practical cradle to grave solutions for sustainable...

Practical Cradle to Grave Solutions for Sustainable Shipping Ken Harford, P.Eng.

Presentation Outline • Brief history - Robert Allan Ltd. • Naval Architecture Fundamentals • Regulations vs Ship Design • Practical Solutions Summary

Company History

• Canada’s most senior firm of Naval Architects • Founded in 1930 in Vancouver

Company History

• Three Generations of Family Ownership: - Robert Allan (Robert) President 1930 – 1960 - Robert F. Allan (Bob) President 1960 – 1981

- Robert G. Allan (Rob) President 1982 – 2008

Company History

• 2008, new era of Management Ownership • Current technical staff ~ 75 • Diverse Management Team

80 Years • Always a Focus on Innovative and Diverse designs

CNG-powered Short-Sea Drop Trailer Ferry

US Navy Z-Tech Harbour Tugs

Arctic Shipping Self-loading/unloading Log Barges

Independent Engineering Services

• Not affiliated with any equipment manufacturers, shipyards or ship owners

• We work with them all to provide independent professional design services.

ISO 9001 Quality Assurance Program

Practical Cradle to Grave Solutions for Sustainable Shipping

• Solutions for Sustainable Shipping = a low environmental impact • Low environmental impact = low energy footprint = high energy efficiency • For Naval Architects, high energy efficiency = low resistance • Save fuel/reduce emissions by efficient design

Hydrodynamics

• Back to Basics • Speed, Length, Displacement

• Using sophisticated Computational Fluid Dynamics programs, hull shapes, appendages, propellers and all their interactions can be optimized.

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130m Drop-Trailer Ro-RoLOA 130.0m vs. 260.0mB 23.7m vs. 11.9mT 6.0m vs. 6.0m

Speed

47%

10,000 tonnes

Length – Long and Slender

Short and Wide

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Length: Twice as long, ½ beam

65%

10,000 tonnes / 130m x 11.9m 10,000 tonnes / 260m x 6m

Long Slender Ship Concepts

• The Pentamaran by Nigel Gee, UK

• Norasia: Stabilised Mono-hulls

• One Hull of a Catamaran • Designed for High speed • Some High Speed Design principles work at conventional speeds too • Long Slender Hulls have lower resistance

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Displacement

80%

10,000 tonnes 8,000 tonnes

Ballast = Unwanted Displacement

• Transporting Ballast Water requires energy • Ballast water contains environmental contaminants

• Requires ballast water treatment/exchange

• Eliminating or Minimizing Ballast has great potential for reducing environmental impacts of shipping

Ballast Free Ship – DNV Triality Concept

• Flared hull shape to ensure propeller submersion

Ballast Free Ship – DNV Triality Concept

• Longitudinal cargo segregations and symmetrical cargo filling/discharge to control bending moments

DNV claims 11% reduced energy consumption on round trip

Fundamental Solutions

• Slower ships have lower resistance • Longer ships have lower resistance • Lighter ships have lower resistance • Lower resistance saves fuel/reduces emissions • Efficient design reduces resistance

• Regulations can be a major obstacle to efficient design

Regulations vs. Efficiency

ARTICULATED TUG-BARGE SYSTEMS: - DOMINATE USA COASTAL OIL TRADE

Articulated Tug-Barge (ATB) Systems

• Seldom take advantage of “Drop & Swap” economics

• More efficient than a towed barge


• ATB’s are fundamentally inefficient in comparison to a ”ship”

• 15-20% Losses due to • notch connection between tug and barge • Smaller propellers


• Designed to circumvent manning regulations: • 5 person crew on a pusher tug • 11 person crew on a coastal tanker

• Why? • Manning regulations based on length of the powered vessel

US Regulatory Tonnage • Unlike the International Tonnage, measures to the inside of framing. • Allows deep Tonnage Framing and other “dodges” to reduce US

Regulatory Gross Tonnage

US Regulatory Tonnage • Tonnage Framing serves no useful structural purpose • Installed to avoid licensed crews and other regulations based on

Regulatory Tonnage.

US Regulatory Tonnage • Significant Energy wasted - to make the redundant steel - to fabricate the steel - to haul the redundant steel around - to maintain the redundant structure - to recycle the redundant structure

Practical Solutions • Slow Down

• Slow Steaming operations • Voyage Planning

• Maximize Ship Length • Long slender ships • Lessons from High Speed Craft

• Minimize Ship Displacement • Reduce Lightship

• Particularly valid for high volume/low weight cargos – ferries • Greater use of materials like aluminum • Lessons from High Speed Craft

• Minimize Ballast • Minimize Fuel carried

• Eliminate regulations that encourage inefficient ship designs

Cradle to Grave?

• The most Practical Solutions for Sustainable Shipping

• Don’t happen between the cradle and grave

• They occur at conception.

practical cradle to grave solutions for sustainable...

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