife Indu took great care of meduring my stay at their place. On 20th April I gotthe Visa and the same night I boarded my flightfor Frankfurt. In fact the Air India airbus toFrankfurt was scheduled to fly at 1-10 am nextmorning, but I arrived at the Delhi Internationalairport (Indira Gandhi International Airport) wellin advance as that was for the first time I wasboarding an international flight and I was basicallynot familiar with the huge amount of the formalitiesthat I had to go through at the airport. Slowly andsteadily I have tried to follow what the otherpassengers had been doing and by frequently takingthe help from the ever busy flight attendants, I wentthrough the processes like check–in, passport andimmigration control, security check etc. Beforethat I had converted some Indian currencies toEuro. In Czech Republic they mostly use their owncurrency “Karuna” but in the airports, Taxi standsetc you can use Euros as well. In Delhi Airport no

money exchanger would provide me with theCzech currency, but then I had my VISA debit cardwith me so I knew that once I get a money changingmachine at Prague, I would have enough CzechKaruna for my use. All those formalities tookalmost four hours mostly due to my ignorance andalso to a certain extent due to heavy traffic even atthat hour.

After completion of my final security checkit was time for us to wait in the lounge for thedeparture. I was terribly exhausted mainly due tothe heat of Delhi and pressure of going abroadalone for the first time to present paper on aninternational platform started telling on me. I wassitting alone in a corner of the suffocating loungefeeling pretty lonely and awed by the occasion.Starting from such a humble background to getrecognition at the international arena wassomething that I found really hard to believe atthat time. At the same time I was really scared also.What if I fail to convince the experts over there, orwhat if they simply laugh at my work? All thosethoughts and tiredness made me very sick and weakfrom inside. But at the top of it I knew that I cannotgo back empty-handed from here. At least I cannotdisappoint all those well wishers back home. So Igathered strength and kept waiting. At last the callfor boarding the plane came and everybody hustledtowards the boarding gate. Here again after a longqueue, of which I was the last, all of us finallyboarded the plane. It was a huge airbus, and myseat was towards its wings. I was so tired that afterboarding the plane I fell deep asleep.

Our plane landed at Frankfurt at around 6am. From Frankfurt my flight to Prague was in a


small plane of Lufthansa Airlines. I had two hoursof transit time in my hand and normally it issufficient enough time for a transit. Along with theother transit passengers I had been guided by onevery smart German attendant in his twenties. Hefirst briefed us about the formalities for transitpassengers, then gave us the counter numbers, theterminal gate numbers and finally showed us thedirection in which we needed to go to find thecounters. He then left us with a bright smile. Oncehe left I was on my own, and then I started realizinghow big that Frankfurt Airport’s internationalterminal could be. I, along with other passengersvirtually ran for almost twenty minutes through thatendless building to arrive at the Passport andcustoms check counters. The tough and scarylooking customs officers very promptly cleared meafter asking few questions and showed me the wayto the security check gate. Looking around I againrealized that it was time for another sprint as myclock showed that almost one hour had elapsedsince my arrival at the airport. With many others Iagain started moving very fast through the tubelike tunnels (air conditioned of course) and afteranother ten – fifteen minutes of virtual running,finally I saw the Security check gates at a verydistant corner of the building. By this time I haverealized what it takes to change a flight at aninternational airport. Any way, at the security checkpoint it was a heavy rush and after an hour longqueue I finally got through the security check witha deep sense of relief we all boarded the planemeant for us. At 8-30 am the plane left for Prague.Once the plane took off I eased off at my seat andstarted lookingthrough thewindow to get aview of theFrankfurt city. Itwas such abeautiful and aweinspiring sight! Inthe mean time theairhostess startedd i s t r i b u t i n gbreakfast and

drinks to us. I took one burger and a bottle of applejuice and by the time we finished our breakfast thepilot started preparing the plane for landing atPrague International Airport.

In Prague it was summer time but the normaltemperature was a chilly 100C. I was told that inwinter the whole city is completely covered bysnow and the temperature goes down to as low as– 200C. After coming out of the airport I boardeda share -taxi and the driver dropped me in front ofmy hotel after almost an hour. On my way to thehotel I could see the glimpses of the heavenlybeauty of the city and the landscape formed by theVtlava (Moldau) River, which is flowing downthe heart of the city. After boarding the hotel room,I straightaway went to the conference building,which was just one metro stop away from my hotel.The “Prague Congress Center”, in which theconference was going on, was a huge building andwas in a very high security zone as it frequentlyhosts summits of European Union and NATO etc.After entering the building and passing throughthe security-check, I completed the registrationformalities and entered the hall in which thepresentation of my section (Nonlinear Optics) wasgoing on. The main theme of the conference wasPhotonics and it had nine sub themes. NonlinearOptics was one of the subthemes. Total six hundredscientists and technological wizards from all overthe world took part in it and it was an awesomeexperience for me to be a part of the wholeextravaganza. I had two presentations, one wasscheduled for 21

st April and the other for 22

nd April.

The theoretical part of my paper was wellappreciated by theparticipants, especially byProf. Kato of Photonicslab. Japan; however myexperimental worksappeared to be not at parwith the internationalstandard.

After mypresentation I received thecertificate from theorganizer and immediately


went out to explore the city. It was an extremelybeautiful and well maintained city having smallpopulation. The whole city is a major touristattraction having many famous tourist spots. Duringsummer the whole city is flocked by tourist from allover the Europe, mostly British and German. Thepeople were very nice, fun loving and extremelybeautiful. Due to paucity of time and mainly due to

the language problem (everybody speaks their ownlanguage only and have repulsion towardsEnglish), I could cover only a small part of the city.However I was lucky enough to visit some of themost important historical spots and bring back theirmemories in my camera.

Below I have given a very brief descriptionof the sites that I have visited.

2. AstronomicalClock : It the mostfamous touristattraction in thewhole CzechRepublic. It was builtin 1490 by theclockmaker Mikulasof Kadan incollaboration withJan Ondrejuv calledSindel, professor ofmathematics and astronomy of Prague CharlesUniversity. At the turn of the hour it puts on a minutelong show with apostles moving out of the windowto the left of the clock. The four figures to eitherside of the top clock face represent Vanity, Greed (aJewish money-lender), Death, and a Pagan Invader(a Turk); around the bottom clock face are aChronicler, Angel, Astronomer and Philosopher.

It is one of the oldest European clocks of itskind. It is unique in being the oldest of those where

the original clockwork has been in operation fromthe beginning to the present time for six centuries,and even the astronomical dial shaped like anastrolabe survives in the original form.

Here, I’m in the middle of the picture withtwo co-participants, one of them is Prof. Kato(right) of Japan, who heads the Photonics Dept. ofPhotonics Lab, Japan.

3.Mozart Museum : Itis the place whereMozart lived for fewyears and created someof his famoussymphonies. It is nowconverted into amuseum. However Icould not go inside it asby the time I visited theplace, it was closed.

4. The Belvedere Palace: It is an old palacerenovated and beautifully maintained. I could not

gather muchinformationon this. Thefirst pictureis a photo ofthe palacetaken morethan ac e n t u r yback andthe secondone (below)was takenby me.

1. Tyn Cathedral : Itis a 12 century churchat Prague Old TownSquare. It is basicallya huge brick structurewith two big identicaltowers and a huge pure gold structure of VirginMary that can be seen from miles away.


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After moving around the city for more thanone and half day finally it was time for me to saygood bye to the most beautiful place I have everbeen to and after checking out of my hotel, I took ataxi to the airport to board my plane back to India.On my way back to the airport the taxi driver kepttalking to me in his own English about his country,the Soviet dominance, the Vietnamese refugees andso on, but I was absolved deep in my own thoughts,I just could not figure out if I was sad or happy,perhaps it was a mixture of both. I was sad as I hadto part with this beautiful city, which gave me somuch fame and recognition; at the same time I washappy, as I was going back to my own people with

5. Vtlava (Moldau) River : It is the river that flowsthrough the entire city. With beautiful banks,migratory birds, stealthily moving canoes andGorgeous motor launches it looked like a scenicmasterpiece of God. Despite flowing through theentire city, it is totally free from any sort of pollutionthat a big city can cause to a river. There are manybeautiful bridges built at different time on the river.I could see the tourists and the locals relaxing witha bottle of beer or juice almost everywhere on theriversides – quietly, without making any noise.

so much to tell them about my performance at aninternational platform! My plane left at morning 6-30 am on 24th April from Prague and after changingthe flight at Frankfurt I finally boarded our Air Indiaflight to Delhi at 9-30 am the same day and finallyour flight touched down at Delhi at 9 pm.

If I someone asked me to choose from thethings that I have gathered from the brief stint atPrague, I would definitely list them according topriority as: my research exposure at internationalarena, the honesty and love that those people havefor their country, strict adherence to rules andregulations, utmost effort to maintain cleanlinessand hygiene and love for their mother tongue.

(The author teaches Physics in the College)

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Esteemed fellow Members of theIndian History Congress, Ladies andGentlemen,

I am extremely grateful to the ExecutiveCommittee of the Indian History Congress fordoing me the honour by offering me to presideover the deliberations of the scholars in theMedieval India section of the 66th session heldat Viswa Bharati. My studies are confined tomedieval Assam and with my very limitedknowledge of the Indian scene, I considermyself least worthy for the honour favouredon me. My ill health being a continuousobstacle to serious studies is something that Ihave accepted but an accident three monthsago making me bed-ridden for two monthsmade it difficult for me to give enough ofnecessary time for preparing this address.Inspite of the said limitations I own fullresponsibility for what it contains.

II have selected the topic State,

Patriarchy and Women in Medieval Assam for myspeech. Undoubtedly it is a theme of Women’ sStudies, which has now emerged as a serious andimportant discipline of Social Sciences andHumanities. Although ‘women are and have beencentral not marginal, to the making of society andto the building of civilization’,1 historicalscholarship till the recent past being confined tomen alone, women’s role in the making ofcivilizations remained by and large invisible.Considering women as actors and agents of history,together with men, is a new dimension to thestudies of the social development both in the pastand the present, which widens our outlook andinspires fresh interpretations and further research.Though women’s studies is not my field ofspecialization, looking at certain problems ofAssam history from this perspective enriched myknowledge, which I want to share with you.

The medieval period in the history of Assammay be said to have begun with the disintegrationof the powerful and extensive kingdom of

[The present write up is the Presidential Address offered by Dr. Swarna Lata Baruah, Rtd. Prof.and HoD, Dept. of History, Dibrugarh University at the LXVI Session of Indian History Congress heldat Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal from 28th to 30th January, 2006. We are grateful to her forpermitting us to reproduce the Address in ‘Pragyan’. We will present it serially in three consecutiveissues. – Editor]


Pragjyotisha Kamrupa2 in the early part of thetwelfth century. Following its disintegration, thereemerged a number of states in the eastern or upperBrahmaputra valley formed by aboriginalMongoloid tribes like the Chutiyas and theKacharis, while in the lower or westernBrahmaputra valley, there grew up the state ofKamrup Kamata (briefly Kamata), whichcontinued to exist from the middle of the thirteenthcentury to the beginning of the sixteenth century.Then came the Koches, another Mongoloid tribewho maintained their independent political statusfor a century beginning with 1515 and contributedgreatly to the cultural life of Assam in the parts onboth banks of the Brahmaputra, not covered by thejurisdiction of those states, a class of landlordscalled Bhuyans exercised their power. They usedto acknowledge the sovereignty of a powerful king,often tending to behave independently. Theirterritories therefore cannot be strictly termed asstate, although in the growth of patriarchy theyplayed important roles because most of them werehigh caste Hindus. There was also a number ofsmall autonomous tribal states like those of Rani,Luki and Dimarua. Meanwhile in 1228, the Ahoms,a group of Tai-Shans from upper Burma under theirleader Sukapha entered Assam and laid thefoundation of their kingdom in the extreme north-east corner of the Brahmaputra valley. Finally, theAhoms emerged as the single largest power of theentire region. They could successfully resist therepeated attacks of the Mughals and thereby checktheir advance to South-East Asia. It was from themthat the name of this land as ‘Asam’ or ‘Assam’had originated.3 They also brought with them fromtheir homeland the tradition of keeping records ofall kinds of political events in a type of chroniclescalled Buranji. The Buranjis are so numerous andvaried that they form not only a precious part ofAssamese secular literature but also of the Indianhistoriography as a whole. In fact, they are avaluable source of information about women’s rolein the sociopolitical events of Assam during themedieval period. The Ahoms continued to rule till1826, when by the terms of the treaty of Yandaboo(February 1826), that concluded the first Anglo-Burmese war, Assam passed on to the hands of the

British, which marks the close of the medievalperiod of Assam history.

Notwithstanding the traditional method ofperiodization based on dynastic rule, the medievalperiod of Assam history spanning over six hundredyears is marked by certain important changes inthe political and socio-economic life of the people.First, political integration brought about by theAhom kings among different tribes andcommunities including the neighbouring hillpeople like the Nagas, Adis, Hill Miris, Mishimis,Khasis, Jayantiyas and even the Bhutanese, whichthey could accomplish not only by military strengthand political sagacity but also by intermarriage andan advanced mode of production accompanied bya new type of land relations. Second, the longdrawn Ahom-Mughal wars of the 17th century gavescope for the first time, to women, not only of thehigher circles but also at grass root levels, toacquire socio-political awareness. Third, thepopular rebellion, organized by a section ofVaishnavas called Moamariyas or Mayamariyasagainst the Ahom government towards the later partof the 18th century, paved the way for its fall, inwhich women played a significant role as activeagents of history.4 The last but not the least wasthe Neo-Vaishnavite or Bhakti movement, whichextended the area of Sanskritization to the commonpeople and ingrained patriarchal values in theirhearts, unfortunately, bringing about a radicalchange in the egalitarian tribal structure.

All the states in medieval Assam, whether ofthe Chutiyas, Kacharis, Ahoms or the Koches weremonarchical with division of power among thearistocracy. Kingship was hereditary in the maleline and divinity was attached to it. All rulingfamilies believed that kingship and for that matterthe state was a divine gift to the males; womencould get no share of it. Not to speak of patriarchalsocieties, even amongst the neighbouring hillpeoples like the Garos, Khasis and the Jayantiyaswho were matrilineal, political power was notwielded by women as they considered war andpolitics to be the business of men.5 Usually the titleof a king indicated his divine origin or greatness.For instance, the title of the Ahom king was Chao-Pha, meaning king of heaven, its Assamese


equivalent being Swargadev or Swargadeo.Concept of divine origin of kingship to the

tribal societies of medieval Assam was introducedby the Brahmin priests. For instance, they madeGaurinarayan alias Ratnadhvaj Pal the firstpowerful king of the Chutiyas, the son of the Hindugod Kubera.6 In a like way they made Biswa Singhathe founder of the Koch kingdom son of god Siva.7

Sometimes they used to associate the origin of thetribal kings to some epic heroes. For instance, theycreated stories to make the Kacharis thedescendents of Ghatotkoch 8, son of the secondPandava Bhima; and the Meities, son of the thirdPandava Arjuna.9 Once the tribal chief entered theHindu fold, he strove hard to build up his state inthe model laid down in the Hindu law books, whichprescribes seven components of a state — namelySwamin (king), amatya (minister), janapada(territory), durga (fort), kosa (treasury), danda(army) and mitra (ally).10

States, since the beginning of civilization,were organized in the form of patriarchy whichmeans that since its inception the state had anessential interest in the maintenance of patriarchalfamily’11. Patriarchy which in simple words meansmale domination and female subordination as asystem both in the family and the society has itsbeginning in history; the appropriation of women’ssexual and reproductive capacity by men occurredprior to the formation of private property and classsociety. Women’s subordination wasinstitutionalized by the state through variousmeans: force, economic dependency on the malehead of the family, class privileges bestowed uponconforming and dependent women of the upperclasses, and the artificially created division ofwomen into respectable and non respectablewomen.12 Religion played an important role in theinstitutionalization of patriarchy.

Women’s relation with state is greatlydetermined by socioeconomic factors, which havecertain distinctive features in case of Assam.Although the kingdom of Pragjyotisha Kamarupa,of which the present state of Assam is only a part,came into contact with Aryan civilization duringthe later Vedic period and all its ruling familieswere Hinduised non-Aryans patronising actively

the expansion of Aryan culture, the tribal elementscould not be completely rooted out from its socialfabric, which played an important role indetermining the social status of women as well astheir relation with the state.

It may be noted that Assam is basically a landof Mongoloid tribes who are called Kiratas inclassical Indian literature. They were looked downupon by the Aryans because their style of living,food habits and social values were completelydifferent from the former. For example, theMahabharata speaks of them as Mlechchas13 oruncivilized. The Padma Purana states that theKiratas Were accustomed to eat everything. Theirlanguage was of pisacha character and they hadno social usages.14 The Kalika Purana composedin Assam in about 10th century A.D. refers to theKiratas as yellow skinned, strong, ferocious andaddicted to meat and drink.15 Almost in the sametune, Shihabuddin Talish, the chronicler of MirJumIa’s Assam campaign (1662-63) noted: ‘Andall the people of this country, not placing theirnecks in the yoke of any faith, eat whatever theyget from the hand of any man, regardless of hiscaste and undertake every kind of labour thatappears proper to their defective sight’.16 It is to benoted that there was no social hierarchy, no castesystem among the Mongoloid tribes and theyfollowed an egalitarian life style where womenenjoyed much freedom. Their social institutionswere based on kinship relations and communalsharing. It is because of these reasons in the main,that the people of other parts of India consideredthe inhabitants of the north-east as somewhatdistinct from those in the mainstream of Indianculture and the latter too developed a sense ofotherness which still is not completely extinct.17

The base of the society being tribal, womenplayed a very important role in its economy. Tribalsocieties practiced shifting or jhuming cultivationin which men did only the preliminary works likecutting the jungles and clearing the land, the restof the agricultural operations being done bywomen, which is still the practice. Even in tillingexcept ploughing the land, men left practically allwork to be performed by women. Besides,horticulture, livestock rearing, pottery, basketry,


sericulture, spinning and weaving and many otherworks were done mainly by women.

The traditional egalitarian societies of Assamreceived a blow as the Ahoms launched campaignsof territorial aggrandizement and, at the same time,organized the people to defend their state againstthe aggression of the great Mughals. The Ahomswere advanced agriculturists having expertise inwet rice cultivation. They took irrigation and floodcontrol measures as state policy for which theywere building spurs and embankments at strategicplaces. The Ahom king had to speed up these worksto meet the demands for surplus production. Theworks, however, could be performed only by men.The majesty of these works overshadowed theunorganized but strenuous labour of womenperformed at the domestic sector. Women thus hadto accept men’s superior role in state economy.Although their services were indispensable fortransplantation, reaping, harvesting andwinnowing, their works were considered as ofsecondary importance. But in one sector ofdomestic as well as state economy, women playeda major role by providing a basic need of life,namely clothing, to the entire family, not onlygarments but also towels, bed-sheets, blankets etc.Although there had been professional silk-spinnerscalled katani and weavers called tanti, theirservices were utilized mainly for the monarchy andthe nobility. Spinning and weaving were performedby all women from queens downwards, irrespectiveof caste. It is because of this factor that women inAssam could not be exploited by men so much asin many other parts of India nor their movementscould be so restricted. This fact attracted the noticeof Shihabuddin Talish who observed: ‘The wivesof the Rajas and peasants alike never veil their facesbefore anybody and they move about in the marketplaces with bare-heads’.18 In a like way, RamKumar Vidyaratna, a Brahmo from Bengal in his‘Udasin Satyasrabar Assam Bhraman’ (1881)noted: ‘Women of this country are comparativelymore independent than their sisters in other partsof India. They are strong and more intelligent andcourageous than men. They are industrious and alsoartists’.19

Sanskritazation in this part of the country was

mainly the work of the Brahmanas from theGangetic valley. Till the close of the 12th century,it was by and large confined to the Kapili valley orcentral Assam. As such there was not muchdifference between the civilization of ancientAssam and that of the Gangetic valley. But in allparts, its influence was by and large confined tothe ruling class only; the vast commonalitycontinued to follow their traditional culture tillrecent past and in many cases it is still the fact.

The Ahoms were patriarchal but had respectfor learned women. They brought feudal elementsto tribal structure. They followed rigid socialdistinction by ranks and anybody violating any lawrelating to this was severely punished.20 After theiracceptance of Hinduism, they became supportersof caste rules too. The basis of their governmentwas the paik or khel system under which everyadult male in the age group 16 to 50 was enrolledas a paik, who was required to give his service tothe state for three to four months in a year, as soldierin times of war and as labourer in times of peace.In return for his services, he was allotted two purarsof best arable land. There was registration of paiksand gradation of officers to mobilize them for stateservices. Men thus got access to individual landedproperty which formerly was enjoyed on acommunal basis by both men and women. Menonly thus became countable in state-power andwomen were reduced to non-entity. Whenpopulation estimates were made, only fightingstrength consisting of males was counted, womennever came to the picture, in spite of the fact thatthey had to bear greater brunt of the wars and weregreater victims of military exploits. Women’srelation with the state was, therefore, only throughmen as somebody’s mother, sister, wife anddaughter with a very few exceptional cases.

IIIn this socio-economic set up, women could

participate. in state politics usually as passive agentsworking behind the screen. Prominent among thesewomen was Chau-ching, the chief queen of the AhomSwargadeo Suklenmung Gargayan Raja (1539-1552).It was at her instance that ramparts were built aroundthe capital21 for which it came to be known asGargaon. Again, it was at her suggestion that the office


of the third minister in Ahom administration, namelythat of the Barpatragohain (the former two being thoseof Burhagohain and Bargohain) was created22 andKon-Cheng, the son of a former Ahom king Supimpha(1493-1497) who was born and brought up in a Nagavillage was appointed to the post.

There are also examples of other queens orqueen-mothers exercising their influence in judicialmatters or in diplomacy. Thus, Swargadeo PratapSingha (1603-1641), at the suggestion of his chiefqueen revised his decision to sentence to deathPikchai Chetia, the Barphukan or governor of lowerAssam for his alleged dereliction of duty inresisting the advance of the Mughals and insteaddismissed him from office.23 In a like way,Swargadeo Lakshmi Singha (17691780) condonedHaranath Senapati Phukan, who was commandedto lead an expedition against the Moamariya rebelsin 1769 on a similar charge24 and dismissed anofficer called Kalita Phukan, who had earlier beenhis favourite, at the advice of his mother.25 In theKoch kingdom too, general Chilarai’s wives playeda diplomatic role in getting the Ahom hostagesreleased sometime in 1563 and thereby formingan Ahom-Koch alliance to fight the Mughals.26

Intelligent and cultured women like queenNur Jahan immensely contributed towardsincreasing the grandeur and refinements of theMughal court. If any queen of Assam performed asimilar job is not known but there is mention of aqueen solving a very delicate problemdiplomatically to maintain the decorum of theAhom court. She was the chief consort of ParvatiyaRaja (1677-1679) and was the daughter of PremierAtan Buragohain. According to the custom of theAhom court, a minister was required to pay hishomage to the chief queen by kneeling down beforeher. When the Premier approached the queen toperform the obeisance, she left her seat, to avoidthe situation. The king became indignant andaccused the Premier for not acting up to a timehonoured practice. The ministers were at their wit’send but the strategy was formed by the queenherself. She placed the manuscript of a Vaishnavascripture Ratnavali on a sarai (raised tray) in frontof her. The Premier knelt before it in an attitude ofreverence and devotion.27 ‘The queen’s filial

conscience was eased by the thought that herfather’s obeisance was directed towards the scriptand the king became satisfied that the Premier hadoffered due salutation to the queen.’28

Sometimes patriarchs give space to womento get themselves involved in conspiracies in thegreater interest of the state. Thus Numali, themother of the last Ahom King ChandrakantaSingha (1811-1817 and again 1818-21) joinedhands with the Chief Executive, Dhani Barbaruaand the minister Nirbhaynarayan Borgohain to getBadanchandra Barphukan killed by a Barkandazleader Rup Singh by name for having brought theBurmese to Assam.29 In fact, a contemporary balladdepicts her as the brain behind the said conspiracy.30

In a like manner, Kuranganayani, thedaughter of the Manipuri king Jay Singh andconsort of the Ahom King Rajeswar Singha(17511769), who was later forcibly taken as wifeby the Moamariya rebel leader Raghav Barbaruatook an active part in assassinating him by givinghim the first stroke with a sword just below thecalf when Raghav at her instruction was kneelingdown to pay obeisance to a Hunchari* party, whowere men of the royalist group in disguise.31

Immediately after this incident the royalistsrecovered the throne from the hands of the rebels.Services of these women were utilized to save thestate and the ruling families. But in return for thisthey were not given any access to power politicsor rewarded in any form.

Although considered as weak and inefficientby the patriarchs, certain women had the courage toboldly assert against humiliating decisions of thestate. Thus, when Nangbakla Gabharu, wife of theminister Numali Bargohain and aunt of kingSukhampha alias Khora Raja (1553-1603) came toknow that as a result of the defeat of the Ahoms atthe hands of the Koches, the three ministers of thestate were to send one son each to the Koch court tolive as hostages, she rushed to the council andarraigned the king and the nobles with the followingwords: ‘What kind of a king you are and what kindof nobles you are to suffer defeat at the hands of theKoches! Give me your battledress and I shall fightwith the Koches. Then only you will know whetherI am a man or a woman’. Understanding that her


words had hurt the prestige of the monarch, whenthe Bargohain expressed his willingness to abide bythe decision, she flared up: ‘Who can take away myson ? If you can divert the course of the river Dikhowupwards then only you can take away my son’. Theking yielded to her and instead sent his brotherSundar Gohain to the Koch court.32

Instances of women sacrificing their lives forsome noble cause are found in the history of everycountry. Indian history, for example, abounds insuch examples, where thousands of womenperformed jauhar to escape surrender at the handsof the enemy. In medieval Assam too, suchexamples are not rare. Mula Gabharu along withfive other women died fighting against Turbak, ageneral of the Sultan of Bengal, taking swordagainst whom her husband PhrasengmungBorgohain met his death.33 (1532A.D.). Sadhani,the Chutiya queen after the defeat of her men atthe hands of the Ahom king Suhungmung aliasDihingia Raja (1497-1539), considering deathpreferable to defeat and disgrace, like queenDurgawati of Gondwana, committed suicide byjumping into a lake from the top of a hill.34 PrincessJaymati, wife of Gadapani Konwar, who laterascended the throne with the name GadadharSingha (1681-1696), was tortured to death evenwhen she was pregnant for refusing to tellwhereabouts of her fugitive husband.35 Sheremained steadfast to her cause because politicallyand socially conscious, she was of strongconviction that her husband was the only personwho would be able to restore peace and normalcyin the kingdom putting an end to the anarchicalcondition created by the misrule of the ambitiousnobles. Jaymati’s devotion to her husband has beenso over-emphasized, making her a mahasati or agreat chaste woman, that her resoluteness andpolitical consciousness get undermined. During theperiod of the freedom struggle she was taken up asan idol of satyagraha and this image of her stillpersists in the Assamese society.

The spirit of patriotism among women is notless strong than that among men. Even women cutoff from the mother country as a result of marriagebetrothal, never forget their motherland and feelobliged to serve her. Ramani Gabharu, the daughter

of king Jayadhvaj Singha, was sent to the Mughalharem as per the terms of the treaty concludedbetween Mir Jumla and the Ahoms in January1663.36 When she was of proper age, she wasmarried to prince Azam, the third son of emperorAurangzeb, after converting her to Islam andrenaming her as Rahmat Banu.37 When princeAzam was serving as the governor of Bengal,Ramani Gabharu’s maternal uncle LaluksulaBarphukan, the Ahom Governor of Lower Assam,conspired with the former to surrender Guwahatito the Mughals without any bloodshed, oncondition that the Sultan assisted him to usurp thethrone of Assam.38 When Ramani Gabharu cameto know about this conspiracy, she wrote a letterto her uncle urging upon him to desist from takingthis ignoble and unpatriotic step.39

Rangili, the Assamese consort of the Burmeseking Badawpaya (1782-1819), insisted on herhusband to help Badan Chandra, the Governor ofLower Assam, with an army when the latter appearedin the Burmese court seeking aid to oust the PremierPurnananda Buragohain, who was alleged to createanarchical situation. Badawpaya agreed, whichresulted in the first Burmese invasion of Assam.40

Women even at the grass-root level showed aspirit of patriotism. In 1639, when the Mughals underSyed Hakkim and Syed Aba Bakr, got defeated andmade their retreat, the common women beat themwith bamboo rods and threw fire to their bodies.41,thus expressing their hatred to the enemy. They knewthat the main duty of a king was to provide securityto his subjects and if he fails to do this, he did notdeserve to remain on the throne any more. They,therefore, did not hesitate to condemn a desertingking in strong words. This happened in 1662, whenMir Jumla occupied the Ahom capital Garhgaon andthe reigning king Jayadhvaj Singha was making hisescape to Namrup. On his way, he was interrogatedby a female trader with the following words:‘Swargadeo, you have spent your time only inpleasure and amusements. If during the last fifteenyears you could place fifteen clods of earth in theirproper places (meaning to take appropriate measuresfor defence) you would not have faced such ahumiliating position. Now, where are you leaving,deserting us?’42 (to be continued)


1. Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, OxfordUniversity Press, New York/ Oxford, 1987.

2. The kingdom of Pragjyotisha Kamarupa extendedfrom the river Karatoya in the west to the riverDikrong in the east. According to Pargitar, thiskingdom during the period of the Epics includedthe greater portion of modern Assam along withKoch-Bihar, Jalpaiguri, Rangpur, Bogra,Mymensing, Decca, Tippera, portions of Pabnaand probably a part of east Nepal, cited in KL.Barua, Early History of Kamarupa, Gauhati, 1966.

3. It is related in the Assamese chronicles that theMorans and the Barahis being impressed by thefriendly attitude of Sukapha and his men calledthem ‘Asama’ or peerless. This term first appliedto the people later meant the country they ruled.There are, of course, other interpretations regard-ing the origin of the name, but it is a fact that thename ‘Asam’ or ‘Assam’ emerged only after thecoming of the Tai Shans.

4. For details on the Moamariya Rebellion, see S.L.Baruah, Last Days of Ahom Monarchy, New Delhi,1993.

5. Aparna Mahanta, ‘Patriarchy and State Systemsin North Eastern India : A Historical and CriticalPerspective’, From Myths to Markets, Essays onGender (ed.), Kumkum Sangari and UmaChakravarti, Shimla/ New Delhi, 1999, p. 345.

6. Deodhai Asam Buranji (ed.), S.K Bhuyan,Guwahati, 1962, pp. 193f.

7. Sir Edward Gait, A History of Assam, reprint ofthe second edition, Guwahati, 1981, p. 48.

8. Kachari Buranji (ed.), S.K Bhuyan, Guwahati,1951, p.2; D.C. Guha, Kacharer [tibrilla,Guwahati, 1971, pp. 42ff; J.B. Bhattacharyee,Kachari Rajyar Utthan Aru Patan, Jorhat, 1993,pp. 48f.

9. Gait, op.cit., p. 270; R.M. Nath, The Backgroundof Assamese Culture, Shillong, 1949, p. 85.

10. P.C. Choudhury, The History of the Civilizationof the People of Assam to the Twelfth Century A.D.,Guwahati, 1966, p. 259.

11. Gerda Lerner, op.cit., p. 9.12. ibid.13. Udyoga Parva, CLXVI, 5804, cited in B.K Barua,

A Cultural History of Assam, Nowgaon, 1951, p.16.

14. Chapter 57; N.N. Vasu, Social History ofKamarupa, Calcutta, 1922,

15. 39/104; B.K. Barua, op.cit., p. 5.16. Fathiyah-i-Ibriyah (trans.), Sir J.N. Sarkar,

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1915,Vol. I, part II, quoted in Gait, op.cit., pp.145f.

17. Aparna Mahanta, loc.cit., p. 341.

18. Fathiyah-i-Ibriyah, loc.cit., p. 146.19. K. Chattopadhyaya (ed.), Asame Cha-Kuli

Andolon 0 Ramkumar Vidyaratna, Calcutta,1989, p. 99, cited in Prasenjit Choudhury, ,Aitijya aru Asamiya Nari’, Sivanath Barmanet.al. (ed.), Asamiya Nari : Aitijya aru Uttaran,Guwahati, 2002, p. 15.

20. For details on social distinction by rank seeS.L. Baruah, A Comprehensive History of As-sam, New Delhi, 1985, pp. 418ff.

21. Asam Buranji obtained from the family ofSukumar Mahanta (henceforth abbreviated asABSM), (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan, Guwahati, 1969,p. 27.

22. ibid.23. ibid, p. 59.24. Tungkhungia Buranji (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan,

Guwahati, 1932, p. 78.25. ibid., pp. 79ff.26. Satsari Asam Buranji (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan,

Guwahati, 1964, pp. 73f.27. ibid., p. 143.28. S.K. Bhuyan, Studies in the History of Assam,

Guwahati, 1962, p. 73.29. Ahom Buranji (trans. & ed.), G.c. Barua, Cal-

cutta, 1930, p. 382; Asam Buranji by HarakantaSarma Barua Sadar-Amin (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan,Guwahati, 1962, p. 88.

30. Barphukanar Geet (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan, secondedition, Guwahati, 1950, p.80.* A group performance forming a part of thecelebrations of the new year’s Bihu held forseven days beginning with 14th April. (1stBaisakh).

31. H. Barbarua, Ahomar Din, Guwahati, 1981,pp. 259f.

32. Deodhai Asam Buranji, pp. 47f.33. ABSM, p. 18; Purani Asam Buranji (ed.), H.C.

Goswami, Guwahati, 1922, pp. 59f.34. Deodhai Asam Buranji, p. 200.35. Sadar-Amin,Asam Buranji, p. 54; Asamar

Padya Buranji (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan, second edi-tion, Guwahati, 1964, pp. 13ff; TungkhungiaBuranji, p. 14.

36. Kamrupar BuranJi (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan, sec-ond edition, Guwahati, 1958, p. 67; ABSM, p.84.

37. S.K. Bhuyan, Ramani Gabharu, Guwahati,1951, p. 17. 38. Tungkhungia Buranji, pp. 8ff.

39. Bhuyan, Ramani Gabharu, p. 35. 40.Barphukanar Geet, pp. 67ff.

41. Satsari Asam Buranji, p. 28.42. ibid., p. 90.

Notes and References :


Upanishads form the later part of theVedic literature. They are mainly concernedwith the philosophycal quest of the world soul,the inner essence of man and the relationbetween these two factors. The Upanishadsare the concluding portion as well as the creamof the Veda. The word Upanishad is derivedfrom the root ‘sad’ which means (i) to sit down(ii) to destroy and (iii) to loosen. ‘Upa’ meansnear by and ‘ni’ means devotedly. The wordUpanishad therefore means the sitting downof the disciple near his teacher in a devotedmanner to receive instruction about the higherreality which loosens all doubts and destroysall ignorance of the disciple. Gradually theword came to signify any secret teaching aboutReality and it is used by the Upanishad in thissense.

The Upanishads form concludingportions of the Veda, therefore Upanishads arecalled the Vedanta or the end of the Vedawhich contain the essence of the vedicteaching. Apraising the UpanishadsBloomfield in his book ‘The Religion of theVeda’ says ‘‘There is no important form ofHindu thought, heterodex Buddhism included

which is not rooted in the Upanishads.’’ Everyrevival of Idealism in India has traced its ancestryto the teaching of the Upanishads. The Upanishadscontain the earliest records of the Indianspeculations. The hymns and the liturgical booksof the Vedas are concerned more with the thoughtof the Aryans. But the aim of the Upanishads isnot so much to reach philosophical truth as to bringpeace and freedom to the anxious human spirit ofcourse tentative solutions of the metaphysicalquestions are put forth in the form of dialoguesand disputations, though the Upanishads areessentially the poetic deliverences ofphilosophically tempered minds in the face of thefacts of life.

The Upanishads express the restlessness andstriving of the human mind to grasp the true natureof reality. The Upanishads had no set theory ofphilosophy or dogmatic scheme of theology topropound. They hint at the truth in life, but not asyet science or philosophy. The Upanishadicsuggestions of truth are so numerous, their guessesat god are so various that almost anybody may seekin them what he wants and find what he seeks andevery school of dogmatics may congratulate itself,on finding its own doctrine in the sayings of the


Upanishads. The Muktikopanishad gives thenumber of the Upanishads as 108, among themonly ten Upanishads are regarded as important andauthentic, on which Sankracharyya has commentedthese ten Upanishads are Isha, Kena, Katha,Prashna, Mundaka, Mandukya, Taittiriya, Aitareya,Chandogya and Brhadaranyaka. The traditionalview holds that the Upanishads as revealed textteach the same doctrine. But there has beenextremely wide difference in their interpretation.The problems discussed in them as well as theirunique style make them liable to manyinterpretations. All the Upanishadic teachings arenot equally prominent. Some are mere flashes ofthought, some are only hinted at; some are slightlydeveloped; some are mentioned by the way whilesome are ofted, repeated, emphasized andthroughly dealt with these is an essential unity ofpurpose in them. They emphasize the samefundamental doctorine which may be calledMonistic idealism these poetic philosophic worksare full of lucid expression abounding in crystalclarity. To the mind they bring sound philosophicdoctrines and to the heart, peace and freedom.Passionate yearning for knowledge, restlessstriving after truth and a ceaseless search for.Reality have found a most touching expression inthe Upanishads.

The Upanishads attempt to moralise thereligion of the verbs without disturbing its form.The advance of the Upanishads on the Vedasconsists in an increased emphasis on the monisticsuggestion of the vedic hymns, a shifting of thecentre from the outer to the inner world, a protestagainst the externalism of the vedic practices andan indifference to the sacredness of the Vedas. Theaim of the Upanishads was not science orphilosophy but right living. They wished to liberatethe spirit from the trammels of the flesh that itmight enjoy communion with God. Besides therewas a feeling of reverence for the past. The vedicseers were the ancients of blessed memory whosedoctrines it was impious to attack. In this way theUpanishads sought to square a growing indealisticphilosophy with the dogmas of a settled theology.The teaching of the Upanishads is idealistic in the

sense that the single reality is conceived of asspiritual in its nature and that everything else isexplained as existing in and through it. The sourcesof man’s spiritual insight are two – fold – objectiveand subjective – the wonders of the world withoutand the stress of the human soul. In the Vedas thevast order and movement of nature engagesattention. Their Gods represent cosmic forces. Inthe Upanishads we return to explore the depth ofthe inner world. From the outward physical facts,attention shifts to the inner immortal self situatedat the back of the mind. In the Upanishads we finda return to the fresh springs of spiritual life.

The central theme of Upanishads is theproblems of philosophy. The Upanishad is thesearch for what is true knowledge, mind the sensesand their objects are all finite and conditioned. Inthe field of morals we find that we cannot get truehappiness from the finite the pleasure of the worldare transient, being cut off by old age, and deathonly the infinite gives durable happiness. Inreligion we cry for eternal life. All these force uponus the conviction of timeless being, a spiritualreality. The object of philosophical quest, thefulfilment of our desires and the goal of religion.The seers of the Upanishads try to lead us to thiscentral reality which is infinite existence (sat),absolute truth (cit) and pure delight (ananda). Inthe Brihadaranyaka Upanishads the prayer ofhuman heart is expressed as the prayer of humanheart is expressed as ‘‘Lead me from the unreal tothe real, lead me from darkness to light, lead mefrom death to immortality.’’

In solving the question of the nature ofultimate reality the Upanishad thinkers seek tosupplement the objective vision of the Vedic seersby a subjective one. The highest reality (Ekam Sat)which realizes itself all the variety of existence.The problem is strengthen in the Upanishads wherethe problem is sometimes approached by way of aphilosophical analysis of the nature of the selfwhich they call the Atman. The word Atman isoriginally meant life breath and then graduallyacquired the meaning of feeling, mind, soul, andspirit. The true self has been the main topic ofinvestigation in the Upanishad we may select three


Upanishads – the Chandogya, the Mandukya andthe Kath for our present purpose. In a dialoguebetween Prajapati and Indra narrated in theChandogya we find a development of the conceptof the self from the walking or the bodily selfthrough the dreaming or the empirical self and theself in deep dreamless sleep to the absolute self.The Gods and the demons sent Indra and Virochanarespectively to Prajapati to learn the teaching aboutthe self. The teacher asked them to undergopenance for thirty two years to qualify themselvesto receive the teaching. After fulfilling theprescribed condition both come to Prajapati whoteaches them that the self is that which is seen whenone looks into another’s eye or into water or amirror. Virochana was satisfied and went away. ButIndra began to think : How can it be identified withthe body itself ? Being dissatisfied Indraapproaches Prajapati again and tell him his doubts.Prajapati tells him that he who is seen in dreamsroaming freely i.e. the dreaming subject, is the self.Indra again doubts; though the self is not vitiatedwith the defects and faults of the body, though itcannot be said to be perishing alongwith the body,yet it appears as if this self feels, afraid and struck,it appears to be conscious of pain and to beweeping. Indra again being dissatisfied returns toPrajapati teaches him that the enjoyer of deepdreamless sleep is the self. But Indra feels hisdifficulties. He thinks that the self in deep sleepreduces itself to a mere abstraction. There is noobject to be felt, to be known, to be enjoyed. Thisself appears to be absolute unconscious – knowingnothing, feeling nothing, willing nothing; it is acipher. Being dissatisfied he again approaches toPrajapati and tells him his doubts. The teacher isvery pleased with the ability of the disciple andthen give him the real teaching of the self. In adialogue between the teacher Prajapati and thepupil Indra narrated in the Chandogya Upanishadwe find a progressive development in the definitionof self through the four stages of (1) the bodilyself, (2) the empirical self, (3) the transcendentalself and the absolute self. What is the nature of theself of man ? Prajapati open the discussion ofgiving certain general characteristics which the true

self should possess – ‘‘The self which is free fromsin, free from old age, from death and grief, fromhunger and thirst which desires nothing but whatit ought to desires and imagines nothing, but whatit ought to imagine, that it is which we must try tounderstand, ‘‘It is the subject which persiststhroughout the changes, the common factor in thestates of walking, dream, sleep, death, rebirth andfinal deliverance Prajapati makes it clear the selfman consists in the truly subjective, which cannever become and object and which is necessarilypresupposed by all knowledge.’’

In the Mandukya Upanishad we find a similaranalysis of consciousness. We are told that the selfin the walking state enjoys gross object, it has theconsciousness of the external world and is called‘Vishva’. In the dreaming state it enjoys subtleobjects, it has the consciousness of the internalworld and creates its own imaginary objects and iscalled ‘Taijasa’. In the state of sound sleep there isno object, neither gross nor subtle, and hence nosubject, the subject object duality is transcendedand here the self is called ‘Prajna’. In sleep we haveabsence of pain, we have neither desires nordreams. Ignorance and unconsciousness remain inthis state and therefore a higher positive state isnecessary. This is the fourth state of the self, a stateof pure consciousness where like the deep sleepthere is no subject-object-duality, but unlike it thereis enjoyment of positive bliss. The self shines inits own light as the ultimate subject withoutreducing itself to a mere abstraction. This is thetrue self, the foundation of all existence and thepresupporion of all knowledge. It can be realizeddirectly and intuitively. It is called ‘Turiya’.Aumkara with its parts A-U-M the waking,dreaming and sleeping states is its symbol.

In the Katha Upanishad the Atman is said tobe the ultimate reality. The objects are the roads,the body is the chariot, the senses are the horses,the mind is the reins, the intellect is the charioteer,the ego is the enjoyer and the Atman is the Lordsitting in the chariot. The Katha further states thatthe senses are higher than the objects, the mind ishigher than the senses, the intellect is higher thanthe mind, the subtle reason (Mahat) is higher than


the intellect, the unmanifest (avyakta) is higher thanthe subtle reason and the Purusa (atman) is higherthan the unmanifest and there is nothing higher thanthe Purusa which is the ultimate end, the highestreality. Objects, senses, mind, intellect, reason, allexist for the self and serve its purpose. It is the selfthat is immanent in them and gives them life andmeaning the self is immortal, self-proved and self-luminous and can only be directly realized bytranscending the empirical subject-object-duality.

From the objective side of the ultimate realityis called Brahman. The word Brahman is derivedfrom the root ‘Brh’ which means to grow or toevolve. Brahman is that which spontaneouslybursts forth as nature and soul. It is the ultimatecause of the universe. In the Chandogya it iscryptically described as Tajjalan – as the (tat) fromwhich the world arises (ja) into which it returns(la) and by which it is supported and it lives (an).In the Taittiriya Brahman is defined as that fromwhich all these beings are born, by which they liveand into which they are reabsorbed. The real theoryof evolution is given in the doctrine of the fivesheaths (Koshas) in the Taittiriya the lowest levelis that of matter (Annamaya). Matter is unconsciousand dead and cannot account for life. It is purelyon the physical plane. Brahman cannot rest contentwith matter the purpose of matter is fulfilled whenlife is evolved. The highest state of matter istherefore life. The second stage of evolution is life(Pranamaya). It is the biological plane. Lifepervades the universe and binds man with the restof creation. Therefore the third stage of evolutionis mind or perceptual consciousness (Manomaya).It is the mental or psychological place. The state isshared by lower animals with man. Mind orconsciousness remains in the lower animal life atthe level of instinct and reflex action. It is on thelevel of infra-relational undifferentiated feeling.The end of this instinctive consciousness will befulfilled only when a higher principle has beenevolved where consciousness will be fulfilled onlywhen a higher principle has been evolved whereconsciousness becomes self-conscious or rational.Hence the fourth state of evolution is self-consciousreason (Vijnanamaya). It is the metaphysical plane.

This state is the sole monopoly of human beings.Reason becomes self-conscious only at this stateand this fact distinguishes human being from loweranimals. The fifth and the highest stage of evolutionis the non-dual bliss(Anandomaya). In this statewe are on the mystic plane. This Brahmantranscends all yet it underlies all us theirbackground. Brahman is immanent inner controllerof all and the self of all.

The different conception of Brahmancorrespond to the different ideas of the Atman andvice-versa when the Atman is identified with themental and vital self of man/manas (Prana)Brahman is reduced to Hiranyagarbha or thecosmic soul which comes between the Isvara andthe soul of man when we identify the Atman withour body, Brahman becomes the cosmos or theVirat. Virat is that all, the totality all all things, thesum of all existences. Virat comes into being afterHiranyagarbha. In the form of Virat, Hiranyagarbhabecomes visible. The Brahman of the Upanishadsis no metaphysical abstraction, no indeterminateidentity, no void of silence. It is the fullest and themost real being. It is not an abstract monism thatthe Upanishads offer us. There is difference butalso identity. Brahman is infinite not in the sensethat it is the ground of all finites. Brahman is thespiritual being which breaks, blossoms anddifferentiates itself into numberless finite centres.The Upanishads are dicisive about the principlethat Brahman is the sole source of life in all thatlives, the single thread binding the whole pluralityinto a single unity. The Upanishads nowhere saythat the infinite exclude the finites. Wherever theyassert that Brahman is the sole, reality, they arecareful enough to add that the world is rooted inBrahman and as such has a share of reality. Fromthe doctrine of sole reality of what is included inor based on it. The Upanishads gives us a hierarchyof different grades of reality down from the all-embracing absolute which is the primary sourceof as well as the final consummation of the worldprocess. The different kinds of being are higherand lower manifestations of one absolute spirit. TheUpanishad thinkers have advanced on the Vedicconception of a single element – water. It is in the∼∼∼∼∼ ∼∼∼∼∼


Upanishads that we have for the first time thedoctrine of the five elements.

The Upanishads make out that of finiteobject, the individual self has the highest reality itcomes nearest to the Absolute, though it is not theAbsolute itself. Man is the meeting points ofvarious stages of reality. Prana corresponds toVayu, the breath of the body to the wind of theworld, manas to akasa, the mind of man to the eitherof the universe, the gross body to the physicalelements. The human soul has affinities with everygrade of existence from top to bottom. There is init the divine elements which we call the beatificconsciousness, the ananda state, by which at raremoments it enters into immediate relations withthe absolute. The Upanishads insist on theinwardness of morality and attach great importanceto the notice in conduct. Inner purity is moreimportant than outer conformity. Not only do theUpanishads say ‘do not steal’, ‘do not murder’ butthey also declare, ‘do not covet’, ‘do not hate oryield to anger, malice and greed’. The mind willhave to be purified, for it is not us cutting thebranches if one leaves the roots intact. Conduct isjudged by its subjective worth or the degree ofsacrifice involved the Upanishads ask us torenounce selfish endeavours, but not all interest.Detachment from self and attachment to God arewhat the Upanishads demand. We don’t find in theUpanishads any sweeping condemnation ofaffections. We are asked to root out pride

resentment, lust etc. and not the tender feelings oflove, compassion and sympathy. The Upanishadsrequire us to work but disinterestedly. Therighteous man is not he who leaves the world andretires to a cloister, but he who lives in the worldand loves the objects of the world not for their ownsake, but for the sake of the infinite they contain,the universal they conceal. The essence of ethicallife is not the sublation of the will. The ideal ofethics is self-realization.

The Upanishads do not content themselveswith merely emphasizing the spirit of true religion.They also give us a code of duties, without whichthe moral ideal will be an uncertain guide. All formof conduct whese passion is controlled and reasonreigns supreme, where passion is transcendence inthe sense of freedom from the narrowness of selfishindividuality where we work because we are allco-operators in the divine scheme, are virtuous andtheir opposites vicious.

The Upanishads are regarded as the fountainhead of all Indian philosophy. Prof. R.D. Ranadesays, ‘‘The Upanishads constitute the loftyeminence of philosophy, which form its varioussides gives birth to rivulets of thought which, asthey progress onwards towards the sea of life,gather strength by the inflow of innumerabletributaries of speculation which intermittently jointhese rivulets, so as to make a huge expanse ofwaters at the place where they meet the ocean oflife.’’ (to be continued)

(The author teaches Philosophy)


Human capital theory treats everyone’sstate of health as capital, i.e. as a stock. Partof the quality of the initial stock is inheritedand part is acquired. The stock depreciatesover time and at an increasing rate in laterlife. Gross investment in human capitalentails acquisition and maintenance costs.These investments include child care,nutrition, clothing, housing, medical services,and the use of one’s own time. The flow ofservices that health capital renders consistsof “healthy time” or “sickness-free time”.These are inputs into work, consumption andleisure activities. (Grossman, 1972 andWilliams, 1977).

A healthy manpower is a great aspectfor a developing economy as it leads togreater output per man (productivity). Poorhealth and undernourishment adversely affectthe quality of manpower. In less developingcountries (LDCs) people are underfed andundernourished, resulting in poor quality ofmanpower. Deficiency in proteins andvitamins in people’s diet and lack of propermedical facilities are common. But at thesame time improvements in health revealedby the longer life span of people in many low-income countries, have undoubtedly been the

most important advance in population quality inthese countries.

Since about 1950s, life expectancy at birthhas increased 10 percent or more in many of thesecountries. People of Western Europe and NorthAmerica never attained so large an increase in lifeexpectancy in so short a period. In India, from 1951to 1971, life expectancy at birth of males increasedby 43 percent and that of females by 43 percent.

The favourable economic implications ofthese increases in life span are far reaching:

1. Longer life spans provide additionalincentives to acquire more education asinvestments in future earnings.

2. Parents invest more in their children.3. More on-the-job training becomes

worthwhile.4. The additional health capital tends to

increase the productivity of the workers.5. Longer life spans result in more years of

participation in the labour force and bringout a reduction in “sick” time.

6. Better health and vitality of workers in turnlead to more productivity per man hour atwork.

The best way to improve the quality ofmanpower in LDCs is to provide adequate foodand better nutrition to people, better sanitary


facilities and the extension of medical facilitieswhich in turn will raise the efficiency and theproductivity of the people. Such improved facilitiesraise the flow of earnings above what it would havebeen in the absence of the improvement in well-being in the following ways:

1. These return an absent worker to the activelabour force,

2. Help lengthen his working life span,3. Make him overcome a debility that is

reducing his productive capacity,4. Enable a child to return to school, improve

his understanding and retention power,5. Enable an adult to absorb more effectively

in-service training.Thus improvement in health can help to

improve or maintain the productivity level of an activemember of the labour force, or it can take the form ofan investment – for example, helping to push up theexpected lifetime earnings of a two-year-old child.

One measure of the benefits of a nutritionprogramme is in the medical costs saved throughreduced demand for medical services. It is cheaperto prevent malnutrition than to cure it. Anotherpotentially large nutrition benefit for developingcountries is the reduction in productivity lossescaused by the debility of a substantial portion of thelabour force. Again, improved nutrition lengthensworking years. This reduces the country’sdependency ratio, other things being equal. Lowerdependency ratios increase per capita income.

In addition to direct productivity benefits,health programmes promise a number of economicbenefits:

1. As the incidence of communicable diseasesamong the adequately nourished is lowered,the exposure of others to these diseases willbe reduced.

2. The increased income of well-nourishedworkers (or well-nourished children whenthey enter the labour force) should improvethe living standards of their dependents,thereby raising both their currentconsumption and their future productivity.

3. Mothers will improve performance on sucheconomically important functions as thequality of care for the young when they arethemselves in better health andnourishment.

Recognizing the increasing importance ofskilled manpower and general labour quality forfuture national growth, investments in health of largenumbers of malnourished children today canimprove the quality of a significant fraction of thefuture labour force. Accordingly, health effortsshould be so designed as to expand food supplies inorder to benefit the poor, improving marketingsystem and agricultural price policies, change foodpreferences, improve health and environmentalconditions – water, sanitation, immunization etc. Theeffects of nutrition actions and health programmesundertaken simultaneously are greater and the verypoor, especially the rural poor should be the targetsof these programmes. Substantial efforts are calledforth on the part of governments and otherdevelopment institutions towards this end.(Health Issues in Developing Countries to be continuedin the next issue)

(The author teaches Economics)

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[[ºJA¡ Ñ•àt¡A¡ 3Ú ¤È¢ (A¡ºà)¹ áày]

Rana K. Changmai 9435134539 Surjya Chutia 9954456991 Sushanta Kar 9954226966

(email : [email protected]) Uday Narayan Deka 9435548422

(email : [email protected]) Dr. Rajib Bordoloi 9435133583

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pragyan vol 07 issue 01

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