powerpoint presentation: 'advanced biotechnology' 21st ... · 2o psii psi ferredoxin...
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14th Aspen Global Change Institute MeetingEnergy Options & Paths to Climate Stabilization
8 July 2003
“Advanced Biotechnology”21st Century Opportunities
for Greenhouse Gas Abatement
F. Blaine MettingPacific Northwest National Laboratory
Richland, Washington USA
Based on preliminary results from St. Michaels II, a workshop on“Biotechnology and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation”
Sponsored by the Battelle Global Energy Technology Strategy Project
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Biotech -- Major Points• Biotechnology is cross-cutting and so will have a
pervasive impact on 21st century energytechnologies
• Greatest impact is expected to be via enhancedbiological productivity and managementefficiency of crop, forest and dedicated biomassproduction
• Microbial biodiversity is a vast, untappedopportunity that will yield currently unforeseenbreakthroughs from the application of genomeand post-genome science to basicunderstanding
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A Revolution in Biology
• 1953 – DNA structure• 1970s – rDNA technology• 1980s – Metabolic
engineering• 1990s – Genomics• 21st Century – “Systems”
biology (post-genome biology)Biology and Computingare being integrated to achieve aPredictive Understanding ofliving systems
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Global Carbon ManagementTechnologies in the Current R&D Pipeline Are Not Enough
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090
Gig
aton
s /yr
IS92a(1990 technology)
IS92a
550 Ceiling
Where today’s technologywill take us
Where our current aspirationsfor technology will take us
Where we need to go tostabilize carbon
480 Gigatons
1300 Gigatons
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Potential Impact of Technology Systems (MMt C/yr)*Systems likely to be impacted by biotechnology
1990
2005
2020
2035
2050
2065
2080
2095
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Mill
ions
of T
onne
s of
C
arbo
n pe
r Yea
r
Low Carbon Fuels Production, Capture, & Seq.BioEnergy ProductionSoil SequestrationStationary Fossil Power Capture & Seq.End-Use Efficiency & ConservationSolarNuclear550ppm
Global United States
Low-Carbon Fuels Production, Capture, & Sequestration* 186 27BioEnergy* 90 15
Soil Sequestration* 51 6
Stationary Fossil Power Capture & Sequestration* 51 5
Energy Efficiency* 42 14Solar 34 0Conservation (“Doing with Less”) 17 12Nuclear 13 0
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Biotech – Potential Impacts(~ order of magnitude, Gt/century)• Dedicated Biomass
Biofuels (including H2), Biopower
• Soil Carbon Sequestration
• Direct Microbial H2 Production
• Microbial CO2 Capture
• Nitrogen Fixation
• Energy Efficiency ApplicationsWaste treatment, Fossil energy biotechnology,Industrial biotechnology
100
10
1
Dark horses ?
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A Biomass Future
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Primary energy (exajoules/yr), 550 ppm CO2 stabilization
MiniCAM B2 550 1.5% Ag Productivity
0100200300400500600700800900
1,0001,1001,2001,300
1990 20052020 20352050 20652080 2095
Exaj
oule
s pe
r Yea
r
WindSolarNuclearHydroBiomassCoalGasOil
Increasing general agricultural productivityincreases the size of the biomass market
MiniCAM B2 550 0.5% Ag Productivity
0100200300400500600700800900
1,0001,1001,2001,300
1990 2005 2020 2035 2050 2065 2080 2095
Exaj
oule
s pe
r Yea
r WindSolarNuclearHydroBiomassCoalGasOil
Biotechnology Insights fromIntegrated Assessment Models
Biotechnology Insights fromIntegrated Assessment Models
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Biomass -Energy CropsBiomass -Energy Crops
Hybrid Poplar
Switch Grass
Biotechnology – Accelerating the rate of domestication and acquisition of desired traits
Constraints – Yields, Available Land, Geographic Distribution
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Domesticated Domesticated PopulusPopulus Attributes Attributes
• Enhanced photosynthetic efficiency
• Controlled C allocation
• No response to competition
• Reduced height growth
• Less (or more) extensive root system
• Improved wood chemistry
• Pest resistance
• Optimized photoperiod response
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Biorefinery of the Future
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•Lignocellulosic feedstock•Closed loop process•Zero GHG emissions•Use of engineered microbes•Complete “cracking” of “crop residues”to products
Biorefinery of the FutureBiorefinery of the Future
FermentationPump Pipeline Final Fermentation *
Biomass Harvest
Distillation/
Dehydration/
Scrubber
CentrifugationEvaporation
Drying
Condensate
Syrup
Electricity Ethanol
Microbialcells
Liquid/Gasadditives
EnzymesMicrobial Cells
Process additives
“cracking”Monitoring and control
Chemicals ChemicalsAnimal feeds
ChemicalsAnimal feeds
Chemicals
Biomass
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AM Fungi
Aggregates
Slow & Stable PoolsC & N
CN,P
C,N
N,P
C,N,P
Microbes
CO2
C,N,P
N,P
CO2CO2
Biotechnology Impacts on Soil Carbon Sequestration
BiotechnologyBiotechnology
BiotechnologyBiotechnology
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14
Microbial Diversity & Versatility
Photosynthetic bacteria
Filamentous fungi
Extremophiles
Microalgae
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Cellulase molecular machineConverting Cellulose to Glucose
Potential - Make lignocellulosics a viable energyfeedstock for creating the biomass energyindustry.
Microbial Biotechnology -Understanding Molecular Machines
Then putting them to work
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Microbial Hydrogen (H2) Production
1. Direct Biophotolysis (simultaneous, single-cell, single stage, H2 -andO2 production)
O2 H2
H2O PSII PSI Ferredoxin Hydrogenase
Green Microalgae
2. Direct Biophotolysis (with spatial separation of H2 -andO2 production) O2 CO2 (recycle) CO2 H2
H2O PSII PSI (CH2O)n (CH2O)n- Ferredoxin Nitrogenase
PSI ATP
Vegetative Cells Heterocysts
Heterocystous N2-fixing Cyanobacteria
[NOTE: These are generalized schematics. Ferredoxin also represents other electron carriers]
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Microbial Hydrogen (H2) Production
3. Indirect Biophotolysis (Single cell H2 and O2 production, separated temporally or spatially)
O2 CO2 (recycle) CO2 H2
H2O PSII PSI (CH2O)n (CH2O)n- PSI Hydrogenase
First Stage Second Stage
Green Microalgae
4. Photofermentation (Single Cell, no O2 Production).
CO2 H2 Photosynthetic
Bacteria(CH2O)n- Ferredoxin Nitrogenase
Bacterial PS ATP
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Microbial Hydrogen (H2) Production5. Dark Fermentation (No O2 Production) Anaerobic Bacteria
5.1. Maximum H2 Production coupled to growth
2CO2 4H2
(CH2O)6- Ferredoxin Hydrogenase + 2 CH3COOH
5.2. Maximum Stoichiometric H2 Production
6CO2 12H2
(CH2O)6- Ferredoxin Hydrogenase
6. Microbial Shift Reaction (Dark process) Anaerobic Bacteria
CO + H2O H2 + CO2
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Microbial Fixation of CO2 and N2
Microalgae and Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic Bacteria
Opportunities Include:
• CO2 Capture: Flue Gases & Direct Atmospheric
• Waste and Wastewater Treatment
• Coupled H2 and CH4 Production
• Fertilizer Production
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Impact of Biotechnology: One Example
Challenge: Photosynthetic Efficiency
Is 10% solar energy efficiency a realistic target?
Potential Approaches:
Enhanced enzyme efficiency• Directed evolution• Rational redesign
Structural Engineering – Reaction Center Complex
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0 200 400 600 800 1000
1000
800
600
400
200
0
SOLAR RADIATION (W/m2)
RATE
OF
PHO
TOSY
NTHE
SIS
(rel.
uni ts
)
PARAMETRIC CHARACTERIZATIONOF THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
vs SOLAR RADIATIONVARIABLE CHLOROPHYLL: RC RATIOS
20:1
50:1
100:1
200:1
Antenna Size and Photosynthetic Efficiency
Photosynthetic Electron-Transport Chain
200 Chl 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Photosynthetic Electron-Transport Chains
Problem: Light Saturation Solution: Reaction Center Structural Re-engineering
Biotechnology Approach to Enhance Photosynthetic Efficiency
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Acknowledgement This presentation is based on material presented at the St. Michaels II Workshop by the following people – Forthcoming as a published workshop proceedings.
Jae Edmonds, John Clarke & Norm RosenbergJoint Global Change Research Institute
Michael Knotek, Consultant to the U.S. Department of EnergyGerald Tuscan, Stan Wullschleger, Robin Graham, Janet Cushman &
Elias Greenbaum, Oak Ridge National LaboratorySteven Thomas, Min Zhang & Michael Seibert,
National Renewable Energy LaboratoryCharles Rice, Kansas State UniversityScott Angle, University of MarylandBlaine Metting, Michael J. Scott & Linda Lasure
Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryJohn Benemann, ConsultantAlfred Spormann, Stanford UniversityHideaki Yukawa, Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, KyotoJohn Houghton, U.S. Department of Energy