Slide 1

Powerpoint Templates Lecture Sabah Arif abc@uol.edu.pk Introduction to Computing Slide 2 Components of system unit Slide 3 Objectives Overview Differentiate among various styles of system units on desktop computers, notebook computers, and mobile devices Identify chips, adapter cards, and other components of a motherboard Describe the control unit and arithmetic logic unit components of a processor, and explain the four steps in a machine cycle Identify characteristics of various personal computer processors on the market today, and describe the ways processors are cooled Define a bit and describe how a series of bits represents data Explain how program instructions transfer in and out of memory Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 3 See Page 209 for Detailed Objectives Slide 4 Objectives Overview Differentiate among the various types of memory Describe the purpose and types of expansion slots and adapter cards, and differentiate among slots for various removable flash memory devices Differentiate between a port and a connector, and explain the differences among a USB port, FireWire port, Bluetooth port, SCSI port, eSATA port, IrDA port, serial port, and MIDI port Describe the types of buses in a computer Explain the purpose of a power supply and describe how it keeps cool Understand how to clean a system unit on a computer or mobile device Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 4 See Page 209 for Detailed Objectives Slide 5 The System Unit The system unit is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 5 Page 210 Figure 4-1 Slide 6 The System Unit The inside of the system unit on a desktop personal computer includes: Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 6 Page 211 Figure 4-2 Drive bay(s)Power supplySound cardVideo cardProcessorMemory Slide 7 The System Unit The motherboard is the main circuit board of the system unit A computer chip contains integrated circuits Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 7 Page 212 Figure 4-3 Slide 8 Processor The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 8 Page 213 Multi-core processor Dual-core processor Quad-core processor Slide 9 processor CPU located on the motherboard. It carries out most of the work of a computer.CPU performs all operations on the data according to the given instructions. it executes instructions and tells other parts of computer what to do. Most of the work consists of calculations and data transfer. all functions of processor usually are on a single chip in personal computer. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 9 Slide 10 Cont.. The manufactures of processor chip are also providing multi-core processors. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 10 Slide 11 Multi-core processor A single chip that contains two or more separate processors is known as multi-core processor. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 11 Slide 12 Dual-core processor A dual-core processor is a chip that that contains two separate processors. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 12 Slide 13 Quad-core processor A quad-core processor is a chip that contains four separate processors. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 13 Slide 14 Processor Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 14 Page 213 Figure 4-4 Slide 15 Central processing unit CPU consists of two main units: ALU(arithmetic logic unit) CU(control unit) Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 15 Slide 16 Processor The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer. It controls and coordinates all activities of computer system. it performs this task by issuing necessary commands to different components of computer. Control unit also provides clock pulses that are used to regulate and control all operations in computer Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 16 Page 214 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Control Unit below Chapter 4 Slide 17 System. Important operations performed by control unit are follows: It fetches instruction from main memory. It interprets the instruction to find what operations to be performed. It controls the execution of instruction. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 17 Slide 18 The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 18 Slide 19 Processor For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 19 Page 215 Figure 4-5 Slide 20 Processor Most current personal computers support pipelining Processor begins fetching a second instruction before it completes the machine cycle for the first instruction Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 20 Pages 215 216 Figure 4-6 Slide 21 Processor The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz) Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 21 Page 216 Slide 22 Processor The leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 22 Pages 216 217 Figure 4-7 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Multi-Core Processors below Chapter 4 Slide 23 Processor Determine how you plan to use a new computer before selecting a processor Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 23 Page 218 Figure 4-8 Slide 24 Processor A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to burn up Require additional cooling Heat sinks Liquid cooling technology Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 24 Pages 219 - 220 Figures 4-9 4-10 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Liquid Cooling below Chapter 4 Slide 25 Processor Parallel processing uses multiple processors simultaneously to execute a single program or task Massively parallel processing involves hundreds or thousands of processors Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 25 Page 220 Figure 4-11 Slide 26 Interaction between CPU and RAM RAM and CPU are both placed on the motherboard.RAM is a temporary memory that stores data and instructions for CPU. The CPU takes data and instructions from RAM when required.CPU also places processed data in RAM. The interaction between CPU and RAM takes place every time an instruction is executed. This instruction takes place with the help of computer buses. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 26 Slide 27 Cont. RAM is connected to CPU through data bus, control bus and data bus. It is collectively known as system bus. The system bus consists of electrical paths to transfer information between CPU and RAM. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 27 Slide 28 Cont. The following steps are performed when CPU wants to read data from RAM: 1. CPU places the read request on control bus. CPU places the address of required byte or word on address bus. Memory unit reads the command and address. It puts the required data on data bus. CPU read the data from data bus. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 28 Slide 29 Cont The following steps are performed when CPU wants to write data to RAM. CPU places the write request on control bus. CPU places the address of the word where to write data on address bus. Memory unit gets ready to do the operation. CPU puts data on the data bus. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 29 Slide 30 Cont. Memory unit reads the data and places it in the required word. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 30 Slide 31 Data Representation Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and quality Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off Most computers are digital The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1) Bits and bytes Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 31 Page 221 Slide 32 Data Representation A computer circuit represents the 0 or the 1 electronically by the presence or absence of an electrical charge Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte. A byte represents a single character in the computer Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 32 Page 221 Figures 4-12 4-13 Slide 33 Data Representation ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most widely used coding scheme to represent data Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 33 Page 221 Figure 4-14 Slide 34 Data Representation Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 34 Page 222 Figure 4-15 Slide 35 Memory Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data Stores three basic categories of items: Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 35 Page 223 The operating system and other system software Application programs Data being processed and the resulting information Slide 36 Memory Each location in memory has an address Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB) Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 36 Page 223 Figure 4-17 Slide 37 Memory The system unit contains two types of memory: Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 37 Pages 223 - 224 Volatile memory Loses its contents when power is turned off Example includes RAM Nonvolatile memory Does not lose contents when power is removed Examples include ROM, flash memory, and CMOS Slide 38 Memory Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 38 Page 224 Figure 4-18 Slide 39 Memory Different types of memories are: Random Access Memory(RAM) Read-only Memory(ROM) Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 39 Slide 40 Random Access Memory(RAM) RAM stands for random access memory. It is also direct access memory. Random access means that each individual byte in entire memory can b accessed directly. RAM is used to store data and instructions temporarily. A program must be loaded into RAM before execution. RAM is a volatile memory. It means that its contents are lost when the power is turned off. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 40 Slide 41 Random Access Memory(RAM) RAM is read/write memory. CPU can read data from RAM and write data to RAM. it is used to store data and instruction while it is being executed. RAM is also called main memory or primary storage. RAM plays very important role in the processing speed of a computer. A bigger RAM size provides larger amount of space for processing. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 41 Slide 42 Random Access Memory(RAM) So the processing speed is increased. Most desktop computers have 512MB of RAM and allow the addition of memory if needed. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 42 Slide 43 Types of RAM 1:Dynamic RAM(DRAM) DRAM stands for dynamic random access memory. It is the least expensive kind of RAM. DRAM requires an electric current to maintain its electrical state. the electrical charge of DRAM decreases with time that may results in loss of data. DRAM is recharged or refreshed again and again to maintain its data. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 43 Slide 44 Dynamic RAM(DRAM) The processor cannot access the data of DRAM when it is being refreshed. that is why it is slow. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 44 Slide 45 2:Static RAM SRAM stands for Static Random Access Memory. It can store data without any need of frequent recharging.CPU does not need to wait to access data from SRAM during processing. That is why it is faster than DRAM. It utilizes less power than DRAM. SRAM is more expensive. It is normally used to build a very fast memory known as cache memory. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 45 Slide 46 Read- only Memory (ROM) ROM stands for read only memory. The instructions in ROM prepare the computer for use. These instructions can only be read but cannot be changed or deleted. It is not possible to write new information or instruction into the ROM. It stores data and instructions permanently. When the power switched off, the instructions stored in ROM are not lost. So it is called non-volatile Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 46 Slide 47 Read- only Memory (ROM) Memory. When the computer is switched on, the instructions in the ROM are automatically loaded into the memory of the computer. ROM contains a small set of instructions called ROM BIOS. BIOS stand for input/output system. these instruction tell the computer how to access hard disk, find operating system and load in it RAM. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 47 Slide 48 Types of ROM 1:Programmable read only memory(PROM) This form of ROM is initially blank. The user can write data and programs on it using special devices. The user can write data and instructions on it only once. If there is any error in writing the instructions, the error cannot be removed from PROM. The chip becomes unusable. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 48 Slide 49 Types of ROM 2:Erasable programmable read only memory(EPROM) This form of ROM is initially blank. The user can write data and programs on it using special devices. The data and programs written on it can be erased with special devices using ultraviolet rays. The user then can write new program on it. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 49 Slide 50 Types of ROM 3: electronically erasable programmable read only memory(EEPROM) In this memory user can erase and write instructions with the help of electrical pulses. If there is any error in writing the instructions, the user can erase the contents electronically. The contents of EEPROM can b modified easily. Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 50 Slide 51 Memory RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slots Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 51 Page 225 Figure 4-20 Slide 52 Memory The amount of RAM necessary in a computer often depends on the types of software you plan to use Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 52 Page 226 Figure 4-21 Slide 53 Memory Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 53 Page 227 Figure 4-22 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Windows ReadyBoost below Chapter 4 Slide 54 Memory Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions Firmware A PROM (programmable read-only memory) chip is a blank ROM chip that can be written to permanently EEPROM can be erased Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 54 Page 228 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click ROM below Chapter 4 Slide 55 Memory Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten CMOS technology provides high speeds and consumes little power Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 55 Pages 228 229 Figure 4-23 Slide 56 Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card An adapter card enhances functions of a component of the system unit and/or provides connections to peripherals Sound card and video card Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 56 Page 230 Figure 4-26 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Video Cards below Chapter 4 Slide 57 Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards With Plug and Play, the computer automatically can configure adapter cards and other peripherals as you install them Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 57 Pages 230 231 Figure 4-27 Slide 58 Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards Removable flash memory includes: Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC Cards/ExpressCard modules Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 58 Page 231 Figure 4-28 Slide 59 Ports and Connectors A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a system unit (sometimes referred to as a jack) A connector joins a cable to a port Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 59 Page 232 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Digital Audio Port below Chapter 4 Slide 60 Ports and Connectors Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 60 Page 232 Figure 4-29 Slide 61 Ports and Connectors On a notebook computer, the ports are on the back, front, and/or sides Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 61 Pages 232 - 233 Figure 4-30 Slide 62 Ports and Connectors Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 62 Page 233 Figure 4-31 Slide 63 Ports and Connectors A USB port can connect up to 127 different peripherals together with a single connector You can attach multiple peripherals using a single USB port with a USB hub Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 63 Page 234 Figure 4-32 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click USB Ports below Chapter 4 Slide 64 Ports and Connectors Other types of ports include: Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 64 Pages 234 - 236 Firewire port Bluetooth port SCSI port eSATA port IrDA portSerial portMIDI port Slide 65 Ports and Connectors A Bluetooth wireless port adapter converts a USB port into a Bluetooth port A smart phone might communicate with a notebook computer using an IrDA port Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 65 Page 235 Figures 4-33 4-34 Slide 66 Ports and Connectors A port replicator is an external device that provides connections to peripherals through ports built into the device A docking station is an external device that attaches to a mobile computer or device Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 66 Page 236 Figure 4-35 Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Docking Station below Chapter 4 Slide 67 Buses A bus allows the various devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with each other Data bus Address bus Word size is the number of bits the processor can interpret and execute at a given time Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 67 Page 237 Figure 4-36 Slide 68 Buses Expansion slots connect to expansion buses Common types of expansion buses include: Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 68 Page 238 PCI bus PCI Express bus Accelerated Graphics Port USB and FireWire bus PC Card bus Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 4, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click FireWire below Chapter 4 Slide 69 Bays A bay is an opening inside the system unit in which you can install additional equipment A drive bay typically holds disk drives Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 69 Page 238 Figure 4-37 Slide 70 Power Supply The power supply converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power Some external peripherals have an AC adapter, which is an external power supply Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 70 Page 239 Slide 71 Putting It All Together Home Intel Core 2 Duo or Intel Celeron Dual Core or AMD Sempron Minimum RAM: 2 GB Small Office/ Home Office Intel Core 2 Quad or Intel Core 2 Extreme or AMD Athlon FX or AMD Athlon X2 Dual-Code Minimum RAM: 4 GB Mobile Intel Core 2 Extreme or AMD Turion X2 Minimum RAM: 2 GB Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 71 Page 239 Figure 4-38 Slide 72 Putting It All Together Power Intel Itanium 2 or AMD Quad Core Opteron or Intel Quad Core Xeon or Sun UltraSPARC T2 Minimum RAM: 8 GB Enterprise Intel Core 2 Quad or Intel Core 2 Extreme or AMD Athlon FX or AMD Athlon X2 Dual-Core Minimum RAM: 4 GB Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 72 Page 239 Figure 4-38 Slide 73 Keeping Your Computer or Mobile Device Clean Clean your computer or mobile device once or twice a year Turn off and unplug your computer or mobile device before cleaning it Use compressed air to blow away dust Use an antistatic wipe to clean the exterior of the case and a cleaning solution and soft cloth to clean the screen Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 73 Page 240 Slide 74 Video: The Leopard with a Time Machine Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 74 CLICK TO START Slide 75 Summary Components of the system unit How memory stores data, instructions, and information Sequence of operations that occur when a computer executes an instruction Comparison of various personal computer processors on the market today How to clean the exterior and interior of a system unit Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World Chapter 4 75 Page 241