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International Journal of Comparative Literature and Arts

Vol. I, Issue 1 January/June 2014

ISSN: 2284-3310

PPP in the Background

Mise en Abyme International Journal of Comparative Literature and Arts

Vol. I, Issue 1 January/June 2014

General Editors: Armando Rotondi – Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun

Elisa Sartor – Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun

Editorial Office: Elena Dal Maso – University of Verona

Anita Paolicchi – University of Pisa Alessandro Valenzisi – University of Strathclyde

Advisory Board: Beatrice Alfonzetti – University of Rome “La Sapienza”

Raffaella Bertazzoli – University of Verona Cezary Bronowski – Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun

Joseph Farrell – University of Strathclyde José María Micó – Pompeu Fabra University

Pasquale Sabbatino - University of Naples “Federico II” Álvaro Salvador – University of Granada Roxana Utale – University of Bucharest

Logo and cover: Nicoletta Preziosi

Publisher: Bel-Ami Edizioni S.r.l.

Roma www.baedizioni.it

Contact information: Armando Rotondi: [email protected]

Elisa Sartor: [email protected]

Submission of contributions and material for review purposes: [email protected]

ISSN: 2284-3310

Vol. I, Issue 1

January/June 2014 ISSN: 2284-3310

Table of contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Presentation p. 4

Monographic section. PPP in the background Uccel lacc i e ucce l l in i : What Makes an Ideo-comic Fable? p. 6 Alessandro Valenzisi University of Strathclyde Cenizas de los tristes. Javier Egea y Pier Paolo Pasolini p. 30 Elisa Sartor Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun After Pasolini’s Teorema : Notes on the Theatre of Grzegorz Jarzyna and Mikołaj Mikołajczyk p. 42 Armando Rotondi Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun

Reviews Scrittori migranti in Italia (1990-2012) a cura di Cecilia Gibellini p. 51 Pirandello e Gombrowicz - La presenza teatrale pirandelliana nei drammi gombrowicziani di Karol Karp p. 54 Le metamorfosi di un arcidiavolo. Il personaggio di Belfagor da Macchiavelli a oggi di Bernardina Moriconi p. 57

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Armando Rotondi

After Pasolini’s Teorema: Notes on the Theatre of Grzegorz Jarzyna and Mikołaj Mikołajczyk

42

After Pasolini’s Teorema : Notes on the Theatre of Grzegorz Jarzyna

and Mikołaj Mikołajczyk

Armando Rotondi Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun

Abstract: The following contribution aims to analyse two adaptations of Pier Paolo Pasolini’s

Teorema, written and directed by, respectively, Grzegorz Jarzyna and Mikołaj Mikołajczyk. In the

first, T.E.O.R.E.M.A.T., Jarzyna works both on Pasolini’s novel and film, creating a performance

composed of the distorted use of the voice, silent dialogues and proximity games, producing a

highly conceptual effect. In his Wszystko jutro, czyli lalki wybawione, Mikołajczyk, on the other hand,

recreates Pasolini’s story as a choreographed drama, which examines the dilemmas posed by the

Italian author.

Key words: Pier Paolo Pasolini, Teorema, Grzegorz Jarzyna, Mikołaj Mikołajczyk, adaptation.

*****

The reception of Pier Paolo Pasolin in Poland is a relatively recent phenomenon that began

chiefly after the fall of the Soviet bloc, and one which assumes greater prominence after 2000.

Before the ’90s, there were few examples of works by Pasolini, whether in the form of

publication or performance, and those mainly confined to the major cities such as Warsaw and

Krakow. The only productions of Pasolini in Poland were the screenings of his films in cine d’essai:

Affabulazione, staged in Warsaw and Krakow respectively in 1984 and 1985; in the same year,

some excerpts of it were published.

An obstacle to the diffusion of Pasolini’s work, as noted by Agnieszka Liszka, was the

political engagement evident in the author’s works, an engagement that “ha già dall’inizio

determinato in qualche modo la loro ricezione in Polonia” (Liszka 2011: 2). She adds: “Anche se

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legato alla sinistra, Pasolini non era un comunista ortodosso, anzi, la sua critica diretta verso

partiti comunisti e la società laica lo rendeva un personaggio scomodo anche per le autorità della

Repubblica Popolare Polacca” (2011: 2).

Apart from Pasolini’s film production, presented at several festivals such as the Era New

Horizons 2002, I will focus attention on Pasolini’s plays that were published and staged on the

Polish stage. In particular, two volumes of plays were edited by Ewa Bal, Orgy. Chlew (Orgia.

Porcile, 2003) and Pilades. Calderon (Pilade. Calderón, 2007), which were presented during a

Symposium on Pasolini organized by Teatr Stary in Krakow in the same year. The same

translator Ewa Bal also wrote a book devoted primarily to the work of Pasolini and its impact on

the development of Italian drama of recent years.1 The last major translation published in Poland

is an excerpt of the script of the film on St. Paul, translated by Zygmunt Borawski and published

in a number of the journal Krytyka Polityczna.2

In addition, two dramas were based on the work and biography of Pasolini: Pasolini -

modlitwa na zlecenie, written and directed by Konrad Niciński, in Warsaw in 2005, and Wygnani by

Ewa Wycichowska at Teatr LOGS of Łódź in September 2006, based on themes already

presented in Orgia.

Among the texts that exercised a strong influence on Polish authors, Teorema occupies a

position of special importance, in the novel and film version, both released in 1968. In 1965,

however, there already was a first draft of Teorema as a drama. The story of a young and

handsome stranger, a guest of a house in Milan, who seduces all the members of an apparently

respectable family, introduces anarchy into the social system, destroying the hypocritical world of

the bourgeoisie, seen by Pasolini as a consumer and superficial society.

T.E.O.R.E.M.A.T., first of the two Polish adaptations of Teorema and staged in Warsaw in

2009, was created by Grzegorz Jarzyna, probably the most prominent theatre contemporary

director and manager of the innovative TR Warsawa theatre since ’98.

1 See Bal 2007. 2 See Pasolini 2007.

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Original poster for T.E.O.R.E.M.A.T.

Director Jarzyna explained his process of adaptation in an interview to Magdalena

Podbielkowska and Peter Bisley of a New Zealand newspaper, before the staging of

T.E.O.R.E.M.A.T. at the New Zealand International Arts Festival: “In the novel the subject is

more developed; especially the religious, mystical aspect, and the ultimate question of our

existence and purpose of life” (Podbielkowska, Bisley 2010).3

The strict relation to the novel has been inadequately considered, as is clear from Philip

Fisher’s review on the occasion of the 2010 performance at the Barbican in London:

“T.E.O.R.E.M.A.T is a classic example of European theatre in which the director is auteur.

Grzegorz Jarzyna from TR Warszawa, who brought 4.48 Psychosis and Dybbuk to Edinburgh and,

in the case of the former, the Barbican, has taken a 1968 Pier Paolo Pasolini cult movie, Teorema

and made it his own” (Fisher 2010).

3 Grzegorz Jarzyna’s T.E.O.R.E.M.A.T. played at the TSB Bank Arena, Wellington, from 13th to 19th March 2010. The New Zealand International Arts Festival ran from 26th February to 21st March.

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Cast and crew credits for T.E.O.R.E.M.A.T at the London Barbican (2010).

In his adaptation of Pasolini’s novel, in which the director also inserts other autonomous

fragments, Jarzyna seems to have in mind the film, and he makes precise stylistic choices both

from the point of view of the script and of the staging. He opts for wireless microphones that

create a sound quality almost similar to that obtained by radio, but at the same time he works on

silence and silent dialogues with the actors’ bodies to fill the stage with grand movements, body

language and proxemics games, creating a mise-en-espace with a high conceptual content: “The text

at the end of the play portrays the figure disappearing into space, into desert, into nothing, the

same recurring landscape, and touches on the philosophy of emptiness”. (Podbielkowska, Bisley

2010)

In a subsequent Italian review of the staging, Sergio Lo Gatto notes:

Visivamente impeccabile, lo spettacolo procede per quadri: la messa in scena meticolosa di ogni piccolo dettaglio come la scelta dell’arredamento – sfacciatamente in stile Italia anni Sessanta -, gli oggetti posizionati in scena, la partitura musicale e sonora, i passi calcolati dagli attori per raccogliere le luci, tutto ricostruisce alla perfezione la vuota routine borghese fatta di lunghi minuti di rituale trucco e parrucco di fronte allo specchio, ripetizione insensata di gesti e una glacialità di rapporti che mette i brividi. L’arrivo dell’ospite, chiamato semplicemente “ragazzo”, una figura segaligna con il fascino trasandato dello zingaro, spezza la corda di queste insopportabili piattezza e superficialità, ben rese dalla regia tramite la ripetizione di scene identiche se non per qualche minuscolo spostamento dei mobili e cambi

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scena che, nella penombra, lasciano intravedere gli attori impegnati in frenetici movimenti di insofferenza. (Lo Gatto 2012)

The director makes clear his choice to adapt Teorema, and no other Pasolini’s works,

considering it a “prophetic depiction of an all-consuming system of consumption”.

(Podbielkowska, Bisley 2010). It also specifies how a staging of Teorema could have been fully

appreciated in Poland only after 1989: “Poland was a totalitarian communist system, and we

know what that really means. Pasolini was a utopian and purely ideological communist” (2010).

However Jarzyna emphasises that the bourgeois capitalist-communist political dialectic was not

his main inspiration for adapting the work: “Its rich metaphor and poetry have much larger force

than its political message, and are applicable to the smallest cell of society, which is the family,

and the relationships between them. This is a problem which touches each of us” (2010).

According to Jarzyna, the stranger who arrives in the house “is neither a symbol of defeat

or victory. He is a catalyst that accelerates the inevitable and appropriate response: he triggers

these reactions then disappears” (2010). And more: “He is the activator which evokes the truth

deep within us. He helps us to look at ourselves without all the constructions of cultural life, to

see the hypocritical self” (2010).

Stage photograph of T.E.O.R.E.M.A.T.

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The result is an effective and coldly schematic overview on the reactions of family,

orchestrated as a mime show: the maid goes back to the country ending her days in a catatonic

state sit on a bench; the son of the couple vents his anger by painting abstract works; the

daughter is interned in mental hospital; the mother gives herself sexually to a street gang; Paolo

strips in the middle of the central station.

Pasolini’s Teorema is at the basis of another adaptation, Wszystko jutro, czyli lalki wybawione

(Tommorow everything, meaning dolls forsaken) by Mikołaj Mikołajczyk, writer, director and

choreographer, a performance that was first staged at the Teatr Dramatyczny of Opole in 2010

and then toured in Poland.

Original poster for Wszystko jutro, czyli lalki wybawione.

Unlike the previous T.E.O.R.E.M.A.T., Mikołajczyk’s work looks like a choreographed

drama, halfway between drama and dance, examining the dilemmas posed by Pasolini and

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depicting the reality of six people. Five of these represent the family of Pasolini’s films, but in the

show they are not considered as a natural family, but as an emblem of the general community,

opposed to the visitor or the intruder.

The show is mostly dominated by two elements, the table and the “desert”, as noted by

Małgorzata Dziewulska, consultant and dramaturg for Mikołajczyk. The table is the starting point,

where the characters sit around and from which they leave; the “desert” is the point of arrival,

place of solitude, which is realized through the vacuum of individuals. Dziewulska states:

Jak żyć, kiedy przyjęte kanony ekspresji zmuszają do skrywania prawdy za konwencjami. Konwencje zbiorowej umowy na temat tego, kim jesteśmy i jak powinniśmy wyrażać siebie pozwalają ułożyć życie we wspólnocie, ale jednocześnie sprawiają, że ludzkie relacje stają się sztuczne i iluzyjne. To w tradycji greckiej Pasolini szukał obrazów człowieka, które nasza kultura usunęła w cień. W Theoremie zbudował wizerunek pokrewny misteriom dionizyjskim. (Dziewulska, 2010: 9)4

Stage photograph of Wszystko jutro, czyli lalki wybawione (www.teatropole.pl).

4 How to live when all the commonly acknowledged expressions force one to conceal the truth according to accepted conventions – the convention of group agreement regarding such things as who we are, how we should express ourselves. These help to regulate a life in a community, but at the same time cause human relations become artificial and illusionist. It was in a Greek tradition that Pasolini searched for images of a human being which our culture had left in the shadow. In Teorema he created a depiction which is related to Dionysian mysteries [Translation by the Author].

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Teorema represents in these both cases an interesting perspective on the staging of the

Italian author in Poland. Both the directors discussed here opted to work on an artwork that was

not originally a play but a novel and then a film. This is quite normal, considering, as stated at the

beginning, the limited knowledge of Pasolini’s theatre in Poland, compared to awareness of his

film production. Grzegorz Jarzyna states that “before I hadn’t thought of Pasolini as material that

you could bring to the theatre. But I started to contemplate his art and to go deeper into his life”

(Podbielkowska, Bisley 2010) and, in keeping with this opinion, the voice of Teorema seems

almost natural. Working on a novel and inspired by a film, Jarzyna and Mikołajczyk take

Pasolini’s material and make it their own, recreating not only independent performances, but also

new ‘plays’ that works inspired by Pasolini. These are cases where the directors become de facto

authors.

Bibliography

BAL, Ewa (2007), Cielesność w dramacie. Teatr Piera Paola Pasoliniego i jego możliwe kontynuacje, Krakow: Księgarnia Akademicka.

LISZKA, Agnieszka (2011), “Difficoltà di traduzione e ricezione del discorso politico-sociale di Pier Paolo Pasolini in Polonia prima e dopo il 1989”, Romanica.doc, 2 (3), pp. 1-9.

LO GATTO, Sergio (2012), “Il Teorema Pasolini secondo Grzegorz Jarzyna”, Teatro e critica, 31 March.

DZIEWULSKA, Małgorzata (2010), “Informacja własna”, Wszystko jutro, czyli lalki wybawione, Opole: Teatr im. Jana Kochanowskiego, pp. 9-10.

PASOLINI, Pier Paolo (2003), Orgia. Chlew, ed. by Ewa Bal, Krakow: Księgarnia Akademicka.

PASOLINI, Pier Paolo (2007a), Pilades. Calderon, ed. by Ewa Bal, Krakow: Panga Pank.

PASOLINI, Pier Paolo (2007b), “Święty Paweł. Fragmenty”, Krytyka Polityczna, 13, pp. 148-174.

PODBIELKOWSKA, Magdalena and Peter Bisley (2010), “Primitive, Sacred and Pure: T.E.O.R.E.M.A.T.”, The Lumière Reader, 8 March.

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