powerpoint presentations for passer/smith psychology: frontiers and applications by david k. jones...
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PowerPoint Presentations for PowerPoint Presentations for Passer/Smith Psychology: Frontiers Passer/Smith Psychology: Frontiers
and Applicationsand Applications
bybyDavid K. JonesDavid K. JonesWestminster Westminster
CollegeCollegeandand
Diane Feibel, Ed. D.Diane Feibel, Ed. D.Raymond Walters Raymond Walters
CollegeCollege
PowerPoint Presentations for:PowerPoint Presentations for:
Passer/Smith Psychology: Frontiers and Passer/Smith Psychology: Frontiers and ApplicationsApplications
Chapter 10Chapter 10
Emotion, Stress, and HealthEmotion, Stress, and Health
EmotionsEmotions
Emotions are positive or negative Emotions are positive or negative affective states affective states – Consist of cognitive, physiological, and Consist of cognitive, physiological, and
behavioral reactions to events that have behavioral reactions to events that have relevance to our goalsrelevance to our goals
– Emotions are responses, while motivators Emotions are responses, while motivators are stimuli to actionare stimuli to action
Adaptive functions of Adaptive functions of emotions (Frederickson, 1998)emotions (Frederickson, 1998)
Negative emotions Negative emotions narrow attention, narrow attention, enabling a response enabling a response to threat through to threat through increased increased physiological physiological activationactivation
Positive emotions Positive emotions broaden thinking broaden thinking and behavior, and behavior, enabling exploration enabling exploration and skill learningand skill learning
http://www.journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
Emotions are a form of social Emotions are a form of social communicationcommunication
– They provide observable information about They provide observable information about internal states and influence others’ internal states and influence others’ behavior toward usbehavior toward us
EmotionsEmotions
The Nature of EmotionsThe Nature of Emotions
Four common features of emotionsFour common features of emotions– Emotions are responses to eliciting stimuliEmotions are responses to eliciting stimuli– Emotions result from cognitive appraisal of Emotions result from cognitive appraisal of
the stimulithe stimuli– Bodies respond physiologically to stimuliBodies respond physiologically to stimuli– Emotions include behavioral tendencies, Emotions include behavioral tendencies,
including expressive behaviors and including expressive behaviors and instrumental behaviorsinstrumental behaviors
Emotions: Eliciting StimuliEmotions: Eliciting Stimuli
Biological factorsBiological factors– We come equipped We come equipped
to respond to stimuli to respond to stimuli that may have that may have evolutionary evolutionary significancesignificance
LearningLearning– Previous Previous
experiences can experiences can affect current affect current emotional emotional experiencesexperiences
The Appraisal ProcessThe Appraisal Process
Appraisals relate to what we think is Appraisals relate to what we think is desirable or not desirable for usdesirable or not desirable for us
Different appraisal processes cause Different appraisal processes cause different people to have different different people to have different emotional reactions to the same situationemotional reactions to the same situation
Appraisals influence both similar and Appraisals influence both similar and different emotional experiences cross-different emotional experiences cross-culturally culturally
HappinessHappiness
Factors in subjective well-beingFactors in subjective well-beinghttp://www.psych.uiuc.edu/~ediener/hottopic/hottopic.html
– Wealth is only weakly correlated with SWB Wealth is only weakly correlated with SWB (+.20)(+.20)
– Intelligence, educational level also weakly Intelligence, educational level also weakly positively correlatedpositively correlated
– Gender is not relatedGender is not related– AgeAge
http://www.apa.org/monitor/jan99/age.html
Happiness: Psychological Happiness: Psychological ProcessesProcesses
Downward comparison promotes Downward comparison promotes increased satisfaction, while upward increased satisfaction, while upward comparison promotes dissatisfactioncomparison promotes dissatisfaction
Research of David MyersResearch of David Myers
http://www.davidmyers.org/happiness/research.html
Physiological Components Physiological Components of Emotionsof Emotions
Limbic system Limbic system structures play structures play major roles in major roles in emotionsemotions– HypothalamusHypothalamus– AmygdalaAmygdala– Hippocampus Hippocampus
Physiological Components Physiological Components of Emotionsof Emotions
LeDoux (1996)LeDoux (1996)– Thalamus sends sensory input along two Thalamus sends sensory input along two
independent neural pathwaysindependent neural pathways One directly to the amygdala emotional andOne directly to the amygdala emotional and
behavioral behavioral reactionreaction
One to the cerebral cortex conscious One to the cerebral cortex conscious interpretationinterpretation
http://www.cns.nyu.edu/corefaculty/LeDoux.html
Physiological Components Physiological Components of Emotionsof Emotions
Evidence for the role of the amygdalaEvidence for the role of the amygdala– Removal of visual cortex in rats did not Removal of visual cortex in rats did not
impair classically conditioned fear impair classically conditioned fear response (LeDoux, 1989)response (LeDoux, 1989)
– People with hippocampal damage (unable People with hippocampal damage (unable to learn a connection between CS and to learn a connection between CS and UCS) still acquire a fear response UCS) still acquire a fear response (Bechara et al., 1995)(Bechara et al., 1995)
Physiological Components Physiological Components of Emotionsof Emotions
Hemispheric ActivationHemispheric Activation
– Evidence for left Evidence for left hemisphere activation hemisphere activation underlying some positive underlying some positive emotionsemotions
– Evidence for right Evidence for right hemisphere activation hemisphere activation underlying some underlying some negative emotionsnegative emotions
Physiological Components Physiological Components of Emotionsof Emotions
Sympathetic branch Sympathetic branch of the autonomic of the autonomic nervous system nervous system directly stimulates directly stimulates organs and musclesorgans and muscles
Endocrine system Endocrine system pumps stress pumps stress hormones into the hormones into the bloodstreambloodstream
Arousal patterns for basic emotions (e.g. anger,fear) may be different, but patterns for complex emotions (e.g. jealousy) may not
Evolution and Emotional Evolution and Emotional ExpressionExpression
Evidence for innate Evidence for innate fundamental fundamental emotional patternsemotional patterns– The expression of certain emotions is similar The expression of certain emotions is similar
across a variety of culturesacross a variety of cultures– Children blind from birth express basic Children blind from birth express basic
emotions as sighted children doemotions as sighted children dohttp://ls.berkeley.edu/dept/ipsr/ExtraPages/IPSRnews2.htm
#PSYCHTODAY2
http://ls.berkeley.edu/dept/ipsr/ExtraPages/IPSRnews2.htm#TIME
http://www.as.ua.edu/psychology/social/socperc.htm#faces
Culture and EmotionsCulture and Emotions
Different Different display rulesdisplay rules in different cultures in different cultures produce different emotional reactions to produce different emotional reactions to the same eventthe same event
E.g. In regions of Greece and Sardinia, a E.g. In regions of Greece and Sardinia, a thumbs-up is like a raised middle finger in the thumbs-up is like a raised middle finger in the U.S.U.S.
Culture and EmotionsCulture and Emotions
Yerkes-Dodson LawYerkes-Dodson Law
James-Lange TheoryJames-Lange Theory
Facial Feedback HypothesisFacial Feedback Hypothesis
Muscular feedback to the brain plays a Muscular feedback to the brain plays a key role in emotional experiencekey role in emotional experience e.g. Strack, Martin, & Stepper(1988)e.g. Strack, Martin, & Stepper(1988)
http://library.thinkquest.org/25500/index2.htm
http://www.gettysburg.edu/%7Earterber/psy101/emotion3.html
Facial Expression of EmotionsFacial Expression of Emotions
Cannon-Bard TheoryCannon-Bard Theory
StressStress
Defining stress:Defining stress:– Some define stress in terms of eliciting Some define stress in terms of eliciting
stimuli (or stimuli (or stressorsstressors))– Stress is also a Stress is also a responseresponse, with cognitive, , with cognitive,
physiological, and behavioral componentsphysiological, and behavioral components– Stress is a Stress is a person-situation interactionperson-situation interaction
StressStress
The appraisal processThe appraisal process– We appraise:We appraise:
The demands of the situation (primary The demands of the situation (primary appraisal)appraisal)
The resources available to cope with the The resources available to cope with the situation (secondary appraisal)situation (secondary appraisal)
The consequences of the situationThe consequences of the situation The personal meaning of the situation to usThe personal meaning of the situation to us
General Adaptation Syndrome General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye, 1976)(Selye, 1976)
Three phases:Three phases:
– AlarmAlarm– ResistanceResistance– ExhaustionExhaustion
Stress and Psychological Stress and Psychological DistressDistress
Stress Psychological Distress
Possible Relationships
Psychological Distress Stress
Psychological Distress Stress
Third Variable (e.g. personality trait)
Stress and Psychological Stress and Psychological DistressDistress
Excessive secretions of stress Excessive secretions of stress hormones can damage artery lininghormones can damage artery lining
Stress can cause breakdowns in Stress can cause breakdowns in immune system functioning immune system functioning
http://www.apa.org/monitor/jun99/stress.html
Stress and Psychological Stress and Psychological DistressDistress
Vulnerability factorsVulnerability factors
– Lack of a support Lack of a support networknetwork
– Poor coping skillsPoor coping skills– Anxious or Anxious or
pessimistic pessimistic tendenciestendencies
Protective factorsProtective factors
– Social supportSocial support– Good coping skillsGood coping skills– OptimismOptimismhttp://www.apa
.org/monitor/jun98/pess
.html
Stress and Psychological Stress and Psychological DistressDistress
Factors in hardiness (Kobasa et al., Factors in hardiness (Kobasa et al., 1982)1982)
– CommitmentCommitment– ControlControl– ChallengeChallenge
Factors in CopingFactors in Coping
Self-efficacy (Bandura, 1989)Self-efficacy (Bandura, 1989)– Conviction we can perform the behaviors Conviction we can perform the behaviors
necessary to provide a desired outcomenecessary to provide a desired outcome OptimismOptimism Finding meaning through spiritual Finding meaning through spiritual
beliefsbeliefs– Religious beliefs can also Religious beliefs can also increaseincrease stress stress
Methods of CopingMethods of Coping
Problem-focused copingProblem-focused coping– Strategies to attempt to deal with the demands Strategies to attempt to deal with the demands
of the situationof the situation– Used more by malesUsed more by males
Emotion-focused copingEmotion-focused coping– Manage the emotional responses resulting from Manage the emotional responses resulting from
the situationthe situation– Used more by femalesUsed more by females
Seeking social supportSeeking social support