21st century aquaculture from empirical farming towards a knowledge-based biotechnology 21st century...
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21st Century Aquaculturefrom empirical farming towards a knowledge-based biotechnology
21st Century Aquaculturefrom empirical farming towards a knowledge-based biotechnology
Patrick Sorgeloos Patrick Sorgeloos Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center
ARC alumni - September 17, 2009
FISH: source of proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, ...
• Oceans are deserts• 60% of fishery resources over-fished or at risk !
from FAO
Fertilising and feeding carp ponds in China
polyculture chicken / fish farming
polyculture aqua / agriculture
Predictable availability of fry, fingerlings, postlarvae, seed,
spores, ...
Overview of different phases in aquaculture productions
marketstockingongrowing
frypostlarvae
seedlarvae
eggssperm
embryos
broodstockspawners
wild wild wild wild
market
FOOD aquaculture BUSINESS aquaculture
Asia, esp. China – long historylarge production
Recent developments - successful new industry
BUSINESS aquaculture
biologytechnologyprofitability
Aquaculture Systems: cages
Photo Schneider
Courtesy Nutreco
Aquaculture Systems: ponds
Photo Azim Courtesy Harache
Courtesy Harache
Aquaculture Systems: tanks
Photo Eding
Aquaculture Systems: indoor systems
Photo Schneider
Photo SchneiderPhoto Schrama
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Thousand tonnes
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
others
Japan
Australia
USA
Ireland
Faeroe Islands
Canada
Scotland
Chile
Norway
World salmon production per country
from FAO
Pangasius catfish in Vietnam
> 1,000,000 tons/year
Pangasius farming in Vietnam
surface area production yield
Pond farming of Penaeid shrimp
Taiwan
Ecuador
Chinese mitten crabEriocheir sinensis
17. 5 31. 2 41. 560
80100
172
232
286
340380
500
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005Year
Annu
al y
ield
10（
3 to
n）
annual production yiels
Mussel farming
Scallop farming
Red and brown algae farming in China
seaweeds 14 mT (10% in value)
fish 30 mT (55% in value) molluscs 14 mT (15 % in value)
crustaceans 4 mT (20% in value)
Aquatic plants Crustaceans Fish Other Molluscs
aquaculture production by species & environment
Marine31.2 Mt
Freshwater27.8 Mt
Brackish3.8Mt
from FAO
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160million metric tons
80 85 90 95 2000
year
Global Aquatic Production
34.1% or42.8 million ton
in 2001
9.7%
Human Consumption of Fish:1990: 13 kg / person2000: >16 kg / person
Total
Fisheries
Aquaculture
48 % in 2005 or >60 million ton
FAO, 2009
from FAO
Europe imports >60 % of its aquatic foodstuffs
Trade flows of aquatic products into Europe
in US$ millions, c.i.f.; averages for 2004–06
from FAO
“Aquaculture is probably the fastest growing food-producing sector, and currently accounts for almost 50% of the world’s food fish and is perceived as having the greatest potential to meet the growing demand for aquatic food.”
“Given the projected population growth over the next two decades, it is estimated that by 2030 at least an additional 40 million tons/year of aquatic food will be required to maintain the current per caput consumption.”
INCREASED MARKET DEMAND
stagnantcapture fisheries
INCREASED aquaculture production
environmental problems?human health risks?
sustainable?
more responsible farming !
Priorities for future aquaculture:
from empiricial farming
towards
a knowledge-based bio-industry
Aquaculture: the blue biotechnology of the future ?
• better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche markets
•
• •
•
•
•
Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial towards a knowledge-based bio-industry
Species selection, biodiversity issues, market demands, etc.
herbivorous species diversificationhighly recommended
! market demands ?
! health risks ?
• better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche markets
• complete independence from natural stocks through domestication
• •
•
•
•
Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial towards a knowledge-based bio-industry
Overview of different phases in aquaculture productions
stockingongrowing
extensiveintensive
frypostlarvae
seedlarvae
eggssperm
embryos
broodstockspawners
wild wild wild wild
market
hatc
hery
- algae- rotifers- artemia
• better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche markets
• complete independence from natural stocks through domestication
•development of more efficient stocks through selective breeding
•
Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial towards a knowledge-based bio-industry
wild stock
domesticatedstock
breeding program
genetic improvement
breedingobjectives
geneticvariation
• disease resistance• growth rate• size / quality• feed conversion• fecundity• ease of domestication
Marine fish larviculture in the Mediterranean
• annual production of 1 billion fry • production cost 15 Euro cents a piece• average survival 20 % by day 60• low survival = critical bottleneck for future cost
efficiency and sustainability of the industry• microbial interference considered to be the main
culprit• no selected breeds available yet
Predictable & cost-effective availability of high-quality fry, fingerlings, postlarvae, seed,
spores, ...
disease free
disease resistantcertified seed
Mud crab : Scylla spp.
Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Penaeid shrimp
Turbot
Sea bass
Larviculture research
Oyster veliger
The magic of the green-water technique
water quality conditioning
light shading direct f
ood source
trigger digestive system supply of micro-nutrients &
immunostimulants
microbial control
Need for innovative microbial management systems
Quantitative analysis of
the bacterial community
Qual/Quant analysis of the bacterial composition
Biochemical analysis
e.g.antimicrobial substances
Biochemical analysis
e.g.antimicrobial substances
Host gene expression
analysis
Marker genes
Host gene expression
analysis
Marker genes
Fish and shellfish Fish and shellfish larvae validationlarvae validationFish and shellfish Fish and shellfish larvae validationlarvae validation
Gnotobiotic Artemia test
system
Gnotobiotic Artemia test
system
Quorum sensing analysis
Probiotic bacteriaPathogenic
bacteria
Feeds
Antimicrobial Peptides
ImmunostimulantsQuorum sensing
compoundsProbiotic bacteria
Pathogenic bacteria
Micro Algae /Feeds
Antimicrobial Peptides
Immunostimulants
PerformancePerformance
Artemiasystem
Gnotobioticmodel
systems
Gnotobiotic
Heat-shock proteins
How to study host-microbial interactions?
known micro-
organisms
host
environment
hostsimplificati
on
complex gnotobiotic
reality?
MC
Effect of light stress on survival of xenic sea bass larvae
Axenic sea bass larvae are not sensitive to light stress
Gnotobiotic sea bass test system to study host-microbial interactions
0102030405060708090
100110120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
time (day)
s urv
ival (%
)
axenic
xeniclight
dark
dark
light
UGent Aquaculture R&D Consortium(partners in the study of microbial management systems)
Faculty of Bioscience Engineering
Animal Production - P. Sorgeloos en P. Bossier Biochemical and Microbial Technology – W. Verstraete and N. Boon
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Morphology – W. Van den Broeck Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases – A. Decostere Virology, Parasitology and Immunology – H. Nauwynck
Faculty of Sciences
Biochemistry, Physiology and Microbiology – P. Vandamme and P. De VosBiology – D. Adriaens and W. Vijverman Molecular Genetics – D. Inzé, Frank Van Breusegem
• better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche markets
• complete independence from natural stocks through domestication
• development of more efficient stocks through selective breeding
• more microbial management for more sustainable production
•
• •
Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial towards a knowledge-based bio-industry
70 % of all farmed fish are produced in ponds
What is the role of the microflora ?
Recent documentation:30 % N contribution from bio flocs !
Bio flocs
• better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche markets
• complete independence from natural stocks through domestication
• development of more efficient stocks through selective breeding
• more microbial management for more sustainable production
• better understanding of immune systems in vertebrates and invertebrates to develop appropriate measures for disease prevention and/or control
•
• •
Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial towards a knowledge-based bio-industry
DISEASE TREATMENT(antibiotics)
DISEASE PREVENTION
consumerenvironment
DISEASE CONTROL
preventive measures
GOOD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ° water quality ° aeration ° seed ° stress ° feeds ° effluent treatment
SINGLE AND DUAL EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF
SPECIFIC PATHOGEN-FREE Litopenaeus vannamei
SHRIMP WITH WHITE SPOT SYNDROME VIRUS
AND VIBRIO SPECIESPhD Le Hong Phuoc
Vibrios
Unstressed shrimp
No mortality
Vibrios
Stressed shrimp
Mortality
Vibrios
Non-compromised shrimp
No mortality
Vibrios
WSSV-compromised shrimp
Mortality
Role of stress factors Role of other pathogens
Polymicrobial diseases in the field
Conclusions & Recommendations for Shrimp Farms
• use SPF strains (also in research)
• apply strict biosecurity
• control vibriosis
• better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche markets
• complete independence from natural stocks through domestication
• development of more efficient stocks through selective breeding
• more microbial management for more sustainable production
• better understanding of immune systems in vertebrates and invertebrates to develop appropriate measures for disease prevention and/or control
• more attention for integration of restocking activities with fisheries management
• •
Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial towards a knowledge-based bio-industry
• juvenile fitness• releasing strategies• impact on wild stocks
RESTOCKING
• better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche markets
• complete independence from natural stocks through domestication
• development of more efficient stocks through selective breeding
• more attention for integration of restocking activities with fisheries management
• better understanding of immune systems in vertebrates and invertebrates to develop appropriate measures for disease prevention and/or control
• more microbial management for more sustainable production
• more polyculture systems especially in coastal and off-shore farms, integrating different niches of the ecosystem (fish, shellfish and seaweeds) and maximizing nutrient recycling
•
Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial towards a knowledge-based bio-industry
FOOD aquaculture BUSINESS aquaculture
EXTRACTIVE aquaculture
nutrient recycling
FED aquaculture
FOOD aquaculture BUSINESS aquaculture
intensify
polyculture
Integrated farming of marine fish (cage), seaweeds and molluscs (longlines
& lantern nets)
> 5 km
• better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche markets
• complete independence from natural stocks through domestication
• development of more efficient stocks through selective breeding
• more attention for integration of restocking activities with fisheries management
• better understanding of immune systems in vertebrates and invertebrates to develop appropriate measures for disease prevention and/or control
• more microbial management for more sustainable production
• more polyculture systems especially in coastal and off-shore farms, integrating different niches of the ecosystem (fish, shellfish and seaweeds) and maximizing nutrient recycling
• full independence from fisheries stocks for lipid and protein ingredients in aquatic feeds
Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial towards a knowledge-based bio-industry
The fish meal / fish oil contradiction
ALTERNATIVE PROTEIN / LIPID SOURCES plant protein
soybean corn gluten wheat oats barley
rendered products meat, bone & blood meal poultry by-products meal
single-cell protein /oil recovery protein /oil
seafood processing fisheries by-catch
human health concern?
disease risks?
essential amino acids n-3 and n-6 fatty acids
microbial products genetically-engineered ?
SUBSTITUTION / SUPPLEMENTATION
quality concerns
antibiotics pesticides
Meer omega-3 in dieet = meer vis
contaminants
Fish consumption
omega-3 FA(EPA&DHA)
Positiveto health
Negativeto health
Nutritional-toxicological
conflict
Mercury
PCBs
Dioxins
Risico met visserij NIET met aquacultuur
ViFINET
NACA
AsianFisheriesSociety
China AquaFishNet
China Societyof Fisheries
• FAO/NACA Aquaculture certification
• facilitated contacts between the FAO/NACA initiative and GAA, EUREPGAP, Thai Marine Shrimp Association…
• Thailand Department of Fisheries & Thai Frozen Foods Association
• offered networking services and contactsfor info session on Thai quality assurance programs at Seafood Brussels 2007 and 2008
• Pangasius farming in Vietnam – export to Europe
• facilitated contacts between NACA, WWF Vietnam’s PAD, Research Institute of Aquaculture nr 2, Can Tho University and Marine Harvest Pieters
IMPORTANCE OF NETWORKING
• what is VIFINET• Vietnamese Fisheries and Aquaculture Institutes
Network• establishment in 2005 facilitated by major ASEM
Aquaculture Platform members (Ghent, Wageningen & Trondheim Universities)
• unites 4 universities and 4 research institutes
• objective• to promote collaboration among aquaculture
education and research institutions in Vietnam
• activities related to VIFINET• Best Management Practice in shrimp culture• Training Facility project (Belgian Embassy funding)• WAS Asian-Pacific Chapter conference ’07 in Hanoi • Pangasius Aquaculture Dialogue (PAD) by WWF &
NACA
CAMBODIA
LAOS
CHINA
Can Tho
Ho Chi Minh City
Nha Trang
Hanoi
Haiphong
Hue
•
•
•
•
IMPORTANCE OF NETWORKING
• what is China AquaFishNet• consortium of leading 5 Chinese universities and 5 research
institutes • establishment facilitated by major ASEM Aquaculture Platform
members (Ghent, Wageningen & Trondheim Universities)
• objective• to promote collaboration
among aquaculture educationand research institutions in China
• planned activities • exchange of students and staff between the China and Europe
(practical training and/or course modules)• develop a priority list of joint research topics (→ joint FP7
projects)• make bilateral agreements for PhD study collaboration• …
75% = water
Training & extension
Mozambique, VAIS
Kenya, VLIR EI
Crater Lakes in W-Uganda salt (extraction) lakes freshwater lakes
www.aquaculture.ugent.be