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•Exam #1 W 9/26at 7-8:30pm in UTC 2.102A(bring cheat sheet)
•Review T 9/25 at 5pm in WRW 102 and in class 9/26
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Fig 8.11
DNA contains the information to make RNA and/or proteins.
Protein
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• Alternative splicing produces related but distinct protein isoforms
Fig 9.20
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Luciferase Gene (from fireflies) Expressed in a Plant
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4.7% 0.34% 0.22%100%
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A processed mRNA ready for translation
Protects from degradation/ recognition for ribosome
Protects from degradation/ transport to cytoplasm
5’ untranslatedregion
3’ untranslatedregion
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Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.
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The Genetic Code:64 codons20 amino acids1 start codon3 stop codons
Fig 9.6
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Fig 8.11
Translation involves different RNA’s
Protein
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• rRNA folds up by intramolecular base pairing
Fig 9.12
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• Ribosomes are made of both RNA and protein
Fig 9.11
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• On the ribosome, the mRNA, tRNA’s, and growing polypeptide come together
Fig 9.13
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• The structure of transfer RNA Fig 9.7
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Fig 9.14
Translation initiation sequences along with the start codon signals the start of translation
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• Translation initiation in eukaryotes
Fig 9.16
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The poly-A tail and 5’ cap are involved in translation initiation
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The Genetic Code:64 codons20 amino acids1 start codon3 stop codons
Fig 9.6
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Fig 9.10Redundancy in codons means that some tRNAs bind to the codon via wobble
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mRNAs are usually translated by multiple ribosomes simultaneously
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In bacteria, transcription and translation occur simultaneously
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• Termination of translation by binding of release factor (a protein) to the stop codon
Fig 9.18
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• All protein interactions in an organism (C. elegans) compose the interactome
Fig 9.22
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Fig 14.1
post-translational modifications:
activation, inactivation,
destruction, and translocation
Protein
RNA synthesis
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What makes us who we are?
Nature and Nurture
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Imprinting:exposure to movement sets “mother”
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Fig 4.4
X/Y chromosomes in humans:genes = traits
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Human Chromosomes
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Twin studies have been used to determine the heritability of various traits, but there
are some caveats.
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Correlation of weight (BMI) %Biological siblings 34Parents and children living together 26Identical twins reared together 80Identical twins reared apart 72Fraternal twins reared together 43Adopted children and parents 4Unrelated children living together 1
*But food preference shows little genetic correlation
Correlation of weight and relatedness
The nature of environmental influences on weight and obesity: A behavior genetic analysis. Grilo, Carlos M.; Pogue-Geile, Michael F.; Psychological Bulletin, Vol 110(3), Nov 1991. pp. 520-537. And two books by Matt Ridley: Nature via Nurture (2003) and Genome: the Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters (1999)