Chapter 8: America at War and Peace, 1801-1824

•Section 1: The Age of Jefferson

•Focus Question: How did Jefferson’s philosophy shape policy toward public expenditures, the judiciary, and Louisiana?

Jeffersonianism• high taxes, standing armies, and public corruption will

destroy American liberty• state governments should retain considerable

authority to safeguard against tyranny• popular liberty needs popular virtue: virtue meant

putting public good before private interests and keeping government power under control

• cities = menace to liberty; those who rely on bosses can have their political opinions influenced, while farmers reflect the most independent, therefore, most virtuous group

Jefferson’s “Revolution”•Wanted a new approach to government

•Smaller federal government•Pay off the debt•Repeal the Whiskey Tax•Rely on local militia

Jefferson and the Judiciary•Federalists wanted to have as many judges from their party as possible

•Judiciary Act 1801: created 16 federal judge ships

•Republicans did not want Federalist judges

Marbury vs. MadisonJudicial Review is established.

Adams appoints new judges…• John Adams signs appointments on his last night in office.

• Thomas Jefferson is to take over as President.

• What political party do you think the judges Adams appointed belonged to? Why did he do this?

Marbury v.Madison•“midnight judges”- what these new judges were referred to as.

•William Marbury was one of these “midnight judges.”

• John Marshall (Adams’ Secretary of State) was supposed to deliver the appointments.

When does Madison come into play?

• James Madison, TJs new Secretary of State, was supposed to officially present Marbury with his new position…

• But he didn’t!• So… Marbury sued and appealed to the Supreme Court to get Madison to award him the position…

• He asked for a writ of mandamus• This is an order requiring someone to perform their official duty.

The Verdict.•Supreme Court, headed by John Marshall, refuses to grant Marbury his position!!

•Why?•A section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 (which gave the Supreme Court original jurisdiction over cases dealing with writs of mandamus) was unconstitutional and void.

Lasting Impact…•This is the first time the Supreme Court overturns an act of Congress.

•Checks & balances in action!• Judicial Review- Supreme Court’s ability to declare a law or act unconstitutional

Western Expansion•Jefferson believed that everyone should own land. He wanted to expand U.S. territory.

Louisiana Purchase• Napoleon, leader of France, wanted to conquer Europe.

• Spain gave France Louisiana for helping them acquire land in Italy.

• Jefferson wanted a good relationship with France and wants to avoid Britain

• France does not want an alliance between the U.S. and Britain.

Louisiana Purchase• 1801: Jefferson sends Robert Livingston to negotiate an alliance with France.

• France needs money to conquer Europe• April 30, 1803: France sells Louisiana and New Orleans to the U.S.

• $11.25 million plus $3.75 million of France’s debt to U.S. citizens

• U.S. doubles size and gains control over MS River.

Louisiana Purchase•Jefferson was conflicted with strict interpretation of Constitution vs. purchasing Louisiana

•He drops his personal belief in order to push the purchase through

Lewis and Clark•May 1804: Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and a crew of 40 departed to find a route to the Pacific. “Corps of Discovery.”

•Traveled a total of 7,600 miles.•Zebulon Pike also traveled through the Rockies. Founds “Pike’s Peak.”

Opposition to Western Expansion

•New England did not like expansion•They feared they would lose power in Congress.

•“Essex Junto”: group of New Englanders who wanted to separate from the U.S. •Chose Aaron Burr (the Vice President) to lead them.

Election of 1804•Jefferson wins an overwhelming victory, carrying 11 states

•Aaron Burr dropped from the ticket•People like the Louisiana Purchase

Hamilton v. Burr•Hamilton wrote in a letter that Burr was a “dangerous man.”

•Burr demanded an apology •But Hamilton refused to even admit that he wrote the letter.

•Burr demanded a duel.

Duel at Weehawken, NJJuly 11, 1804

• Hamilton had told friends he had no intention of going through with the duel.

• Hamilton shot first, but fired his shot into the air.• Burr shot Hamilton.• Burr fled the scene, Hamilton died the next day, leaving

his wife and children in debt.• Burr was tried for treason, but not convicted• He lived the rest of his life in Spain, where he joined a

group that plotted to invade Mexico.

Section 2: Gathering Storms•Focus Question: What led Madison to go to war with Britain in 1812?

International Tensions• 1803: England and France are at war, and they seize ships going to each other's ports.

• America’s ships are seized. • America is slightly irritated.

Impressments•England has a problem with deserters. So they begin impressments.

•They board ships “looking for deserters” and kidnap sailors (mainly American), and force them to serve the British military.

•U.S. ship the Chesapeake was boarded and 3 Americans were killed. This led to an outcry for war!

Embargo Act• Jefferson wanted to avoid a war, and instead convinced Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807.

•This ended trade with both Britain and France, but only hurt the U.S. economy.

Election of 1808•Jefferson retired •The Republicans nominate James Madison and the Federalists nominate Charles Pinckney

•Madison won easily and in March 1809, he repealed the Embargo Act

Non-Intercourse Act•Forbade trade with France and Britain and authorized the President to reopen trade with either country.

•Goal: wanted to play France and Britain against each other

•FAILURE!

Bill Number Two• May 1810: Nathaniel Macon (NC) proposed Bill

Number Two • Reopen trade with Britain and France• America would only trade with the country who lifted

restrictions first• Napoleon announced France would lift restrictions

Native Americans• Tecumseh (Shawnee Chief) led a confederacy against the white population in Indiana (territory).

• 1811: Tecumseh put a force of several thousand together.

• William Henry Harrison (Governor of IN) led 1,000 soldiers to Tippecanoe Creek

• Battle took place, and Tecumseh’s confederacy fell apart and many fled to Canada.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tippecanoe.jpg

Getting Closer to War•1811: Congress passes a non-importation agreement against Britain.

•1812: British economy was hurt badly by the refusal of Americans to buy British goods.

•British merchants pleaded with their government to lift trade restrictions on America.

Great Britain Caves, but It’s Too Late

•June 1812: Great Britain ends all trade restrictions, but the news doesn’t get to the U.S. in time.

•Two days later, the U.S. declares war on Britain

•This is America’s first official declaration of War

Section 3: War of 1812

U.S. Military at the Start of War of 1812

• U.S. Army = 7,000 men• Most officers were left-overs from the Revolution

• General Dearborn was so fat and suffered from respiratory disease, he had to travel by special cart

War Hawks•General term for someone who supports war.

•At this time, most were from the West and the South.•Henry Clay (KY)•John C. Calhoun (SC)•Felix Grundy (TN)

War Hawks• These guys wanted war for several reasons:• British trade restrictions hurt farmers (south)• Blamed British for clashes with Native Americans

(west)• *Some speculate that they also wanted to invade

Canada, and saw this as their opportunity.

The Almost Invasion of Canada

• Madison really REALLY wanted to invade Canada. The U.S. made 3 attempts:

• 1,500 troops marched to Detroit. Canadian troops met them. American General William Hull surrendered without a fight.

• Ft. Niagara: Many of the NY militia refused to move into Canada

• Gen. Dearborn led troops up the Hudson to Montreal, but his troops wouldn’t cross the border!

Almost Invasion of Canada• Finally, Commodore Oliver Perry destroyed a British

fleet at Lake Erie.• This forced the British out of Detroit, and allowed

Harrison to defeat the British at Battle of Thames River• In the end, America could never get it together and

invade Canada.

DC and Baltimore• August 1814: the British easily invaded D.C. • Madison and others fled • British burned the White House and the Capital.• British marched to Baltimore, but the city was ready,

and attacked the British heavily.

The National Anthem is Written

•Francis Scott Key was sitting off shore in a ship as a British prisoner, he wrote the lyrics of the Star Spangled Banner.

•His brother-in-law later set the lyrics to the tune of the English drinking song, “Anacreon in Heaven”

•It was officially adopted in 1931.

Hartford Convention• New England met to discuss leaving the Union, and trying to increase their power.

• They decided to stay with the Union, but they wrote constitutional amendments to increase their power. (never passed)

• The Amendments are:

Battle of New Orleans• January 1815: 7,600 British troops landed in New Orleans

• General Andrew Jackson used cotton bales to absorb the British bullets. The British used up all their ammunition and the Americans were easily able to defeat them.

• Jackson was labeled a hero• New surge of patriotism• Federalists were thought of as Anti-American, and couldn’t win elections.

• After the war, Federalist party ceases to exist.

Treaty of Ghent and Convention of 1818

•Treaty of Ghent (Belgium)• 12/24/1814• Ended the war without a clear winner or loser

• Restored pre-war boundaries• But... Increases U.S. prestige •Convention of 1818• U.S. and GB agree to set the U.S./Canada border at 49 degrees north in present day Minnesota (MN)

Section 4: The Awakening of American Nationalism•Focus Question: How does Missouri push slavery onto the political agenda?

“Era of Good Feelings”Three major political consequences of 1812 War

• eliminated Federalists as a national political force

• convinced Republicans that nation was strong

• since federalists were no longer a force, republicans embraced Federalist doctrines

Nationalism• Strong, patriotic feelings towards your country.

• Election of 1816: Federalist run their last candidate for President: Rufus King; Republicans nominate James Monroe-and win.

• “Era of Good Feelings”• Political harmony• No partisanship• No big surprise…only one party

Economic Nationalism•Re-create the National Bank•States had paid for the War of 1812,and were charging high interest on the loans to the national government.

•John C. Calhoun proposed the 2nd National Bank to regulate currency.

Economic Nationalism•Strengthen American Manufacturers•British goods flooded the market and were cheaper than American goods.

•Tariff 1816•“protective” not “revenue”•Made British goods more expensive

Economic Nationalism•Transportation• John C. Calhoun proposes an internal improvement plan (1816).

•National government would pay for new roads

•Madison vetoed•Private investors paid for the road improvements.

Nationalist Diplomacy• Spain could not control its border with Georgia, and slaves would escape to Spanish Florida

• Creek Nation went to Florida, renamed themselves “Seminole,” and attacked Georgia settlers from Northern Florida

• 1818: John C. Calhoun (now Secretary of War) sends Andrew Jackson and troops to Spanish Florida

Jackson Takes Florida• Jackson goes “rogue” and

destroys Seminole villages, takes St. Marks and Pensacola, and removes the Spanish Royal Governor of Florida

Spain is MAD!!!•Spain wants Jackson’s head on a platter!

•Pres. Monroe initially agreed. • John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State) defended Jackson.

Adams-Onis Treaty•1819•Spain ceded FL to the U.S. •Set the boundary for LA territory•Sabine and Red Rivers (TX) up to the 42nd parallel, west to the Pacific Ocean

Judicial Nationalism• 1816-1824: Supreme Court cases increase the power of the national government

• Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee(1816):• Denny Martin inherited land from his loyalist uncle. VA had a law that said that you could not inherit land from “enemies.” VA seized land and Martin sued.

• First time Supreme Court declared a state law unconstitutional.

Judicial Nationalism•McColluch v. Maryland( 1819): MD tried to tax the 2nd National Bank, and said that the bank was unconstitutional.

•Court says that the tax was unconstitutional (Federal Supremacy clause)

•Bank did have the right to exist through the “necessary and proper clause”

Judicial Nationalism•Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): A NY steamship company had a monopoly on steamship traffic in NY. They tried to expand into NJ.•Supreme Court said that the monopoly outside of NY was unconstitutional

•The “interstate commerce clause” says that trade between the states and on waterways is under the national government’s control.

Missouri Compromise• 1819: 11 free states and 11 slave states• Missouri applies for statehood as a slave state.• New York Congressman proposes that Missouri can no longer import slaves, and all slave children had to be freed by age 25.

• The House voted “Yes” but the Senate voted “No”

• Maine then applies for separate statehood.

Missouri Compromise• 1820: Missouri would be admitted as a slave state

• Maine would be a free state

• No slavery in LA territory north Missouri

• *Temporary Fix; Often referred to as a band-aid on a gushing wound.