ppt for fr agnel - 20.08.10
TRANSCRIPT
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U MahapatraHead, Control Instrumentation DivisionBhabha Atomic Research Centre
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We will discuss:
What is PE?
What gives it its power - why is it getting soimportant?
PE devices power & control
PE applications
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What is Power Electronics ?
Application of power semiconductor devices for control andconversion of electric power
Power ElectronicsConverters
Load
Controller
Output- AC- DC
InputSource- AC- DC- unregulated
Reference
POWER ELECTRONICCONVERTERS theheart of power a powerelectronics system
sensors
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We consume energy mainly as electric energy.
PE aims at effective and efficient use of electricpower and at improvement of its quality.
PE application is widespread and growing fast.It is felt that by 2020 almost every unit of electricity will pass through PE eqpmt at some pointin the generation-consumption chain.
PE and information electronics are the muscle andbrain of technology and human society.
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Energy sources are drying up; CO 2 is building upHuman society must restrict energy consumption though
there is strong pressure towards rapid growthRenewable energy and energy efficiency & conservation
are imperativePE is a facilitator in this effort.
It is intimately connected with solar, wind, tidal powertechnologiesIt is one of the primary means of improving efficiency:
variable speed compressors in AC system: 30%savings
electronic ballasts in fluorescent lighting: 20%savings
HVDC transmission
fuel cell based electric vehicles with brushless
motors 6
Importance of PE
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0.1- 10 battery -operated equipment
10- 100 satellite power systems 100 1kW computer power supply, Electric 2 wheelers 1 10 kW Small office load, hot tub10 100 kW electric car/Bus
1 MW 10 MW rail tarction, SMES (superconductingmagnet electric storage )10 MW 100 MW Magnetic aircraft launch 100 MW 1 GW Power plant,
HVDC power supplies for accelerators, etc
HF inverters for high speed drives ,accelerators, etc
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Power electronic converters provide the necessary adaptation functionsto integrate all different powergrid components into a common system. .
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PE rapid growth due to:
Advances in power switches (IGBT s, MOSFET s) and micro electronics (DSP, VLSI, -processor/ -controller, ASIC)New control algorithm ideasHard real-time control software ( sec loop execution time)Demand for applications not feasible without new PE
technology
PE is an interdisciplinary field that has built uponadvances in:solid-state technologies - digital/analogue electronics &
microelectronicspower and energy technologiescontrol systems theory & practicecomputers, simulation and softwarepackaging & heat transfer technologies
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To convert electrical energy from one form to another,i.e. from the source to load with:
highest efficiency,highest availabilityhighest reliabilitylowest cost,smallest sizeleast weight.
Static applicationsinvolves non-rotating or moving mechanicalcomponents.Examples:
DC Power supply, Un-interruptible power supply, Powergeneration and transmission (HVDC), Electroplating,Welding, Heating, Cooling, Electronic ballast
Drive applicationsintimately contains moving or rotating componentssuch as motors.Examples:
Electric trains, Electric vehicles, Air-conditioning System,Pumps, Compressor, Conveyer Belt (Factory automation).
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Typically used in systems requiring efficient control and conversion ofelectric energy
Commercial / Domestic / IT areas SMPS UPS
LightingHeatingHome appliances
Air Conditioning
Industrial Prime-movers for Pumps / Fans / Compressors Cranes, Elevators Textile, Steel industries, Mining
Power Supplies in Telecommunication / Aerospace
Power transformation , conditioning and Transmission
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Transportation Hybrid electric vehicles with
much higher gas mileage All-electric ships Light rail, fly-by-wire planes Drive-by-wire automobiles
Contd ..
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Power Systems
HVDC
Flexible AC Transmission System(FACTS)
CUSTOM Power Devices Distributed Generation FRIENDS (Flexible, Reliable and
Intelligent Electrical EnergyDelivery System)
Contd..
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Hybrid PowerSystems
Battery ElectricCarsNew VehicleTypesAlternative FuelsRestructuredCities
New Ways of Working
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More economic > 100 km and power 200-900MW
1) Sending and receiving end frequencies areindependent.
2) Transmission distance using dc is notaffected by cable charging current.3) Offshore installation is isolated from
mainland disturbances4) Power flow is fully defined and controllable.5) Cable power losses are low.6) Power-transmission capability per cable is
higher.
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USERDOMAINEXPERTISE
POWERSWITCH
TECHNOLOGYPASSIVECOMPONENTS /ELECTROMAGNETICS
EMI/EMC & PACKAGINGTECHNOLOGY
MANUFACTURINGTECHNOLOGY
COOLINGTECHNOLOGY
CONTROLSYSTEMS
DIGITALELECTRONICS
POWER ELECTRONICSTECHNOLOGY
4
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Types of interfaces: dc-dc: dc-dc converter ac-dc: rectifier dc-ac: inverter ac-ac: cycloconverter (used less often)
Power electronic converters components: Semiconductor switches:
Diodes MOSFETs IGBTs SCRs
Energy storage elements Inductors Capacitors
Other components: Transformer Control circuit
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Power Electronic Systems
Power semiconductor devices Power switches
ON or OFF+ v sw
= 0
isw
+ v sw
isw = 0
P loss = v sw isw = 0
Losses ideally ZERO !
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Power Electronic Systems
Power semiconductor devices Power switches
-
Vak
+ ia
G
K
A
-
Vak
+
ia
K
A
-
Vak
+
ia
G
K
A
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Power Electronic Systems
Power semiconductor devices Power switches
D
S
G
+
VDS
-
iD
G
C
E
+
VCE
-
ic
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Power Electronic Systems
Passive elements High frequency transformer
+
V1
-
+
V2
-
Inductor
+ VL -
iL
+ VC -
iC
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Power Diodes
Stud type Hockey -puck type
IGBT Module type: Full bridge and
three phase
IGCT
Integrated with its driver
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SCR (stud-type) on air-cooled kits
Fin-type Heat Sink SCR (hokey-puck-type)on power pak kits
Assembly of power converters
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About 50% of electrical energy used for drives
Can be either used for fixed speed or variable speed
75% - constant speed, 25% variable speed (expanding)
Variable speed drives typically used PEC to supply the motors
AC motors - IM
- PMSM
DC motors (brushed)
SRM BLDC
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Earlier in the absence of efficient devices and nonavailability of technology only AC induction motorswere used because of their usage simplicity.But they were highly inefficient especially in variable
speed applications and traction applications wheremotor has to start on load and compressor dutyapplication where motor needs to start/stopfrequently.Competing motor to IM was only Brushed motorsagain due to simplicity in control. But it has its owndisadvantages e.g. wear & tear in brushes, electricalnoise due to arcing, maintenance requirements etc.
Contd
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Earlier because of no support from PowerElectronics technology some motors lost theinitiatives such as Variable Reluctance (VR)motor. First electric locomotive used VR motors.Now after cheap and reliable PE is available VRmotors are redeployed for traction duty andhigh speed applications.Similarly because of the advancement in PowerElectronics and precise controls Brushlessmotors are deployed preferentially.
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PowerElectronicConverters
LoadMotor
ControllerReference
Utility Power IN
feedback
Typical Modern Electric Drive Systems
Power Electronic ConvertersElectric Energy- Unregulated -
Electric Energy- Regulated -
Electric MotorElectricEnergy
MechanicalEnergy
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DC Motor with mechanical commutatorCurrent reversal takes place due tocommutator segment switching.
Brush and commutator wearRotating armature has poor mechanicalintegrity and poor thermal cooling
BLDC Motor with electroniccommutation. Current reversal isforced by controller on sensingrotor position.
Robust PM rotor. Static winding
excellent mechanical integrityand excellent thermal cooling
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DC DRIVES
+
Vo
-
+
Vo
-
cosV2
V mo
- cosV3
V m,LLo
Average voltageover 10ms
Average voltageover 3.33 ms
50Hz1-phase
50Hz3-phase
AC-DC 0.4 0.405 0.41 0.415 0.42 0.425 0.43 0.435 0.44-400
-200
0
200
400
0.4 0.405 0.41 0.415 0.42 0.425 0.43 0.435 0.440
5
10
0.4 0.405 0.41 0.415 0.42 0.425 0.43 0.435 0.44
-500
0
500
0.4 0.405 0.41 0.415 0.42 0.425 0.43 0.435 0.440
10
20
30
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Tc
vtri
+
Vdc
q
q
+
k t
Torquecontroller
T kaa sL R
1)s( T l
)s( T e
sJB1
Ek
)s(Ia )s()s(Va+
-
-
+
Torquecontroller
Converter
peak tri
dc
V V
,
)s( T e
-+
DC motor
DC drives with SM Converters
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Advances in digital circuit design, microprocessor andDSP technology duly supported by advanced RT kernels
and software development tools has enabled usage of very sophisticated model reference vector controlschemes for motors and utility controllers.
Capabilities of very hard real time response make itpossible to implement KHz bandwidth controllers. Nanosecond code execution time make it possible toelaborately handle device and utility protections withinthe controller.
Various schemes for motor control and drive design:Single quadrant controlTwo quadrant controlFour quadrant controlFlux Vector or Field Oriented Control (FOC)Space Vector Control (SVPWM)Sensorless vector control of IM and BL motors
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q and d components areregulated by PI compensators
isqref is torque command d component is fieldcomponent and produces nouseful torque so isdref isregulated to 0.
d component will becommanded for field
weakening above motor basespeedOutputs of the PI regulatorsare the quadraturecomponents of a voltagevector to be applied to themotorVoltage vector Vsqref and
Vsdref are in the Rotor sframe of referenceNeed to transform this voltagevector back into three phasequantities in the Stator sframe of reference.
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PWM modulated sinefunction
f m = 60Hz, f cr = 900Hz
Switching frequencyf sw = f cr = 900Hz 0.1
0.2
0
0
0
THD = 92.07%
THD = 92.07%
THD = 7.73%
THD = 92.07%
d V
3 / 2 d V
ABv
AOv
Ai
2 f m12 f m
23 f m 14 f m
n
3
3 2
2
01 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
d V V
AB49.0
1
d n V V AB /
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What are the key development needs surroundingpower electronics for PE applications?
Reduce cost Improve reliability
What major technology challenges areeffecting the PE development?
Increased modularity and scalability Increased standardization and
interoperability Improve performance, yet design power
electronics systematically
What research is needed toovercome the technologychallenges?
Mathematical modelling
Research Initiatives
Research Projects
KeyDevelopment
Needs
MajorTechnology Challenges
The key application needs surrounding the power electronic industry
are to reduce cost and improve reliability, these needs should drive thetechnology and research agenda.
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1. Increase the efficiency of power electronic systems2. Standardize the interface between power electronics systems and the
grid3. Improve the thermal management characteristics of power electronic
systems4. Minimize the harmonic distortions of power electronic systems5. Improve the durability of power electronic systems and components6. Reduce the complexity of power electronic systems7. Improve the manufacturability of power electronic systems and
components8. Standardize and and improve the interoperability of power electronics
components and systems9. Improve the scalability / modularity of power electronic systems and
components10. Minimize the system package size of power electronics
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The technology challenges can be overcome by supporting following key
research initiatives .
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To provide the country withcapability to become adominant global player in
Power Electronics Technology
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Enhance the indigenous R&D expertise in PowerElectronics
Resorting to R&D 3 ie. Research/ Development/Deployment/Demonstration
Networking of premier academic institutes having PEactivities
Nodal Centre facilitating the translation of academicresearch to industries
Assuring industry support, as well as up-gradation oftechnical know-how by forming a consortium