practices for improving range and pasture runoff wq
DESCRIPTION
Workshop materials 2009TRANSCRIPT
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Practices for Improving Range and Pasture Runoff WQ
annual rangeannual range
irrigated pastureirrigated pasture
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Survey of 10 stream diversion based irrigated meadows
1. Diversion
3. Return
2. Flood-irrigated pasture
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Irrigatedpasture
Irrigatedpasture 52 cfu/100 mL
1,116 cfu/100 mL1,303 cfu/100 mL
Ranch A
Ranch B
Sample above and below, record managementSample above and below, record management
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2.81.41.00.0-1.94.5-5.52.2-2.0-2.3TSS
2.31064108.423098.28880.12170.2126
54.01152.7104
24.6-1823-0.1-233222.0-10361E.C.E. coliStream
Change in Concentration (Below – Above)
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Irrigation Application Rate & Runoff Rate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025
Irrigation Application Rate (cfs/ac)
E. c
oli (
cfu/
100m
L)
upstream downstream
Runoff - decrease.
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Cattle Stocking Density (AU = 1 cow)
0
300
600
900
1,200
1,500
1,800
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Animal Units/ha
E. c
oli (
cfu/
100m
L)
Upstream Downstream
Reduce high stock densities.Move cattle before irrigation.
0.0 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.40.4
Animal Unit per Acre
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Foothill and valley flood irrigated pastures
• Studies at SFREC from small plot to pasture scale.
• Rotational grazing – disconnect active grazing from
irrigation events.
• Irrigation application – minimize tailwater generation.
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E. coli increases with tailwater runoff rate
Tail Water Runoff Rate (cfs/acre)
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
E. c
oli (
cfu/
100m
l)
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
Decrease runoff.
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0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
0 10 20 30
Days Since Grazed
E. c
oli
(cfu
/100
mL)
Above Wetland
Below Wetland
E. coli reduced by rest from grazing before irrigation
Increase rest from grazing before irrigation.
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E. coli decay in fecal pat at SFREC Aug 2008
0
400
800
1200
1600
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Fecal Pat Age (Day)
E. c
oli
Con
cent
ratio
n (x
1,00
0,00
0)
Plus crusting to reduce erosion of the pat and release of microbes
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Fecal pat and air temprature at SFREC Oct. 13-14, 1999
50
70
90
110
130
12:00 AM 12:00 PM 12:00 AM 12:00 PM 12:00 AM
Tem
pera
ture
(F)
Fecal Pat (Sun) Air
All dead in 1 day
Air > 78 F
Fecal > 104 F
Significant thermal inactivation of C. parvum during spring, summer, fall.
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Effect of land slope and fecal pat age on generic E. coli flux from annual rangeland under natrual rainfall-runoff conditions with a 1.0 m buffer, 1 since last storm, 100 mm rain.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 6 12 18 24
Fecal Pat Age (day)
E. c
oli
Flux
(cfu
X10
00)
5%
20%
35%Rainfall
Annual Range - Winter
pat
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Rainfall
Location, location, location>90% of E. coli, C. parvum, Giardia, Salmonella load
retained in the fecal pat or trapped within 1 ft
pat
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Rainfall
Location, location, locationAn additional 30% to 99.9% trapped within 1 yard of pat
pat
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>90% trapped at fecal pat
30-99% trapped every 1 yard of travel distance
Distribute cow pats away from streams and the whole range is a buffer
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Keep it out of the creek
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0
40
80
120
160
200
0-10% 11-20% 21-30% >30% VSA LCAWatershed Position
Feca
l Loa
d kg
/ha
Wet Season Dry Season
Fecal loading rates are dependent upon season, watershed position, & management. Supplement
Shade
Water
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• Move existing supplement and
water sites out of near-stream
locations.
• Evaluate trails leading to and
from existing and proposed
sites – do they link site to
surface water?
Do you know where is your supplement is?
Stream
Stream
Supplement
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Appropriate grazing pressure to maintain soil surface infiltration rates and natural buffering capacity.
L M H
RDM – residual dry matter (lb/ac)
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E. coli flux decreased from 200 to 1,000 lb/ac forage cover, but increased from 1,000 to 4,000
200 lbs/ac 1,000 lbs/ac 4,000 lbs/ac
RDM Level
infiltration - filtration
environmental growth - survival
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Irrigated Pasture
• Reduce runoff rates
• Moderate stocking rates
• Remove cattle before irrigation – allow
mortality/crusting
• Avoid direct in-stream fecal/urine deposition
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Annual Range
• Moderate stocking rates
• Use livestock attractants to distribute livestock away from streams
• Avoid direct in-stream feces and urine deposition
• Timing of pasture use – allow mortality/crusting