Land Use and Transport for Low Carbon Cities

Sunny Kodukula, Project Coordinator, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Energy and Environment

UNCRD - Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) Forum

October 2018, Ulaanbataar, Mongolia

Urban structures

Urban Transport Planning Approach

• Focus on automobiles

• Expand road networks

• Predict and Provide

• Parking is a need for cars

Traditional Approach

• People centred planning

• Focus on green areas

• Walking, Cycling and Public Transport

• Car restraint measures

Sustainable Approach (non-

traditional?)

Experience from Traditional Approach

- High demand for space

- High impact on health and environment

- High impact on traffic

- High demand to travel

- Urban sprawl

- Increased trips and lengths

5

05.10.15 Seite 1

� Manfred Breithaupt �

Changing Course in

Urban Transport

- High demand for space

- High impact on health and environment

- High impact on traffic

- High demand to travel

- Urban sprawl

- Increased trips and lengths

Experience from Traditional Approach

Is the use of space efficient?

6

05.10.15 Seite 1

� Manfred Breithaupt �

Changing Course in

Urban Transport

Is the use of space efficient?

Car-oriented planning

Delhi: current situation Is this the future we are heading to ?

Car-oriented planning: indicators❯ Sources:

❯ 1. Colorado Springs, Colarado, USA –Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg

❯ 2. Houston, TX, USA – Source: http://www.photohome.com/pictures/texas-pictures/houston/downtown-houston-4a.jpg

❯ 3. Ontario Highway 401, Canada – Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Highway_401.png

8

05.10.15 Seite 1

� Manfred Breithaupt �

Changing Course in

Urban Transport

Car-oriented planning: indicators

Sources:

1. Colorado Springs, Colarado, USA – Source: http:/ / en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ File:Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg

2. Houston, TX, USA – Source: http:/ / www.photohome.com/ pictures/ texas-pictures/ houston/ downtown-houston-4a.jpg

3. Ontario Highway 401, Canada – Source: http:/ / en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ File:Highway_401.png

Low density

Segregated zoning

Excessive road infrastructure

Tale of two cities

Atlanta

❯ Population: 5.25 million

❯ Urban area: 4,280 km2

❯ CO2 Emissions from urban transport: 7.5 T CO2 /ha/yr(public + private transport)

❯ About 500,000 public transport trips / weekday

Atlanta, GA, USA

Barcelona, Spain

❯ Population: 5.33 million

❯ Urban area: 162 km2

❯ CO2 Emissions from urban transport: 0.7 T CO2 /ha/yr(public + private transport)

❯ About 2.6 million trips / day

❯ 953 million boardings/year

Way we move

❯Cities with similar population and the use of private transport

Figu

res

no

t to

sca

le. S

ou

rce:

Th

e N

epti

sFo

un

dat

ion

, 20

07

Public Transit and urban density

Source: Kodukula and Rat, 2018

0K 1K 2K 3K 4K 5K 6K 7K 8K 9K 10K 11K 12K 13K 14K 15K 16K 17K 18K 19K 20K 21K 22K

UrbanDensit y

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

45.00%

50.00%

55.00%

60.00%

65.00%

Pu

bli

cT

ran

sp

ort

Bremen

2004

Munich

2011

St ut t gart

2004

Amst erdam

2014

Barcelona

2013

Berlin

2012

Bilbao

2004

Bogot a

2008

Bost on

2016

Brussels

2010

Budapest

2011

Chicago

2016

Delhi

2011

Eindhoven

2004

Indore

2011

Jakart a

2011

London

2016

Madrid

2006

Malmö

2011Melbourne

2016

Milan

2007

Moscow

Mumbai

2011

Osaka

2000Oslo

2013

Paris

2010

Pune-PimpriChinchwad

2011

Rajkot

2011

SanJose

2016

Shanghai

2011

Singapore

2011St ockholm

2004

Tokyo

2008

Turin

2004

Vancouver

2016

Vilnius

2011

UrbanDensit yvsPublicTransport use

Count ry

Aust ralia

Aust r ia

Belgium

Canada

China

Colombia

Denmark

France

Germany

Hungary

India

Indonesia

It aly

Japan

Lit huania

Net her lands

NewZealand

Norway

Poland

Russia

Singapore

Spain

Sweden

Swit zerland

Taiwan

Unit edKingdom

Unit edSt at es

SumofUrbanDensit yvs.sumofPublicTransport .Colorshowsdet ailsabout Count ry.ThemarksarelabeledbyCit yandsumofF9.

Urban density and energy

Sustainable approach

❯ Integrating Land Use and Transport!

10

05.10.15 Seite 1

� Manfred Breithaupt �

Changing Course in

Urban Transport

Principles of Sustainable approach

High density, compact

development

Mixed land uses

Transit oriented

development

Pedestrian / NMT scale

Integration is not rocket science

• To increase access to Public Transport, Walking andCycling so as to reduce dependency on personalizedmodes.

• To encourage people to travel short distances and makefewer trips.

• To encourage compact mixed use development nearnew or existing public transportation infrastructure thatprovides housing, employment, entertainment and civicfunctions within walking distance of transit.

• To reduce the fuel and energy consumption in themotorized forms of transport, reducing pollution andadverse impact on natural environment.

What carries how much?

Equivalency road width: In order to carry 20,000 automobile commuters PHPD, a highway must be at least 18 lanes wide. (assumption 1.2 passengers per automobile)

Source: Manfred Breithaupt (2016) based on Botma & Papendrecht, TU Delft 1991 and own figures

19k

PPHPD Range 1.5k-2k

Mixed Traffic

40k – 60k

Heavy Rail/ Metro

60k – 90k

Suburban Rail(e.g. Mumbai)

14k

Cyclists

9k

BRT single lane

Pedestrians

5k

Regular Bus

??

BRTdouble lane

Light Rail

18k – 20k

2k 8k 14k15k,

Curitiba

19k

20k43k,

Bogota80k, HKK

>100k, Mumbai

Maximum PPHPD achieved

Accessibility + Mobility

❯ Accessibility: the ease of reaching a desired destination

❯ Mobility: Movement required (type of movement..)

Transport

• Transportation Policies, investments affect the accessibility, mobility and also the connectivity

Landuse

• The kind, size and location of a particular land can have direct effect on transport system

The 3Ds of land-use

❯Density

❯Diversity / mixed land use

❯Design

❯ Destinations (availability of jobs etc.)

❯ Distance to transit

High density / compact development

❯High density does not necessarily mean high-rise

❯High rises require large setback that result in similar density as low rise development

❯Mid-rise development (say 80% residences in 6-10 storey apartments) is optimal.

❯ It is important to note that most S. Asian cities already have high densities

Barcelona, Spain – Source: http://www.indie-holidays.com/destinations.php?city=2

Density: How not to…

❯ Inhuman scale

❯Not integrated with transit

❯Segregated zoning

❯What is the problem with a downtown?

Source: http://travelingcolors.net/post/24217917137/urban-sprawl-las-vegas-nevada-by-cocoim

Houston, TX, USA – Source: http://www.photohome.com/pictures/texas-pictures/houston/downtown-houston-4a.jpg

Diversity

❯ Is this diversity?

Diversity

❯ Mixed Land-use reduces the necessity to make some trips

❯ Distance travelled is greatly reduced

❯ Complemented by a good public realm with space for walking and cycling

Source: City of Buenos Aires, 2015

Design:Who do we give the space?

Source: City of Buenos Aires, 2015

Who do we design the spaces for

Source: City of Buenos Aires, 2015

Design of services

❯Not just urban space

Source: City of Buenos Aires, 2015

Pedestrian friendly connectionsto encourage walkability

Transit Oriented Development (TOD)

Transit users benefits

Transit operatorbenefits

Benefits to society

▪ More destinations near transit stations

▪ Better walking conditions

▪ Increased security near transit stations

▪ Increased ridership

▪ Lower costs per rider

▪ Better image

▪ Reduced traffic▪ Reduced public

infrastructure / service costs

▪ Community liveability

▪ Increased property values / business activity / tax

Source: Litman, 2006

Copenhagen

❯Concept of 1947

❯Over 170 kms of s-tog train lines

❯Over 400 km of bicycle lanes

Barcelona

Superblocks benefits

We know it is bad…but

❯Why do people still drive?

Source: Pereira and Schwanen, 2013

How do we do it?

❯ Integrate land use and transport

❯Don’t focus on single corridor solutions

❯ Integrate, integrate, integrate

❯Don’t control land prices but guide urban development

❯Know what kind of city you want!

Source: City of Buenos Aires, 2015

Thanks for the attention

❯Sunny KodukulaProject CoordinatorWuppertal Institute, Germany

santhosh.kodukula@wupperinst.org

T: +49 20 22 49 22 59 F: +49 20 22 49 22 50Skype: santhosh.kodukulaTwitter: @sunnykodukulaLinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/santhoshkodukula/