A NEW GENERATION NETWORK – BEYOND NGN –

Tomonori Aoyama

Research Institute for Digital Media and Content

Keio University aoyama@dmc.keio.ac.jp

ABSTRACT This paper discusses requirements and several research activities of new generation networks (NWGN) coming after Next Generation Network (NGN) currently driven by ITU-T. The detailed research profiles of Japanese governmental projects such as AKARI project are introduced with possible future applications. Photonic technology has been applied for high speed communications, possible high speed communication services are also investigated in this paper. This paper addresses that photonic technology is also important for energy reduction of these services, which is one of the keenest issues in the world for the next decade. Among other concerns to increase power consumption of communication services, network appliances and sensors are not negligible because of their number and the penetration rate in ubiquitous or pervasive network services. This paper also introduces the maximum power consumption of these sensor devices required for keeping sustainable services.

Keywords—Next Generation Network, New Generation Network, Ubiquitous Network, Electrical field intensity, Energy Harvesting

1. INTRODUCTION For the last decade, we, Japanese, have experienced a rapid expansion of broadband services. Now, we have 10 million subscribers of FTTH with 100 Mbit/s, The Internet Traffic which has become 1000 times larger than 10 years ago, and many Web 2.0 applications such as Blog, SNS, YouTube, Second Life, Google Services, etc. We are enjoying various kinds of broadband services over this high speed Internet with the world lowest tariff. NTT has a plan to have more than 30 million FTTH subscribers in 2010, which means more than 50% of household. As for 3G cellular phone services, we also have versatile applications like e-mail, digital camera, prepaid cashing, user authentication, TV monitor (One Segment), etc. Standards for NGN (Next Generation Network) are being established in the ITU-T standard body, and NGN is now entering into the deployment phase. Carriers and vendors are investing much of their resource to the deployment of NGN to start their services over NGN in 2008. There are 4

objectives in NGN: (1) Replace legacy telephone networks with the state-of-the-art IP-based networks, (2) Integrate various services over IP networks (triple-play services of voice, data and video, quadruple-play services adding cellarer phone services to the above), (3) Solve the issues that the Internet is facing: application-oriented QoS control, mobility support for FMC, weakness for security, etc., (4) Maintain the safety and reliability at the level of telephone services to meet the requirements as the social infrastructure. Figure 1 shows the comparison between The Internet and NGN. One of the most important characteristics of The Internet is that it is based on a best effort bearer function to interconnect multiple router based networks, which means (1) No over all network planning, and no clear responsibility and control rule exists among networks, (2) TCP/IP Protocol is the only common rule, (3) users have a freedom to install any applications. In contrast, NGN is considered as efforts to re-establish QoS controlled bearer functions to interconnect multiple networks with clear responsibility, which mean (1) I P based network with network control functions and with clear responsibility for the control, (2) QoS control and security functions are installed, maintaining the connection functions of the Internet. This paper discusses the requirements to the network coming after the above mentioned NGN, and calls this new network as NWGN（NeW Generation Network). Hereafter NGN is called as NXGN (NeXt Generation Network) to draw a comparison with the proposed NWGN. NXGN is considered as a replacement of legacy telephone network, using IP-based networks, whereas, NWGN is a clean-slate network architecture with main protocols which may be different from IP.

2. GOALS OF NEW GENERATION NETWORK (NWGN)

As in Figure 2, NXGN is designed for coming applications such as triple or quadruple play services in 2010s based on the extension of IP network, whereas NWGN is targeted for a variety of appliances, including ubiquitous appliances, appearing in 2020s. NWGN is assumed to be appeared as an evolution from NXGN and the current Internet. This assumption brings us to a concept to introduce post IP protocols or dramatic extensions of IP.

92-61-12441-0/CFP0838E © 2008 ITU Kaleidoscope

Figure 1- The Internet vs NGN

As for the researches on NWGN, most of which have just started in the world, the notable ones are GENI [1]& FIND [2] by NSF (USA) and Program FP7 by EU[3]. NSF’s concept for NWGN is known as a clean–slate design for the future network architecture in 2020’s. There are two projects: GENI (Global Environment Network Infrastructure) and FIND (Future Internet Design). GENI is a project to construct a large scale network test-bed and its first stage budget is $7.5M each year ($23M in total). As for FIND, it is designed to investigate new ideas and technologies for a clean-slate network design, and its first stage involves 26 projects funded in 2006.

Next Generation Network and New Generation Network

2010 2020 Year

Variety of Appliances

Triple Play

Quadruple Play

Ubiquitous Appliances

NXGN / IP

NWGN /( IP + α

) or p

ost-IP

NEXT

NEW

Figure 2- NXGN and NWGN

In the case of Japan, MIC (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications) presents a new strategy under the leadership of NiCT. On Sunday, Aug. 19, 2007, Mr. Yoshihide Suga, Minister of The Internal Affairs and Communications Ministry (MIC), announced that Japan will pursue a new generation of network to replace the Internet, which will be got into commercial use by 2020.

After this announcement, New Generation Network Forum (http://nwgn-forum.nict.go.jp/index.html ) was established on Nov. 6 with cooperation among industries, academia and the government to promote this technology. MIC will seek 7.8 billion yens for the project in the fiscal year 2008. The target new technology is envisaged as being faster and more reliable than the current Internet while being less susceptible to viruses and breakdowns. The ministry hopes Japan will take the lead in developing post-Internet technology and setting global standards. Under this vision, NiCT started NWGN Strategic Headquarters, the core of which is AKARI Project collaborating with JGN2plus Network Testbed, which will start in April 2008. As for funding for NWGN R&D in Industry & Academia, there are 3 major projects: Ubiquitous Networking Project funded by MIC, Photonic Networking Project and Dynamic Networking Project by NiCT. Figure 3 shows Japan’s R&D formation for NWGN.

Best effort bearer function to interconnect multiple router based network

Terminal Terminal Server Terminal Terminal Server

Internet

QoS controlled bearer function to interconnect

NGN

・ No over all network planning

・ TCP/IP Protocol is the only common rule

・ Best effort network and no clear responsibility and control rule exists among networks

・ User has freedom to install appl.

・ IP based network with network control function and with clear responsibility for the control

・ Qos control and security functions are installed

・ Maintain the Internet connection function

IP router network

(Best effort) ）

NGN(Versatile Bearer

functions)

NGN(Versatile Bearer

functions)

NGN(Versatile Bearer

functions)

NGN(Versatile Bearer

functions)

IP router network

(Best effort)

IP router network

(Best effort)

IP router network

(Best effort)

IP router network

(Best effort)

multiple networks with clear responsibility

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Japan’s R&D Formation for New Generation Network (NWGN)

Effects expectation(1) Ensuring consistency and increasing efficiency of all NICT’s R&D activities.

(2) Indicating the direction of NWGN R&D for industry and academia.

(3) Leading the world in NWGN R&D by “All Japan strategy”.

(4) Developing qualified researchers in ICT field.

Research and development system based on NWGN strategy

NICT

Industry / Academia

Strategic Headquarters for NWGN R&DHead: Miyahara

Deputy: Aoyama, MurataManager: Hirabaru

NWGN Strategic PlansParticipation in Strategy Planning

Provision of NWGN Strategy to the World

Research Divisions

Promotion of strategic R&D

Direction of NWGN R&D International cooperation

Leading initiatives

US, EU, Asia“All-Japan Forum”

Testbed, Funding

Figure 3- Japan’s NWGN Research Formation

3. AKARI PROJECT AND GREEN

TECHNOLOGIES AKARI Project was started in 2006 by NiCT researchers and university professors for NWGN architecture design based on clean-slate approach, and its first conceptual paper [4] was just opened. It shows the requirements for NWGN from the 8 points of view: Switching and Transmission Capacity, Power Consumption, Ubiquity, Mobility Support, Connectivity for Versatile Appliances, Security, Reliability and Social Safety.

Double per year

１．７times per year

Traffic through JPIX

‘99 ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07

Moore’s LawDouble per 1.5 year

Max min Ave

Figure 4- Switching and Transmission Capacity in

2020[5],[6]

As for Switching and Transmission Capacity in 2020, Figure 4 shows the traffic trends of an internet exchange point. From this traffic trend, the estimated traffic volume in 2020 will be 1000 times larger than that of today. This means that (1) the required switching capacity is some P bit/s, (2) the link speed of core networks will be 10 T bit/s and (3) the access network will have 10G bit/s links. 4K cinemas or other high-definition video transmission systems currently under development will support this estimation.

As for the power consumption of such peta bit/s routers, each router will consume roughly 10MW, according to the current CISCO CRS-1 specifications, whose throughput is 1.2 Tbit/s for each shelf, since each shelf consumes 15.5 KW and the maximum number of shelves is 80. This means that an average ISP will consume the power of 1 nuclear power plant in 2020s. Thus the power reduction of network systems will be one of the most important problems to be solved by 2020. As for ubiquity, it is based on the rest of the requirements, i.e., Mobility Support, Connectivity for Versatile Appliances, Security, Reliability and Social Safety. On this matter, MIC has already launched several projects as “ubiquitous network” projects since 2004. Under the rapid penetration rate of 3G cellular phone services and high speed Internet access services such as ADSL and FTTH in the year to design this plan, MIC set up a new goal of network with a word “ubiquitous.” Figure 5 shows its conceptual image of ubiquitous service to provide us with untroubled living conditions. NWGN involves this concept of “ubiquity.” The coming ubiquitous network society assumes a number of sensors and appliances surrounding us. Figure 6 shows the contents in 2020s with volume capacity as y-axis and access frequency as x-axis. There will be a variety of contents with two extremes: a group including IP-TV and that including sensors and RFIDs. As for the characteristics of sensor networks, it requires wireless, low power, huge numbers of sensors under the condition of small capacity for processing and memory. Figure 7 shows the study items for NWGN. NWGN should be considered from the 4 layers’ point of view: applications, overlay networks, networks ((IP+ α) NW or Post IP NW), and underlay networks which include photonic, mobile, sensor networks, etc. The cross layer control mechanism is one of the most challenging technologies to study. The study items on NWGN architecture in AKARI Project are chosen by the above measures with the large evolutionary goal from the current connectionless datagram architecture to the hybrid architecture of packet and circuit switching. Currently most of the research resources are invested into this hybrid switch architecture with packet and path switching as shown in Figure 8. AKARI tries to introduce a separate structure for Identification & Location and a new Naming & Discovery scheme as the basis of cross-layer control architecture. Introducing PDMA (Packet Division Multiple Access) for mobility and the virtualization of networks for overlay network are investigated for the network layer and for overlay network layer respectively. From a network science point of view, autonomous/self-organization mechanisms must be implemented.

Innovations in NGN – Future Network and Services

The photonic technology is one of the most powerful tools to reduce the power consumption at each network node as well as to increase the switching speed. The power reduction of network systems requires dramatic improvements in basic network architecture, and this is another source of movement toward NWGN. From this point of view, NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization), whose mission is to provide solutions to energy and environmental problems more generally, launched several projects as its research field of Electronics and Information Technology [7]. They are trying to contribute to implementation of the Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan by 2010 as well as in the New National Energy Strategy by 2030. By 2011, a

project called as “Development of Next-generation High-efficiency Network Device Technology” is aiming to develop optical/electronics device technology and related integration technology, packaging technology, and systemization technology for the purpose of establishing fundamental next-generation high-efficiency networks. Its budget of FY2007 is 1.16 billion yen. Photonic technology will be a key technology to reduce the power consumption at each network node in core as well as in access networks. Reducing the power consumption of terminals is another issue. The next section addresses the issue of power consumption of sensor device required to construct a sustainable service using these devices.

Ubiquitous Network

•Everything in the world, physical or virtual object, united together through networks

•Inter-object communications, where object = any object in real/virtual worlds

•Everything in the world, physical or virtual object, united together through networks

•Inter-object communications, where object = any object in real/virtual worlds

Public ServicePublic Service

• Prevention of accidents or efficient use

of public resources, s.t. roads through

collecting traffic or weather information

• Monitoring bridges, roads, buildings,earthquakes, snowslide, fallen rocks, etc.

• Better Public Service s.t. e-government

HomeHome

• Saving energy, Better livability

• In-home care, education

• Remote control of home appliances

• Prevention of crimes and fires with

• remote monitoring

OfficeOffice

• Information sharing,

Faster decision-making

• Saving energy, Comfortable office

environments

• Fast Reform of Information Systems to

change of business

OutdoorOutdoor

• Communication Services independent of

physical communication media

• Access to home or enterprise networks

• Assist aged or handicapped people

Ubiquitous or Omnipresent Network

Figure 5- MIC’s Ubiquitous Network Concept

K M GAccess frequency [pages/day]

K

M

G

T

P

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of

con

tent

DVD>GB

Web～10kB/page

MP3>MB/music

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[bit]

Contents in the ubiquitous societyFrom tiny to huge

Both directions

Yahoo300Mpage/day

InternetTV Guide11Mpage/day S2M

Web contentSDTV

e Commerce

IP TV

B2C

B2B

P2P

HDTV

Sensor & RF ID

Figure 6- Contents in the ubiquitous society

26

Overlay Network

( IP+ α) NW / Post IP NW

Underlay Network

Cross-layer C

ontrol Mechanism

Application

Study Items for NWGN Architecture

Photonic NW Mobile NW Sensor NW

Figure- 7 Study Items for NWGN

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Optical Packet & Path Combination Architecture

OPS

OCS

cλ

m1λ

n1λ

Control/D

ataD

ata

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Forwarding table

delaydelay

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buffer

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m2λ

n2λ

Questions:OPS: Label Swapping? at L2OCS: GMPLS?

Assumptions:Packet loss due to small buffer sizeOCS for guaranteed services

(current buffer size by NICT = 31 p at 10Gbps)

Hirabaru & Harai2006-10-19Akari meeting10GHz? 1Gbps

100GHz? 10Gbps200GHz? 40Gbps

λc d c dlink

…* to avoid too short packet length

Parallel wave transmission

Figure 8- Optical Packet and Path Switching

4. TOWARDS μW COMPUTING FOR

UBIQUITOUS SENSOR NETWORKS

The penetration of ubiquitous network services will bring us a lot of sensors. Currently, batteries are the main power sources for sensor networks and mobile devices. This has two bottlenecks: (1) the whole energy consumption will be large even though each sensor consumes a little, (2)the cost of replacing batteries is not negligible in the real deployment. From the energy consumption point of view, this will be a major obstacle for the penetration of ubiquitous network services. This section investigates how to make a sustainable sensor node without such a battery supply. Energy harvesting could be one of the solutions as an alternative energy supply technology. Such systems scavenge power from human activity, ambient heat, light, RF, vibrations, etc [8]. RF signals used for wireless communication systems will be the most suitable energy source because heat, light and vibration are not always available at every place. On the other hand, radio wave is ubiquitous in our daily lives. (TV/Radio, wireless LAN, mobile phone, etc.) However, it is very difficult to know how much of energy we can scavenge from RF signals in the real environment. With a simple EMC (Electro-Magnetic Compatibility) experiment reported in [9], this paper shows the power specification of future sensor devices, which is called as μW Computing. The current sensor node like RFID consumes dozens μW in sleep mode and hundreds μW in active mode. 4.1. EMC Experiment As for the locations of experiment, different places are chosen considering the typical places where typical business persons spend their lives in Tokyo. For the commuting by train, the selected places to measure field strength were JR Yamanote line, Oedo line, and major stations (Shinjuku and Ikebukuro). As an office environment, a university laboratory was selected where many PCs, printers, wireless LAN, and cell phones are in

use. Hongo 3 chome area and Ueno park were selected as city streets and an open space area, respectively. The equipment used in the measurement is Narda Safety Test Solutions SRM-3000. It allows to measure the individual contributions of multiple emitters and to generate a tabular or spectrum view of the total exposure over the 75 MHz to 3 GHz frequency range. The measurement was done between 2007/09/03 and 2007/09/04. Most of the major communication and broadcasting systems are serviced in this UHF frequency band between 75 MHz to 3.0 GHz, including TV, FM Radio, mobile phone and WiFi. 4.2. Experiment Result In Figure 9, electric field strength spectra measured in different environmental types within Tokyo metropolitan area are presented. For convenience, only the frequency ranges assigned to typical communication applications (according to Telecommunications Bureau of Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications [10]) have been presented. The detailed results show that the 76-770MHz radio and television broadcasting field strength depends strongly on the relative location between the measuring point and broadcasting antennas (as these are rather infrequent). Both distance and line of sight should be considered. The mobile communication frequencies, on the other hand, depend mainly on the crowd congestion in a given environment, as it is the number of active mobile phone equipment that directly influences the radiation level. The equipment operating in 800MHz range emits significantly stronger signal than others. The observed radiation in 800MHz is therefore relatively strong. The wireless LAN range of 2.4GHz is generally much lower than those of mobile equipment. Assuming a typical daily life of office worker in Tokyo, the maximum energy obtained from energy harvesting is given in Figure 10. The following formulas [11] were used during calculations:

22 |)(|15.31)( tI

fG

tPm

h≈ ---- (1)

∫= dttPE )( ---- (2)

where: E - gained energy, P - effective power, hG - receiver antenna relative gain(We use 5dB in this estimation), mf - frequency, )(tI - measured field intensity at time t. Figure 11 shows a typical daily life used in this experiment. Bear in mind the model of life includes only 13 hours of daytime (as the radiation power inside living places was not measured). According to the graph, the 800MHz frequency band is the best choice for investigated purposes, and the obtained energy level equals to approximately 6.38J, which is more than sufficient to power an RFID circuit board for the whole 24h of continuous operation (assuming 50μW power consumption). Some

Innovations in NGN – Future Network and Services

measurements were also conducted concerning 800MHz and 1.9GHz mobile equipment. The field power measured 30cm from devices was 21.9mW and 4.1μW, respectively. Assuming average 384s phone calls and 162kB of data transfer daily (according to 2005 ARPU statistics), the 800MHz equipment can produce as much as 9.42J per day.

2.4GHz

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Ueno park

Shinjuku shopping dist.

Hongo 3chome st.

Univ. Of Tokyo Lab.

JR Yamanote Line

Oedo Line

JR Shinjuku St.

JR Ikebukuro St.

E field strength

2.4GHz

2.1GHz

1.9GHz

1.5GHz

800MHz

TV & FM Radio

V/m Figure 9- Field strength measurements for different types

of environments and locations within Tokyo metropolitan area

2.4G

Hz

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1

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adio

& T

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Hz

2.1G

Hz

W-L

AN

frequency band

max

imum

ava

ilabl

e en

ergy

small streetscommuter trainsrailway stationsmain streetsoffice

J

Figure 10- Maximum energy available during a typical

day of Tokyo resident including TV, FM Radio, mobile phone and WiFi.

4.3. The Target Energy Consumption for μW Computing

The RF is a possible power supply for wireless sensor networks. As a result of this measurement, we found 9.42J per day can be scavenged from our daily lives. Hence, the power specification for μW Computing device is 109μW for always-on services.

5. EXAMPLES OF LONG TAIL APPLICATIONS As illustrated in Figure 12, innovations in the network services have been derived from so-called long tail applications, such as the Internet, WWW, Blog, search

time activity location duration

7:00 walking towards commuter train small streets 10 min

7:10 waiting for a train railway station 5 min

7:15 commuting commuter train 30 min

7:45 waiting for a train railway station 5 min

7:50 commuting commuter train 1 hour

8:50 walking towards office main street 10 min

9:00 working office 4 hours

13:00 lunch brake main street 1 hour

14:00 working office 4 hours

18:00 walking towards commuter train main street 10 min

18:10 waiting for a train railway station 5 min

18:15 commuting commuter train 1 hour

19:15 waiting for a train railway station 5 min

19:20 commuting commuter train 30 min

19:50 walking home small streets 10 min Figure 11- A Typical Daily Life of Worker in Tokyo

Long Tail Application

Transfer Rate100 Mb/s 100 Gb/s

Enterprise Users Researchers & Scientists

Long Tail Application

No of Users

Consum

er Users

Innovations have been derived from Long Tail Applications.

e.g. Internet, WWW, ・・・・

Figure 12- Long Tail Application

engines, etc. The first users of these applications have been researchers or scientists. In this section, we discuss such applications, especially high speed network services. Though the number of users is currently small, there is large possibility for them to become major services in the near future. As for science applications, Jason Leigh and Tom DeFanti are developing “OptIPuter 100 MegaPixel Displays,” working with NASA ARC Hyperwall team[12]. OptIPuter 100 MegaPixel Display consists of 55-Panel Displays, which mean 100 Megapixels, with 30 x 10GE interfaces (1/3 Tera bit/sec) linked to OptIPuter, and a 60 TB Disk, driven by 30 unit cluster of 64 bit Dual Opterons. Many applications have been investigated in the fields of digital entertainment, medical image applications, and also Digital Archives. Among them, digital entertainment has the largest influence to the consumer market by two major services, Digital TV Broadcast and Beyond TV. In the field of Beyond TV, Digital cinema and ODS (Other Digital Stuff ) will be the most promising. As for Digital cinema, it provides movies in 24 frames/s progressive mode. The average bit rate of 4k Digital Cinema (4096×2160(4K)) is 7.6Gbit/s (8.8Mx12x3x24), which means a large transfer rate is required for the future access network systems even if an image compression is applied. The world first 4k digital cinema prototype system was developed by NTT in 2001.

First ITU-T Kaleidoscope Academic Conference

“4K P ure C inema” J oint F ield T rial - Ong oing F rom Oc tober 2005

Warner B ros - S ony P ic tures - P aramountNT T G roup - T oho C inema - Warner Myc al

GemNet21 Gbps Seattle

LAX

Japan US

Tokyo

Experimental line: 200 Mbps

OsakaDistribution center1（ＮＴＴWest）

Theater C（Toho）

ＮＴＴ’sFiber network

1 Gbps CineGrid over CENIC/PacificWave

GDMX*（WBEI）

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NTT’sFiber network

Yokosuka

Theater A（Toho）

Theater B （Toho）

Experimental line: 1 Gbps

Compression,Encryption, File wrapping

1 Gbps1 Gbps

Key center

Key management

* Global Digital Media Xchange

Distributioncenter 2(NTT) Dubbing,

Subtitling

1 Gbps

DaibaRoppongiTakatsuki

Studio（WBEI）

Studio（WBEI）

1 Gbps

BurbankColor adjust, Quality control

Figure 13- “4K Pure Cinema” Joint Field Trial

After many demonstrations, in 2005, Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI) announced the final overall system requirements and specifications for digital cinema, where Digital Cinema Initiatives, LLC (DCI) is a joint venture of Disney, Fox, Paramount, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Universal and Warner Bros. Studios [13]. DCI's primary purpose is to establish and document voluntary specifications for an open architecture for digital cinema that ensures a uniform and high level of technical performance, reliability and quality control. The defined specification is as follows. (1)Image format: 2048x1080 (2K) and 4096x2160 (4K), (2) Color: 12-bits/color, 4:4:4, SMPTE XYZ, (3) Frame rate: 24fps or 48fps for stereo, (4) Compression: JPEG 2000 up to maximum of 250 Mbps for distribution, (5) Encryption: AES 128 for Digital Cinema Package; SHA-2 (256bit) for Key, (6) Watermarking: invisible injection of time/screen ID in projected image. Figure 13 shows “4K Pure Cinema” Joint Field Trial done between NTT and a group of Warner Bros, Sony Pictures and Paramount. Figure 14 shows the in-theater system prototype of “4K Pure Cinema,” used in this trial[14]. As for ODS (Other Digital Stuff, On-line Digital Source), there have been many activities to transfer digital contents, such as NY Metropolitan Opera (HDTV), Holland Festival (Trial: 4K), Takarazuka Musicals (HDTV), Cinema Kabuki (HDTV), Saito-Kinen Concert by Seiji Ozawa ( Trial : 4K ), World Cup Succor in Germany (Trial : 5K), etc. Under this background, CineGrid was established as an initiative to provide media professionals access to global cyber-infrastructure capable of carrying ultra-high performance digital media using the photonic networks, middleware, transport protocols and collaboration tools

42

“4K Pure Cinema” Prototype In-Theater System

（In the projection room of VIRGIN TOHO CINEMAS）

4K Projector

SecureMedia Box

(SMB)

TheaterControl Box

(TCB)

Corpse BrideHarry Potter 4V for VendettaDaVinci Code

PoseidenMission Impossible

3+

Tokyo Film FestivalBatman Begins

Stealth

Figure 14- “4K Pure Cinema” Prototype In-Theater

originally developed for scientific research, visualization, and Grid computing[15]. In the process, “learn by doing” has been training the next generation, and cultivating global inter-disciplinary communities to help advance of the state of the art. CineGrid means people, facilities, networks and a not-for-profit organization. They present the requirement for networking as follows: (1) 2 hour 4K digital cinema contents(Non-compressed: 5TB, JPEG2000 Compressed: 250GB (1/20 compressed ratio) ), (2) File Transfer(10 hours over 1Gb/s link for Non-compressed, 30 minutes over 1Gb/s link for 1/20 compressed), (3) Real time streaming(6Gb/s Non-compressed, 300Mb/s 1/20 compressed), (4) Multicast function, (5) QoS Requirements (Packet Loss, Latency, Synchronization). The demonstration of CineGrid was done between Keio Univ. and Lucas Film Theater in December 2006.

Innovations in NGN – Future Network and Services

CineGrid@Lucas Film TheaterDecember, 2006

Keio DMCTokyo

CineGridInternational

Networks

Lucas Film Theater

UCSD San DiegoUSC LA

SyncNTT JPEG2000 Servers

Sony 4K

Audio

CineGridCaliforniaNetworks

Audio Server

Mixer

Sync

DVTS Sony DV

NTT JPEG2000

CODEC and Server

Olympus 4KCamera

50

Figure 15- CineGrid between Keio Univ. and Lucas Film Theater

There are many other high speed applications developed by scientists. In this sense, the demand for high speed data transfers, the traditional role of photonic network, will not be decreased yet during next decades.

6. CONCLUSION Requirements and several research activities of NWGN are discussed with detailed profiles of Japanese related projects. Especially photonic technology is shown to be important with long-tail applications currently developed, but also is re-considered from the point of energy reduction of communication services. As another view of power reduction, power reduction of network appliances and sensors is investigated and show the goal of energy consumption of these devices.

REFERENCES [1] FIND, http://www.nets-find.net/. [2] GENI, http://www.geni.net/. [3] FP7, http://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/index_en.cfm. [4] AKARI Project, http://nag.nict.go.jp/topics/20070430.html. [5] http://www.jpix.ad.jp/jp/techncal/traffic.html. [6] http://www.soumu.go.jp/s-news/2007/070822_2.html. [7] NEDO projects on Electronics and Information Technology,

http://www.nedo.go.jp/kankobutsu/pamphlets/kouhou/2007gaiyo_e/index.html.

[8] Joseph A. Paradiso, Thad Starner, "Energy Scavenging for Mobile and Wireless Electronics," IEEE Pervasive Computing, vol. 04, no. 1, pp. 18-27, Jan-Mar, 2005.

[9] L. Wang, Y. Kawahara, and T. Asami: “An Electrical Field Intensity Survey in Tokyo,” In Adjunct Proceedings of Fourth International Symposium on Ubiquitous Computing Systems (UCS 2007), November 2007.

[10] Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, http://www.tele.soumu.go.jp/.

[11] Yasuto Mushiake, "Antennas and Radio Propagation", Corona Inc., pp. 30-33, 1961.

[12] OptIPuter 100 MegaPixel, http://www.optiputer.net/news/ TRECCarticle.php.

[13] DCI, http://www.dcimovies.com/. [14] H. Sakamoto, K. Minami, K. Shirakawa,T. Fujii, Y. Saito,

and H. Yamane, "The“4K Pure Cinema” Joint Digital Cinema Trial," NTT Technical Review, Vol. 4 No. 7 July 2006.

[15] CineGrid, http://www.cinegrid.org/.

First ITU-T Kaleidoscope Academic Conference