powerpoint ebooks

8/2/2019 Powerpoint Ebooks

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_òecj Fbkec [ibfbk ]`|bq}èd{ [bf}jc{bs cdk [qcededl

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Xese{ rs QELI[ D@\ IBQB#
http://www.howtopowerpoint.org/http://www.howtopowerpoint.org/http://www.howtopowerpoint.org/


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6/61

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cdk ef}co{edl fbclb$
http://www.howtopowerpoint.org/http://www.howtopowerpoint.org/http://www.howtopowerpoint.org/http://www.howtopowerpoint.org/


9/61

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10/61

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11/61

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12/61

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gd`| `rq OB@* AK Kcjb* ic cd bojbo{eo {u}b `h {c{b cdk c jeli{juboobd{qeo kbeld {ujb$ Ib

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Icxedl h`rdk d`db {ic{ ib sre{b clqbbk |e{i* ib `}bdbk r} c ]`|bq]èd{ ibjj cdk abled {`

kbeld ie `|d or{`f kbg$ \ibd cgbk |iu ib kek {ie* {ib a` ef}ju cek> cjj kbg {ic{

E,xb j``gbk c{ cqb srcqb cdk E {q`dlju keclqbb |e{i srcqb$ [ib qbc`d e e{ qb}qbbd{ c a`y

{ic{ |b cqb h`qobk {` jexb ed hq`f {ib oqckjb {` {ib lqcxb$

\ic{ ib ocfb r} |e{i |c c q`rdk kbg {ic{ qbbfajb cd `jk oi``j qbob}{e`d kbg$ @db

feli{ ab h`rdk ed f`kbqd kcu H`q{rdb 2== o`f}cdeb$ \ibd ib {cq{bk kbeldedl ed

]`|bq]èd{ ib qbcjju ick je{{jb ekbc `h {ib byco{ {u}b `h q`rdk kbg ib |cd{bk i`|bxbq c ib

|`qgbk {iq`rli {ib }qòb* redl ]`|bq]èd{ `dju* ie ekbc |c qbcje~bk$

Ib {``g {ib kbeld {` cd `hheob hrqde{rqb {`qb cdk {ibu |bqb cajb {` fcgb ie xee`d `h c

qbcje{u$ \iu |`rjk `fb`db fcgb {ib {c{bfbd{ ]`|bq}èd{ e ef}ju o`d{cedbq h`q ekbc cdk

d`{ {ib fbcd {` lbdbqc{b {ibf0

[ib j`leo l`b c roi> {ib l`cj h ]`|bq]èd{ e {` o`ffrdeoc{b ekbc cdk d`{ dbobcqeju

lbdbqc{b {ibf$ [ic{ e cededb# Cdu`db |i` {iedg {ic{ ekbc cqbd,{ }eo{rqb* hcej {` qbcje~b

|ic{ {ib oqbc{exb }qòb co{rcjju edx`jxb$


13/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb 3?

Cj{i`rli |b k`d,{ icxb bd`rli }cob {` kbcj |e{i cjj {ib o`f}`dbd{ edx`jxbk ed {ib oqbc{exb

}qòb* oiebh cf`dl {ibf e {ie> cd ekbc {ic{ }`} ed{` `rq fedk cj|cu {cgb `d `fb `q{

`h xercj qbo`lde{e`d$ E{ o`rjk ab c |`qk* c keqbo{e`d* }q`kro{* bqxeob* o`f}cdu `q |ic{bxbq

bjb {ic{ ekbc bd{cej$

Ar{ qblcqkjb `h |ieoi `h {ibb {iedl fcgb r} {ib ekbc* eh d`{iedl bjb* e{ e c }eo{rqb# @db

}èd{ |ieoi {ibb }b`}jb |i` }r{ h`q{i roi h``jeidb cu cdk E co{rcjju clqbb |e{i e redl

{ibb `h{|cqb }q`lqcf {` lbdbqc{b ekbc {cgb rdkbq{cdkedl `h i`| {` rb {ib kqc|edl

{``j |e{ied {ibf$

[` helrqb `r{ }q`lqcf rdgd`|d {` bdk rbq o`rjk ab c kcrd{edl {cg# @db {iedl |b,xb bbd

hqbsrbd{ju |e{dbbk e bd{qb}qbdbrqecj ~bcj abedl rhhòc{bk au jcog `h rdkbq{cdkedl `d i`|

{` rb {boid`j`lu$

Eh u`r k`d,{ gd`| i`| {` rb {ib kqc|edl {``j {` lbdbqc{b u`rq ekbc* k` e{ `jk oi``j {ujb

cdk aqbcg`r{ c }bdoej cdk }c}bq# I`|bxbq* d` jb{ u`rq jcog `h rdkbq{cdkedl `d i`| {` rb

roi `h{|cqb kcf}bd u`rq ~bcj {` jbcqd i`| {`$

]`|bq}èd{ {` Xekb`

Edxb{elc{edl ]][ {` xekb` e `db `h {ib f`{ ef}`q{cd{ {b} |e{i oqbc{edl Aqcdk qbo`lde{e`d {ic{ u`r

|ejj {cgb$ \iejb fcdu cqb `djedb j``gedl h`q ]`|bq]èd{ {` xekb` o`dxbqe`d `h{|cqb* {ibqb cqb fcdu

`}{e`d |e{ied {ib kbg{`} c}}jeoc{e`d u`r cjqbcku }`b$ \iu |`rjk cdu`db |cd{ {` rb

]`|bq]èd{ xekb` acoglq`rdk0


14/61

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[ib cd|bq {` {ic{ srb{e`d e ef}ju {ie> oqbc{edl }`|bq }èd{ e cj`* ed ckke{e`d {`

o`ffrdeoc{edl xbqacj fbclb* c lqbc{ {``j {` aqedl aqcdk o`de{bdou {` u`rq }q`kro{ cdk

bqxeob$

[ib heq{ {b} |ieoi dbbk {` ab {cgbd abh`qb ]`|bq]èd{ jekb ocd ab {qcde{e`dbk ed{` xekb`

acoglq`rdk e {` crqb {ic{ u`rq ]`|bq]èd{ e o`de{bd{ |e{i {ib qb{ `h u`rq fcqgb{edl

je{bqc{rqb$

C irlb fe{cgb bxbd {ib cxxu fcqgb{bq fcgb e {` o`ffrdeoc{b f`qb {icd `db aqcdk

fbclb coq` frj{e}jb fcqgb{edl }jc{h`qf$ [` cxèk {ie* `db dbbk {` be{ibq qb|`qg {ibeq

orqqbd{ fcqgb{edl je{bqc{rqb {` jedb r} |e{i {ibeq ]`|bq]èd{ acoglq`rdk `q* kbeld

acoglq`rdk {ic{ jedb r} cdk cqb xbqu o`de{bd{ |e{i orqqbd{ fcqgb{edl je{bqc{rqb$

C hrq{ibq srb{e`d |ieoi qbsreqb cgedl e eh |b ibcq c ]`|bq]èd{ grdl Hr keclqbb |e{i

]`|bq]èd{ {` xekb` o`dxbqe`d `h{|cqb0 [` ab c }jced c }èajb* D@# Dbxbq{ibjb* |ic{

|b k` keclqbb |e{i e aredb `|dbq `q bf}jùbb `h cd `qlcde~c{e`d {cgedl {ib bcu |cu

`r{ o`dobqdedl o`dxbq{edl ]`|bq]èd{ {` xekb`

\b cqb d`{ lèdl {` cu {ic{ {ibqb e d`{ c {efb cdk c }jcob h`q roi `h{|cqb$ I`|bxbq* {ib

srb{e`d {ic{ fr{ ab cgbk au {i`b oqbc{edl ]`|bq]èd{ }qbbd{c{e`d e> eh u`r cqb redl

bcu o`dxbqe`d `h{|cqb* kek u`r }r{ {`lb{ibq cd bcu }qbbd{c{e`d$

Abh`qb lèdl cdu hrq{ibq |b |ejj }qbhcob {ib o`ffbd{ |b cqb ca`r{ {` fcgb |e{i {ie> eh u`r

icxb {cgbd {ib {efb dbbkbk {` oqbc{b c lqbc{ }qbbd{c{e`d cdk lqbc{ jekb* cdk u`r cqb be{ibq

ed c qri cdk cjqbcku rdkbq{cdk i`| {` fcdrcjju oqbc{b ]`|bq]èd{ {` xekb` acoglq`rdk* |b

obq{cedju clqbb |e{i u`rq kboee`d$

Ed `rq n`rqdbu {` ]`|bq]èd{ }bqhbo{e`d* |b icxb keo`xbqbk {ic{ bcu jekb {ic{ |bqbd,{

oqbc{bk |e{i {ib ]`|bq]èd{ fedkb{* `h{bd jbck {` c fedkb{ |ieoi cu bxbqu{iedl ca`r{

oqbc{edl i`rjk ab bcu$


15/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb 32

@d cdu lexbd kcu {ibqb cqb fejje`d `h bcqoib h`q hqbb ]`|bq]èd{ acoglq`rdk* hqbb

]`|bq]èd{ lqc}ieo* hqbb ]`|bq]èd{ {by{* cdk hqbb ]`|bq]èd{ }qbbd{c{e`d$ Cj{i`rli |b k`

d`{ jegb redl ojeoi {ie obq{cedju c}}jeb> u`r cj|cu lb{ |ic{ u`r hcej {` }cu h`q$

Cjj |b cqb cuedl ibqb* e {ic{ |ibd oi`èdl {` {cgb {ib {b} `h oqbc{edl c acoglq`rdk h`q

xekb` |e{i ]`|bq]èd{* }jbcb rdkbq{cdk {ic{ {ib {i`rli{ u`r }r{ ed{` }qbbd{c{e`d

acoglq`rdk |ejj ab keqbo{ju qbhjbo{bk |ibd u`r {cdk ed hq`d{ `h u`rq crkebdob$

H`q fcdu |i` c{{bdkbk c }qbbd{c{e`d* {cgb d`{b `h nr{ c hb| {iedl {ic{ u`r feli{,xb bbd$

[i`b {ic{ {qrlljb {` o`ffrdeoc{b fbclb* {i`b |i` lb{ {rog `d {ib |q`dl jekb cdk k`

d`{ gd`| i`| {` l` acog `q h`q|cqk cdk {i`b |i` |bqb rdbd{irec{eo ca`r{ |ic{ {ibu cqb

o`ffrdeoc{edl$

Bcqjebq ed {ie }`{ |b fbd{e`dbk hqbb cb{ `d {ib Ed{bqdb{ c e{ o`dobqd oqbc{edl lqbc{ jekb$

]jbcb k` {ie eh {ic{ e |ic{ e{ {cgb {` o`ffrdeoc{b u`rq fbclb$

Ed ojèdl* |b |cd{ {` bdo`rqclb cjj `h `rq qbckbq {` l` {` `rq ]`|bq]èd{ oc{cj`l cdk bb

i`| abcr{ehrj }qbbd{c{e`d ocd ab eh u`r `dju {cgb {ib {efb abh`qb o`dxbq{edl ]][ {` xekb`* {`

crqb u`rq fbclb bhhbo{exbju o`ffrdeoc{bk$

]jbcb l` {` `rq i`fb }clbI`| {` ]`|bq}èd{ cdk {cgb ckxcd{clb `h `rq `hhbq# ]cq{ `h {ie

`hhbq e cd ed&kb}{i xekb` {r{`qecj `d i`| {` }q`krob bcu xekb` |e{i \edk`| Jexb F`xeb

Fcgbq ed o`dnrdo{e`d |e{i ]`|bq}èd{$


16/61

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Cqb Aruedl ]`|bq}èd{ _`h{|cqb0

_` u`r |cd{ {` aru ]`|bq}èd{0 [ibqb cqb fcdu {iedl |ieoi dbbk {` ab o`dekbqbk abh`qb

cdu kboee`d e fckb$ Heq{* {cgedl c ael }eo{rqb xeb| qbsreqb rdkbq{cdkedl i`| {` rb e{

bhhbo{exbju$

@db {iedl {ic{ cdu }qbbd{bq ic {` {cu c|cu hq`f c{ cjj o`{ e {ib abjebh {ic{ |ic{ {ibu

icxb {` cu* e f`qb ef}`q{cd{ {icd hrjhejjedl crkebdob dbbk$ \ibd c{{bdkbb cqb }r{ heq{* e{ e

c rqb ab{ {ic{ {ib o`d{bd{ `h u`rq }qbbd{c{e`d |ejj ab a`{i j`dl&jc{edl cdk bhhbo{exb$

[ibqb cqb bxbd srb{e`d oqe{eocj {` rdkbq{cdkedl dbbk$ [i`b srb{e`d ocd ab* ar{ d`{

jefe{bk {`>

\ic{ cqb {ibu jegb0 \iu kek {ibu o`fb {` u`rq }qbbd{c{e`d0 \ic{ gbb} {ibf r} c{ deli{0 Ocd u`r `jxb {ibeq }qàjbf {iq`rli u`rq }qbbd{c{e`d0 Crfedl kbjexbqu `h cd bhhbo{exb }qbbd{c{e`d* |ic{ cqb dby{ {b}0 \ic{ qbe{cdob feli{ {ibu lexb {` fbcledl0 \ic{ {``j cdk {boidesrb cqb ab{ {` hrjhejj by}bo{c{e`d0

[` cd|bq {ib srb{e`d |ic{ cqb {ibu jegb* kbf`lqc}ieo `h u`rq crkebdob e c lqbc{ }jcob {`

{cq{$ [` o`ddbo{ heq{ fbcd rdkbq{cdkedl }bq`dcj dbbk$ F`qb ef}ju }r{* {cgb c |cjg ed

{ibeq i`b cdk rdkbq{cdk |iu {ibu rbk {i`b xbqu cfb i`b {` |cjg ed{` u`rq

}qbbd{c{e`d#

[ib qbc`d |iu {ibu ocfb e c xbqu ef}jb srb{e`d |e{i c ef}jb cd|bq> u`r icxb `fb{iedl

{ic{ fcu ed{bqb{ {ibf cdk e{ e u`rq nà {` fcgb {ibf rdkbq{cdk {ie#

\ic{bxbq e{ e {ic{ gbb} {ibf r} c{ deli{ ed,{ co{rcjju {ibeq }qàjbf* e{ e u`rq `}}`q{rde{u$

Oc}e{cje~edl `d {ie `}}`q{rde{u fbcd qbo`lde~edl {ic{ f`{ c{{bdkbb icxb o`fb {` icxb c

}boeheo* lb`&{cqlb{bk dbbk fb{$


17/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}`ed{$`ql ]clb 3

Lb{{edl cdk ke{qear{edl aredb ocqk e kbck& [u}eocjju* }b`}jb |ejj {cgb u`rq aredbocqk* c u`r k` cj` {` {ibf* cdk {eog e{ ed c aqebhocb* |cjjb{ `q `{ibq cdk h`qlb{ e{ e

bxbq {ibqb$ \b qbo`ffbdk sreogju keobqdedl |i` |c {ib f`{ ef}co{bk ed {ib q``f

cdk effbkec{bju bdlcledl {ibf {iq`rli db&`d&`db o`dxbqc{e`d$

@hhbq hqbbaeb & \i` k`bd,{ jegb hqbb e{bf0 Abh`qb gbu kboee`d&fcgbq jbcxb* fcgbrqb {ic{ u`r be{ibq }jcob c hqbb e{bf ed {ibeq icdk `q `hhbq {ibf `fb{iedl {ic{ {ibu

icxb {` l` {` u`rq |bae{b {` qbobexb$

@qlcde~b cjj hqbb |baedcq h`q ed{bqb{bk c{{bdkbb & [ibqb, c {bdkbdou {` |edk k`|dch{bq c }qbbd{c{e`d |ibd {cjgedl {` {i`b f`{ ed{bqb{bk ed hr{rqb h`jj`|&r}$ K`d,{ ab

`xbqo`fb au {ie udkq`fb* gbb} u`rq }ce`d cdk kqexb cjexb |ibd kbjexbqedl

ed{qro{e`d h`q dby{ {b}$

Eh u`r,xb k`db bxbqu{iedl u`r ocd hq`f {ib o`dob}{e`d cjj {ib |cu {iq`rli c lqbc{ kbjexbqu* u`r

icxb {` coob}{ {ic{ {ibqb cqb {ejj {i`b |i` |ejj qbe{ u`rq fbclb$ Cj{i`rli e{ fcu ab

{bf}{edl {` lc{ibq x`jrfb `h h`jj`|&r}* `dju h`or `d {i`b |ieoi u`r abjebxb {ibqb e c

hr{rqb |e{i#

[ib {``j cdk {boidesrb rbk au u`r* {ib }qbbd{bq* fr{ ab {cej`qbk {` crkebdob dbbk$ \b

cek ed c }qbxe`r }`{* e{ e ef}bqc{exb {` lc{ibq ed{bjjelbdob cdk kbf`lqc}ieo `d u`rq

crkebdob abh`qb bxbq {cq{edl {` }qb}cqb$ \ibd |b cu ed{bjjelbdob* |b k`d,{ crfb {ic{ cjj

{ib c{{bdkbb cqb ed{bjjelbd{ }b`}jb#


18/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb 39

\e{i {ic{ cek* {ibqb cqb lèdl {` ab {i`b* eh u`rq }qbbd{c{e`d e bhhbo{exb {ic{ |ejj bb {ib

xcjrb `h |ic{ u`r cqb }qbbd{edl$ Heq{ {qr{ u`rq ed{edo{ `d |i` e bdlclbk cdk crfedl

{ibb cqb gbu kboee`d&fcgbq `{cq{ {` arejk u`rq ojebd{ je{ ableddedl |e{i {ibf$

Icxedl qcebk f`qb f`dbu cdk hrdkedl h`q o`f}cdeb {icd E ocd o`rd{* jb{ fb lexb u`r {ie

fcjj ae{ `h ckxeob> {ibqb e lèdl {` ab c eh{edl }qòb bxbd |e{i {i`b f`{ co{exbju bdlclbk

krqedl cdk ch{bq {ib fbb{edl$

K`d,{ }bdk {`` froi h`jj`|&r} {efb {quedl {` coorfrjc{b hrq{ibq ed{bqb{* eh {i`b |i` u`r

abjebxbk hr{rqb ojebd{ d`| bbf rded{bqb{bk$

Kbseldbqs ]`|bq}èd{ Bo`&sus{bf

[ibqb e `fb{iedl {ic{ ic {` ab ckkqbbk |e{i c ]][ ]qbbd{c{e`d$ [ic{ o`dob}{ e gd`|d c

{ib }qbbd{c{e`d boù{bf$ C {ib }qbbd{bq ed c fbb{edl* u`r qbju `d {ib dbyr `h ekbc

lqc}ieo cdk bybor{e`d {` lb{ u`rq fbclb coq`$

I`| fcdu {efb icxb u`r abbd ed c }qbbd{c{e`d cdk u`r c{ |`dkbqedl nr{ hexb* `q fcuab 3=

fedr{b ed{` {ib }qbbd{c{e`d* |iu u`r |bqb bxbd {ibqb0


19/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb 35

[ib }qbbd{bq fcu ab xbqu |bjj }qb}cqbk* ar{ {ibu h`ql`{ {` o`ffrdeoc{b {ibeq fbclb cdk

hòr `d {ib o`d{bd{ kbjexbqbk xercjju$ Ed {ie obdcqe`* e{ e xbqu jegbju {ic{ {ib }qbbd{bq

hòr `d {ib fbclb {ibu |cd{bk {` o`ffrdeoc{b au edkexekrcj jekb&ar{ h`ql`{ {` lexb {ic{

cfb c{{bd{e`d {` {ib xercj {`qu cdk {ib kbjexbqu jbl `h ]`|bq}èd{$

Ubcq cl`* |ibd |b heq{ ablcd {ie n`rqdbu {` jekb }qbbd{c{e`d }bqhbo{e`d* |b dbxbq hòrbk

`d {ib xercj }`q{e`d `h {ib jekb boù{bf |ieoi* {qr{ihrjju* {ib acoglq`rdk e c }cq{ `h$

Fcdu ubcq jc{bq* |b,xb |bjj qbo`lde~bk {ib kec{q`r bhhbo{ `d crkebdob c{{bd{e`d |ibd {ib

}qbbd{c{e`d boù{bf k`bd,{ kbjexbq {ib dbobcqu xercj bdlclbfbd{ {` lb{ {ib fbclb

coq`$

\ib{ibq `q d`{ {ib o`d{bd{ cdk kbjexbqu cqb l``k* }``qju o`d{qro{bk fbkec |ejj h`qob

c{{bdkbb {` |cjg c|cu jeli{ju cle{c{bk cdk hbbj c eh {ibu |c{bk {ibeq {efb$

Bxbd |`qb* xercjju cabd{bbef |e{i xercj fbclb cdk jcog `h ojcqe{u ocd ocrb c

rao`doe`r jcog `h {qr{ ed |ic{ |c nr{ }qbbd{bk$

@db {iedl {ic{ e dbbkhrj {` }r{ {`lb{ibq lqbc{ }qbbd{c{e`d e {` cd{eoe}c{b crkebdob dbbk$

Ede{ecjju* fcdu fcu d`{ bxbd gd`| |iu {ibu i`|bk r} `{ibq {icd icxedl qbobexbk cd

edxe{c{e`d `q cqb qbsreqbk {` k` `$

E{ e u`rq nà {` }q`xekb {ic{ ojcqe{u {iq`rli {ib dbyr `h xercjju c}}bcjedl }qbbd{c{e`d*

oiq`d`j`leocjju `qkbqbk jekb* cdk frj{efbkec cb{$[ie e |ic{ e gd`|d c c bde{exb

boù{bf$ _{qegedl c icqf`de`r acjcdob e ef}`q{cd{ abocrb `kk cqb ieli {ic{ u`r abbd `d

a`{i ekb `h {ib }`kerf$

[ie ef}ju fbcd u`r,xb abbd a`{i {ib }qbbd{bq cdk cd crkebdob fbfabq7c c }qbbd{bq*

{ie qbcje{u fcu }q`krob c dc{rqcj {bdkbdou e {` {cu ed u`rq `|d jekb ~`db$


20/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb 1=

_{b}}edl `r{ `h {ib jekb ~`db e |ic{ e dbobcqu {` aqedl cjj `h {ib gbu hbc{rqb `h u`rq

}qbbd{c{e`d {`lb{ibq$ D`{iedl e f`qb kcdlbq`r {` kbjexbqu `h c lqbc{ fbclb {icd {` {cu

jògbk ed u`rq `|d jekb o`fh`q{ ~`db$

[ib srb{e`d {ibd abo`fb7 i`| k` E {b} `r{ `h fu o`fh`q{ ~`db cdk {ejj kbjexbq cd bhhbo{exb

}qbbd{c{e`d0

_{b}}edl `r{ `h u`rq o`fh`q{ ~`db e oqe{eocj$ Gd`|edl {ie* u`r i`rjk o`dobd{qc{b `d {|` gbu

hbc{rqb `h bhhbo{exb }qbbd{c{e`d$ [ib heq{ e d`{ edbq{edl ` froi {by{ {ic{ u`r jògu`rqbjh

ed{` c obq{ced fedkb{$

Abedl hjbyeajb bxbd |ibd u`r ajedkju abjebxb u`rq cd{eoe}c{e`d `h crkebdob dbbk fr{ ab }cq{ `h

}qb}cqc{e`d$ [ib qbc`d e {ic{ u`r ocd cd{eoe}c{b crkebdob dbbk ub{ {ejj ab edbhhbo{exb au d`{

qb}`dkedl {` {ibeq effbkec{b dbbk$

[ib }qbbd{bq ocd {qu c icqk c {ibu }èaju ocd {` gbb} {ib crkebdob `d [IBEQ fbclb* ar{

`db srb{e`d* ocd {cgb {ib o`dxbqc{e`d ed{` c |i`jb kehhbqbd{ keqbo{e`d# [ib bo`dk e u`r

icxb {` rdkbq{cdk {ic{ }`|bq }èd{ cqb d`{ \`qk kòrfbd{* {ibu cqb srb&ocqk$

\ic{, {ib kehhbqbdob0 [ib kehhbqbdob e {`` froi {by{ `d c jekb abo`fb ke{qco{edl {` u`rq

crkebdob fbfabq$ [ibu |ejj }bdk f`qb {efb qbckedl {ib {cy abbd je{bdedl {` u`r$ I`| e

{ie qeg fe{elc{bk0

Eh c{ cjj }èajb* }r{ d` f`qb {icd hexb `q ey |`qk au bcoi arjjb{ }èd{ e{bf* `d bcoi jekb$

Dby{* fcgb rqb {ic{ {ib frj{efbkec }`q{e`d `h u`rq }qbbd{c{e`d* |ib{ibq e{ ab xekb` `q crke`

`q `{ibq* e {qc{bleocjju jòc{bk {` d`{ `dju o`ffrdeoc{b u`rq fbclb* ar{ |ejj aqedl

crkebdob acog {` c hòrbk {c{b `h fedk krqedl ke{qco{edl f`fbd{$

Ed }cq{ {|` `h {ie }`{ bqeb* |b cqb lèdl {` kbcj |e{i byco{ju |ic{ {ib }qbbd{c{e`d

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{` icxb ed u`rq }qbbd{c{e`d$


21/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb 13

Sreog ]qbsbd{c{e`d [e}s

[`kcu |bqb lèdl {` {cjg {` ca`r{ sreog }qbbd{c{e`d {e} c e{ o`dobqd `fb{iedl {ic{ e xbqu

dbcq ed kbcq {` `rq ibcq{$ \e{i {ic{ cek* |ic{ |b cqb {cjgedl ca`r{ e ]`|bq]èd{$ ]`|bq]èd{

e ferdkbq{``k h`q c hb| qbc`d {ib heq{ `h {i`b e xbqu ef}jb$

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cdk {ie e |iu {ibuqb ocjjbk ]`|bq}èd{# E{ nr{ gejj fb |ibd E bb c ]`|bq]èd{ {ic{ |`rjk

`{ibq|eb ab kbobd{* |e{i {ib |i`jb }cqclqc}i `h edh`qfc{e`d$

]cqclqc}i cqb h`q kòrfbd{* arjjb{ }èd{ cqb gbu {` lqbc{ jekb$[ib dby{ {iedl {ic{ qbcjju

a`{ibq r e |ibd |b bb }b`}jb {ic{ àxe`rju ick `fb`db bjb kbeld {ibeq ]`|bq]èd{cdk {ibu icxbd{ k`db ` {ibfbjxb$

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i`|bxbq* |ic{ e ack e |ibd `fb`db `r{`rqob {ie |ejj icxb `fb`db

bjb cdk {ibu k`d{ {cgb {ib {efb {` fc{bq {ib ranbo{ fc{{bq* |e{ied {ib

o`d{by{ `h i`| e{ e }qbbd{bk#

\ic{ cqb {ib eld {ic{ `fb`db ic d`{ fc{bqbk {ibeq `|d ]`|bq]èd{

ranbo{ fc{{bq0 Heq{* |ibd {ibu bbf {` {rfajb {iq`rli {ib }qbbd{c{e`d$ _bo`dk* |ibd {ibu

ocd{ helrqb `r{ |ib{ibq {ibu cqb lèdl acog|cqk `q h`q|cqk* ie{ jekb {qcde{e`d {` ``d c

{ibu |`qg {iq`rli {ibeq }qbbd{c{e`d$

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}èd{edl `r{ e {ic{ |ibd e{ o`fb {` ]`|bq]èd{ }qbbd{c{e`d* {ibqb e cd cjj`{{bk {efb `h

ed{bdb {rku cdk oqbc{e`d |ieoi e fcdkc{`qu {` a`{i oqc{b cdk kbjexbq c lqbc{ }qbbd{c{e`d$

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{` oqbc{b$ Ar{ |ic{ E |ejj cu e {ic{ eh e{ nr{ c hb| i`rq* u`r cqb lèdl {` i`| c{{bdkbb i`|

rdkbkeoc{bk u`r cqb {` {ib ranbo{ fc{{bq$ E{ fc{{bq d`{ |ib{ibq e{ nr{ c 32 fedr{b {bcf


22/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb 11

aqebh* `q c hrjj |`qgi`}* u`r i`rjk c{ {ib jbc{ {cgb c{ jbc{ 1= i`rq `d c ]`|bq]èd{

}qbbd{c{e`d$

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bfacqqc u`rqbjh ed hq`d{ `h gbu kboee`d&fcgbq# Efcledb eh u`r |ejj* {ic{ u`rq a` e ed {ib

q``f* {ibu {`jk u`r i`| ef}`q{cd{ c }qbbd{c{e`d |c cdk u`r {``g `db `q {|` i`rq cdk

kekd{ lb{ u`rq }èd{ coq`$

\ic{ |`rjk {ic{ o`{ u`r0 \ic{ gedk `h {qr{ |`rjk {ic{ bq`kb ab{|bbd u`r cdk u`rq

effbkec{b r}bqxe`q0 [` cd|bq {ic{ srb{e`d e {` l` {` {ib ibcq{ `h |iu u`r dbbk {` {cgb

u`rq {efb oqbc{edl c lqbc{ }qbbd{c{e`d$

H`rq Oqroecj Oqbc{e`d [e}s

Ed ]cq{ 1 `haredb }}{ * |b keorbk lqbc{ {e} h`q kb}jùedl ef}co{hrj ]`|bq}èd{

}qbbd{c{e`d$ [` o`dojrkb {ie {iqbb }`{ bqeb* ibqb cqb `rq hedcj h`rq {e}$ Abh`qb lèdl

{ibqb* e{ fcu ab rq}qeedl {ic{ |b icxbd,{ {cjgbk ca`r{ o`qqbo{ h`d{* acoglq`rdk b{o$ [ib

qbc`d h`q {ie cqb {iqbb&h`jk7

[ibqb cqb `{ibq |bae{b {ic{ kbcj |e{i roi {iedl$ \b cqb ed{bqb{bk ed {bcoiedl u`r{ib }uoi`j`lu h }qbbd{c{e`d$

U`r gd`| u`rq aredb ab{{bq {icd cdu `{ibq$ \ibd u`r jbcqd bhhbo{exb fedk&b{* {ibqb{ |ejj hcjj ed{` }jcob$

\b,xb {cgbd cjj `h {ib lrb |`qg `r{ `h ]`|bq}èd{ kbeld#

Oibog r{ rq ]`|bq}èd{ Grdl&Hr oc{cj`l abj`|* h`q hrq{ibq edh`qfc{e`d7


23/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb 1?

]`|bq}èd{ [bf}jc{b cdk Xekb` Bkroc{e`d

U`rq ]`|bq}èd{ FR_[ AB u`rq }bq`dcje{u7

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cdk kbjexbqu$ [ibb {iqbb {iedl fr{ icxb c dbyr |ieoi }r{ h`q{i u`rq }q`kro{* bqxeob

fbclb cdk }bq`dcje{u* ed c oìbexb$ \e{i {ib oc{cj`l* `rq }cq{eorjcq kbeld {ujb* e {ic{ `h

HJCQB#

Chheqf }èd{ `h c{{bdkbb ar{ DBXBQ o`dobkb `db

Qbfbfabq* u`r,xb k`db u`rq qbbcqoi cdk {`` o`dobkb c }èd{ {` cd c{{bdkbb |ejj fcgb u`r

c}}bcq c eh u`r k`d,{ gd`| |ic{ u`r cqb {cjgedl ca`r{$ ]`|bq}èd{ o`dxbu u`rq xeb| `d c

fc{{bq acbk `d qbjbxcd{ hco{$ Dbxbq jb{ {ibb keclqbbfbd{ cj{bq {ib f``k `q keqbo{e`d `h

u`rq }qbbd{c{e`d$ F`xb `d c sreogju c }èajb$

Hedei |e{i Srb{e`d cdk Cd|bq

[ib jekb)% {ic{ keqbo{ju }qòbbk u`rq {q`dl S(C be`d fr{ ab hejjbk |e{i {ib xcjrb

}q`}è{e`d$ \ic{ ic u`rq bd{eqb }qbbd{c{e`d o`ffrdeoc{bk0 \ic{ e ed e{ h`q {ib ibcqbq0

\ic{ cqb {ib dby{ {b} u`r |cd{ {ibf {` {cgb0 Bxbqu srb{e`d u`r cd|bq* fr{ jbck acog {`

u`rq xcjrb }q`}è{e`d$

Lexb c|cu HQBBAEB_#


24/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb 1;

Bxbqu`db j`xb HQBBAEB_ ` |e{i {ic{ cek* {ibb hqbbaeb dbbk d`{ o`{ CDU[IEDL$ Ibqb cqb

{e} `d i`| {` fcgb {ie ic}}bd7

Fcgb rqb {ibqb e c |cu {` kbjexbq {ib hqbb e{bf* i`rjk {ibu d`{ ab kbjexbqcajb ed}bq`d$ Bfcej ckkqbb cqb lqbc{#

Rb hqbb* k`|dj`ck e{bf |ieoi qbedh`qob u`rq fbcledl Hqbb e{bf cqb bceju jòc{bk au redl {ib h`jj`|edl ud{cy bcqoi `d L``ljb7

ed{e{jb>hqbb e{bf kboqe}{e`d$

D` }cob i`rjk ab }r{ ed {ie ud{cy cdk ra{e{r{b {ib ca`xb e{bf kboqe}{e`d |e{i {ib

kbeqbk hqbb lexbc|cu kboqe}{e`d$ Cjj ed cjj* e{ e ef}bqc{exb {ic{ u`r {cgb u`rq }qbbd{c{e`d

bqe`rju$ F`{ }b`}jb hòr f`qb `d h`d{* o`j`q cdk drfabq `h jekb ed c }qbbd{c{e`d cdk

dbljbo{ {ib |beli{ebq fc{{bq$

Arsedbss ]qbsbd{c{e`ds

Ed ]cq{ 3 `haredb }qbbd{c{e`d* |b lcxb `rq {iqbb `h {bd {e} u`r FR_[ icxb {= bhhbo{exbju

}qbbd{$ [` arejk `d {ie* ibqb cqb ckke{e`dcj* gbu }èd{ `h bhhbo{exb }qbbd{c{e`d7

Edojrkb òecj fbkec ef}co{

\ib{ibq u`r cqb qcxedl ca`r{ i`| lqbc{ u`rq bqxeob cqb `q c{{bf}{edl {` c{{qco{ |ekbq

ed{bqb{* {` byojrkb òecj fbkec, ef}co{ |ejj irq{ fbclb oqbkeaeje{u$ Ed {ib }qbxe`r }`{* |b

jbcqdbk ca`r{ {ib dbbk {` edbq{ `fb h`qf `h frj{efbkec ed{` }qbbd{c{e`d$

Crfedl e{ e xekb` `q crke`* {ib ef}co{ `h òecj fbkec ic cjqbcku

abbd }q`xbd#Fcdu fcu {iedg7 !E cf oqbc{edl c }qbbd{c{e`d h`q {ibq

}b`}jb ed {ib o`f}cdu E |`qg |e{i cdk d` `db bjb$!
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25/61

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[` {ie* E cu7 IC#IC#IC# Coob}{ {ie hqebdk* bxbd c lc{ibqedl `h `{ibq bf}jùbb |i` u`r |`qg

cj`dlekb ed e{bjh* e c òecj lc{ibqedl$ [` abjebxb u`rq }qbbd{c{e`d fcu d`{ `db kcu* fcgb e{

ed{` {ib cqbdc h`q }rajeo xeb|* ferdkbq{cdk {ib edxcexb dc{rqb `h bfbqledl {boid`j`leb$

Rdkbq{cdk {ib h`jj`|edl7

L``ljb* {ib /3 bcqoi }q`xekbq* o`d{cd{ju ic edkbyedl A@[_ `d {ib ird{ h`q qbjc{exbedh`qfc{e`d {` bqxb$ L``ljb K@O_* kòrfbd{ {`qbk ed HQBB bfcej h`jkbq cdk `d

o`jjca`qc{exb |bae{b cdk d`{ iekkbd abiedk }q`{bo{exb heqb|cjj* \EJJ bdk r} `d {ib

|ba$

U`r fcu cxb u`rq }qbbd{c{e`d `d c hjci kqexb cdk {qcdhbq e{ {` }bq`dcj o`f}r{bq$\ibd u`r jbcxb c o`f}cdu cdk {cq{ c db| nà* }cq{ `h fcgedl u`rqbjh fcqgb{cajb

fcu ab oqbc{e`d `h }bq`dcj }`q{h`je` ){`qbk djedb% {` i`|ocb }qbxe`r |`qg$ D`

fc{{bq |ic{ {ib |bae{b rbk h`q {`qclb cu* u`rq cb{ fcu ab edkbybk$

_}u|cqb e abo`fedl f`qb edxcexb cdk icqkbq {` ajòg au d`qfcj borqe{u fbcrqb$I`| k` u`r gd`| e{ ed,{ lqcaaedl hejb hq`f u`rq icqk kqexb0

_icjj E l` `d0 [ib }èd{7 oqbc{b u`rq }qbbd{c{e`d |e{i {ib rdkbq{cdkedl {ic{ e{ fcu fcgb e{

`d{` {ib |ba$

O`ffrdeoc{b BD[IR_EC_F#

[` k` `* u`rq }qbbd{c{e`d fr{ ab k`db |bjj$ E |ejj {bjj u`r `fb{iedl xbqu hb| `{ibq |ejj )h`q

HQBB cdu|cu%7 eh u`r }bdk cdu jb {icd 1= i`rq `d qbbcqoi* cllqblc{edl cb{ cdk oqbc{e`d*

d` cf`rd{ `h bd{irecf ed u`rq xèob |ejj fc{{bq$ _j`}}u }qbbd{c{e`d ablc{ I@QQEAJB

qbrj{$

Cd bycf}jb `h c j`}}u }qbbd{c{e`d e redl {òg acoglq`rdk |e{ied ]`|bq}èd{ re{b$ ]jbcb

j`xb u`rq |`qg cdk qbhrb }cq{cgedl ed roi jc~edb$

Fcgb o`}eb cxcejcajb


26/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb 18

Abocrb `rq òeb{u {bdk {` f`xb `d {` {ib dby{ {iedl ` sreogju* {ib kcdlbq |e{i d`{ fcgedl

o`}eb cxcejcajb h`q c{{bdkbb {` {cgb c|cu* e j` `h aredb `q qbrj{$

Ibqb cqb bcu |cu* ar{ d`{ jefe{bk {`* {ic{ |ejj {qb{oi fbcledl ef}co{ abu`dk ede{ecj q`jj&

`r{7

Edxb{fbd{ bbgbq & Oicdob cqb {ibqb |`d,{ ab c irlb crkebdob h`q u`rq}qbbd{c{e`d$ Crfedl u`rq {cqlb{edl h c}}q`}qec{b edxb{fbd{ e jcbq hòrbk* c

fcjj lq`r} |ejj c{{bdk$ Fcgb o`}eb cxcejcajb {iq`rli Hjci Kqexb$

O`ffrde{u bxbd{ & Ed {ib jbck r} {` u`rq }qbbd{c{e`d* h`qf c lb`&{cqlb{bk* HQBBo`ffrde{u h`q c{{bdkbb cdk ed{bqb{bk }cq{eb {` nèd$ _òecj Db{|`qg }q`xekbq

,Dedl, e `db `h fcdu `}{e`d$

Ed{bqdcj o`f}cdu fbcledl & _bdk h`jj`| r} bfcej {` c{{bdkbb$ C{{coi {ib}qbbd{c{e`d `q i`rjk u`rq o`f}cdu icxb cd ed{bqdcj* o`jjca`qc{exb {``j roi c

_icqb}èd{* }`{ e{ h`q xeb|edl$

\ieoibxbq u`rq oièob* arejk lq`rdk|bjj au redl jekb icqedl e{b jegb _jekbicqb cdk _jekb

A``f$ [ib ca`xb {iqbb nr{ oqc{oi {ib rqhcob cdk cqbd,{ fr{rcjju byojrexb i`|bxbq*

by}bo{edl cdu`db {` h`jj`| r} |e{i u`r e c qboe}b h`q kec{bq$ Abjebxb fb* E,xb abbd {ibqb#

Xekb` ed ]`|bq}èd{

@db `h `rq hcx`qe{b {`}eo e xekb` ed ]`|bq}èd{ |ib{ibq e{ ab ]][ 1==< `q 1=3=$ [qr{ihrjju*

1=3= e froi f`qb bhhbo{exb h q oqbc{edl xekb` cb{$ Byob}{ h`q xekb`

{r{`qecj* bxbqu }q`f`{e`dcj xekb` `q `{ibq |b,xb oqbc{bk* icxb abbd}q`krobk redl ]`|bq]èd{#

[ie ed,{ abocrb |b cqb {quedl {` cxb f`dbu$


27/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb 1 u`rq oqbc{e`d icxb }bq}b{rcj xcjrb hcq abu`dk cdu ed }bq`d }qbbd{c{e`d u`r

fcu lexb$

Cj{i`rli e{ o`rjk {cgb r froi f`qb }cob {icd e cxcejcajb ibqb* |ibd u`r oqbc{b jekb dbxbq

h`qlb{ hrq{ibq fcqgb{edl }}`q{rde{eb roi c>

Oqbc{edl i`q{ }q`f`{e`dcj xekb` redl qbckeju cxcejcajb kbg{`} c}}jeoc{e`d roi c\edk`| Jexb F`xeb Fcgbq

Redl efclb ed{bdexb jekb c xekb` acoglq`rdk Oqbc{edl o`de{bd{ aqcdk fbclb redl }qbbd{c{e`d cjqbcku oqbc{bk Ch{bq xekb` cqb }q`krobk* r}j`ckedl cjj xekb`* ]`|bq}èd{ cdk `{ibq* {` qbjbxcd{

kòrfbd{ icqedl e{b |e{i c jedg acog {` u`rq |bae{b$

Edbq{edl iu}bqjedg eh ojeog caeje{u oqbc{b keqbo{ {qchheo

[ibb {e} cqbd,{ `fb hcq&hjrdl {ib`qu `d |ba fcqgb{edl* {ibu cqb {qebk cdk {b{bk$ E{ e c

abcr{ehrj {iedl |ibd u`r oqbc{b c }qòb* hedk e{ |`qg* kb}jù cb{ cdk qbobexb |bae{b

{qchheo h`q u`rq bhh`q{#

Oqbc{edl i`q{ }q`f`{e`dcj xekb` ed,{ c icqk c u`r fcu {iedg$ \edk`| Jexb F`xeb

Fcgbqcjj`| u`r {` k` {ie |e{i d` }qbxe`r xekb` }q`kro{e`d by}bqebdob$ C |b icxb }èd{bk

`r{ ed }qbxe`r }`{* redl efclb ed{bdexb jekb c xekb` acoglq`rdk cjj`| oq` orj{rqcj

fbclb {` ab o`ffrdeoc{bk |ibd jcdlrclb e c acqqebq$

\b |`d{ edrj{ u`rq ed{bjjelbdob au }èd{edl `r{ {ic{ o`de{bd{ aqcdk fbcledl e ef}`q{cd{

i`|bxbq* i`| }`|bqhrj e e{ |ibd `fb`db bb c xekb` u`r oqbc{bk redl ]`|bq]èd{

acoglq`rdk* cqqexb c{ u`rq |bae{b cdk bb {ib cfb aqcdk efcledl0


29/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb 15

[ibb cb{ )o`de{bd{ju }q`krobk%|ejj bdicdob aqcdk fbcledl {iq`rli qb}b{e{exb efclb

cdk {by{$ Edbq{edl iu}bqjedg eh {ibu cqb cajb {` ab ojeogbk `d e{b roi c _oqeak* |ejj }q`krob

f`d{bq cf`rd{ `h {qchheo cdk edoqbcb u`rq aredb, a`{{`f jedb$

]`|bq}èd{ Fcdeco#

Hbc{rqbk {ie |bbg* e cd C\B_@FB ]`|bq}èd{ fcdeco# [ie lru e }ce`dc{b ca`r{ oqbc{edl

fblc I@[}qbbd{c{e`d xekb`redl jekb$ I`|bxbq* f`{ }b`}jb |ejj d`{ |cd{ {` jbcqd

]i`{ì`} ed `qkbq {` lb{ {ibeq fbclb coq`$

E ]i`{ì`} dbobcqu {` oqbc{b |`qjk ojc ]`|bq}èd{0 D@# I`|bxbq* |b cqbd,{ {cgedl

cdu{iedl c|cu hq`f {ie fcd, bd{irecf$ [iedg ca`r{ {ie7 {ibqb e c {efb cdk c }jcob h`q

bxbqu{iedl cdk {qr{ihrjju* eh `rq o`f}cdu |c }rajeoju {qckbk )d`{ hcq `hh%* |b |`rjk obq{cedju

{cgb bxbqu `}}`q{rde{u cdk by}j`qb cjj cxcejcajb cxbdrb {` `r{&}cob cdk `r{&ojc o`f}b{e{`q$

[bjj {ib {qr{i fu hqebdk7 ocd u`r hbbj {ib J@XB h`q oqbc{edl lqbc{ }qbbd{c{e`d hq`f {ie ]][

cdefcj0

[ibb `q{ `h oqbc{e`d cqb {ib {`} `h {ib IBC]$ \e{i {ic{ cek* rdkbq{cdk {ic{ cb{

cllqblc{e`d e gbu eh u`r k`d,{ gd`|* dbe{ibq ocqb {`* jbcqd i`| {` kbeld cxc{cq* oje}cq{* {cajb

cdk lqc}i$ \ibd E cu cb{ cllqblc{e`d* E fbcd hedkedl {ib hqbb qb`rqob `d {ib |ba* |ieoi

|ejj a`{i bdicdob fbcledl cdk he{ u`rq }bq`dcj* kbeld {ujb$
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31/61

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{ibu fbb{ u`rq by}bo{c{e`d$ H`q f`{ }b`}jb* {`qua`cqkedl cdk ekbc ocd ab {ib f`{

ed{efekc{edl `h by}bqebdob$

E{ cj|cu l``k {iedl {` icxb {eogu d`{b `q oqc{oi }c}bq cxcejcajb {` qbcje~b u`rq xercj ekbc$

I`|bxbq* }cq{ `h jbcqdedljekb kbelde fc{bqedl ic}b* helrqb* ajòg cdk jedb {` aqedl

ed{cdleajb ekbc {` jehb$

F`{ }b`}jb abled gb{oiedl {eog helrqb au kqc|edl {ib ibck$ Fcdu |ejj cu {ie e c fe{cgbabocrb c {eog helrqb i`rjk abled |e{i a`ku gb{oi$

\b {q`dlju keclqbb |e{i {ie$ [ib qbc`d {ib jb edh`qfbk bdo`rqclb

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gb{oiedl {ib ibck$

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Ick e{ d`{ abbd h`q c hjciacog obdb }èd{edl `r{ i`| ie ibck |c bxbqbk* d` `db |`rjk,xb

bxbq gd`|d |ic{ {ib ibck bxbq j``gbk jegb$
http://www.howtopowerpoint.org/ppt-designer/%20%E2%80%8Ehttp://www.howtopowerpoint.org/ppt-designer/%20%E2%80%8Ehttp://www.howtopowerpoint.org/ppt-designer/%20%E2%80%8Ehttp://www.howtopowerpoint.org/presentations-ppt/%20%E2%80%8Ehttp://www.howtopowerpoint.org/presentations-ppt/%20%E2%80%8Ehttp://www.howtopowerpoint.org/presentations-ppt/%20%E2%80%8Ehttp://www.howtopowerpoint.org/presentations-ppt/%20%E2%80%8Ehttp://www.howtopowerpoint.org/ppt-designer/%20%E2%80%8E


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33/61

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cqb {quedl {` lb{ coq`$

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{eog helrqb$

Aqcdk Fbsscledl

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ab h`jj`|bk {` qbobexb aru&ed {` fbcledl7

Rb gbu }iqcb `d {`}eo

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34/61

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35/61

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gd`| froi ca`r{ e }qbbd{bk* |`rjkd,{ u`r jegb {` gd`| {ic{ {qbdk cdk `}ede`d `d {ibf*

cqb f`qb |ekbju ibjk0

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{ib dcqq`| `}ede`d `h {i`b u`r cqb je{bdedl {`0

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jòc{e`d* d` db o`d{q`j acdk|ek{i rclb cdk db{|`qg r}&{efb$

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ed{bdkbk h`q rb cdk oqbc{b c jedg hq`f U@RQ @\D Fc{bqecj#

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36/61

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|bqb {ib gbu }èd{$

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cdk `{ibq* {cogbk `d u`rq |`qg cqbc#

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37/61

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}qbbd{c{e`d$

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38/61

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39/61

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cd|bq$

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QB_RJ[_#

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ic{ e {ib |i`jb {qcleo }èd{ hqebdk$ Hòr `d }q`xekedl xcjrb jcobk }}{ cdk |ic{ u`r |ejj hedk

e {by{ |ejj }qàcaju kboqbcb$

E |`rjk rafe{ {ic{ eh u`r cqb kèdl c frj{e}jb kcu bfedcq cdk cjj u`r icxb {` `hhbq e

]`|bq]èd{* u`r dbbk {` qb&bycfedb {ib xcjrb `h u`rq }qbbd{c{e`d$ Jb{ r lexb u`r `fb ekbc

h`q bdicdoedl {ib jbxbj `h c frj{e}jb kcu }qbbd{c{e`d>

Icxb {ib crkebdob lb{ r} hq`f {ibeq bc{ cdk ab f`qb ed{bqco{exb {iq`rli o`jjca`qc{exbed{bqco{e`d

[qef u`rq ]`|bq]èd{ k`|d ed{` kelb{eajb }cq{ roi c oqbc{edl cd b&a``g c c hqbbicdk`r{ |e{i jedg acog {` u`rq |bae{b* }q`kro{ `q bqxeob$

Fcgb u`rq }qbbd{c{e`d f`qb efclb ed{bdexb |ieoi cjj`| u`r oqbc{exb hqbbk`f {`cknr{ {` u`rq crkebdob dbbk ed{bck `h edbq{edl {`d `h {by{

Ch{bq bxbqu h`rq jekb o`dkro{ c srb{e`d&cdk&cd|bq be`d Ch{bq bxbqu {iqbb jekb fcgb cd ed{bqco{exb xekb` c}cq{ `h {ib by}bqebdob

3==' }clb ]`|bq]èd{ i`rjk ab {rqdbk ed{` fcqgb{cajb b&a``g }q`kro{ cdk d`{ jbb} ocredl

kqbcqedb$


41/61

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_fcq{ Cq{

Ed }cq{ `db `h {ie bqeb `dFeoq``h{ ]][* |ieoi kbcj |e{i {ib _fcq{ Cq{ hbc{rqb ed

]`|bq}èd{* |b kbcj{ |e{i {ib h`jj`|edl hbc{rqb `h ]`|bq]èd{Edbq{>

]eo{rqb

Oje}cq{ _oqbbdi`{ _ic}b oqbc{edl ef}jb cdefc{e`d

[ie }`{ hedk r kbcjedl |e{i {ib qb{ `h {ib hbc{rqb cxcejcajb `d {ie {ca$ Cj{i`rli |b cqb

d`{ kbeldbq }q`db {` k` c j`{ `h oicq{ edbq{e`d* |b k` rdkbq{cdk {ib xcjrb$

]qefcqeju* _fcq{ Cq{ }q`xekb {ib caeje{u {` rb oicq{ cdk lqc}i {` kbf`d{qc{b be{ibq }qòb

hj`| q qbjc{e`dcj o`faedc{e`d$

\e{i {ic{ cek* {ib srb{e`d {ic{ |c `dob cgbk |c {ie> E a`rli{ u`rq xekb` {r{`qecj bqeb c

|bjj c {ib 2= }qbbd{c{e`d o`d{cededl ?== jekb cdk {ibu |bqb lqbc{# Ar{ e{ kekd,{ k` c xekb`

{r{`qecj d i`| {` edbq{ Byobj |`qgibb{$

@rq qb}`db {` {ie fcu icxb bbfbk icqi ar{ l`b {` {ib ibcq{ `h rdkbq{cdkedl {ib

kehhbqbdob ab{|bbd ]`|bq]èd{ cdk {ibq hheob kòrfbd{$ Eh u`r k`d,{ qbfbfabq cdu{iedl

bjb |qe{{bd ibqb* qbfbfabq {ie> ]`|bq]èd{ ed{ \`qk `q Byobj#

Cj{i`rli u`r fcu gd`| {ie* |b |cd{ {` oicjjbdlb u`rq fbd{cje{u au }èd{edl `r{ cra{jb ar{

`h{bd `xbqj``gbk kehhbqbdob ab{|bbd {ib {iqbb$ ]`|bq]èd{ e fbcd{ {ò`ffrdeoc{b ekbc

{iq`rli }eo{`qecj fbcd$


42/61

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\`qk e fbcd{ {` bdicdob |qe{{bd o`ffrdeoc{e`d$ Hedcjju* Byobj e fbcd{ {` o`ffrdeoc{b

drfbqeo o`dob}{$ E {ibqb c dbyr ab{|bbd {ib {iqbb0 UB_# I`|bxbq* d`db e fbcd{ {` ab rbk

ed jebr `h {ib `{ibq$

@rq qb}`db {` {ib ca`xb srb{e`d |c ef}`q{edl cd Byobj |`qgibb{ ed{` c }qbbd{c{e`d* d`

fc{{bq i`| o`j`qhrj* fcog `h a`{i edby}bqebdob cdk jcog `h ocqb# \b cqb rqb u`rxb bbd c{

`db {efb `q cd`{ibq* c deob&j``gedl Byobj |`qgibb{$

\b |ejj ab lbdbq`r abh`qb lb{{edl {` {ib fbc{cdk efcledb {ib |`qgibb{ u`r c| edbq{bk

ed{` c }qbbd{c{e`d |c cabd{ xeeaju fcqgbk* qbo{cdljb objj$ \b |ejj bxbd ab f`qb lbdbq`r

cdk crfb {ib |`qgibb{ e k`db ` |`dkbqhrjju {ic{ u`r abjebxbk e{ |c k`db ed c {ieqk }cq{u

`h{|cqb }q`lqcf cdk ef}`q{bk$

Gd`|edl {ic{ 55" `h {ib {efb {ie e icqkju {qrb* kek u`r j``g c{ {ib ef}`q{bk Byobj kòrfbd{*

d` fc{{bq i`| |`dkbqhrjju }qb}cqbk cdk {iedg> \`| {ic{ j``g |`dkbqhrj ed {ib }qbbd{c{e`d

Eh e{ e ca`jr{bju dbobcqu {` cxèk {ib _fcq{ Cq{hbc{rqb* {ibqb e cd bcu |cu {` edojrkb

|`qgibb{ |e{i`r{ co{rcjju edbq{edl e{ ed{` u`rq }qbbd{c{e`d$

Ef}`q{ c ar{{`d* `q rb `db |e{ied ic}b* dbcq {ib _fcq{ Cq{ {ca$ Dby{* ielijeli{ {ib ar{{`d*

l` {` edbq{ {ca cdk ojeog `d {ib jedg ar{{`d$ Abh`qb kèdl `* hedk c }jcob `d u`rq icqk kqexb `q c

kòrfbd{ icqedl e{b {` cxb `q r}j`ck u`rq Byobj |`qgibb{ {`$

\ib{ibq {ib |`qgibb{ e gb}{ `d u`rq kqexb `q kòrfbd{ r}j`ck e{b* e{ e dbobcqu {` o`}u

{ib jedg hq`f u`rq icqk kqexb `q RQJ |ibqb {ib |`qgibb{ e jòc{bk$ L` acog {` |ibqb {ib

ar{{`d e jòc{bk ed {ib }qbbd{c{e`d cdk ef}ju edbq{ c iu}bqjedg$ \ic{ k`b {ic{ k` h`q u`r0

E{ cjj`| f`qb }cob {` xercjju bdicdob u`rq }qbbd{c{e`d |e{i`r{ dbobcqeju ckkedl cd`{ibq

jekb$ Dby{* e{ gbb} c dbobcqu }cq{ `h {ib jekbi`| )|`qgibb{%|e{i`r{ abedl co{rcjju

edbq{bk$ Jc{* e{ k`bd,{ keqr}{ be{ibq {ib acoglq`rdk `q hj`|$


43/61

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Eh u`r |cd{bk {` ab qbcj hcdou* ub{ gbb} u`rq Byobj |`qgibb{ ed {ib }qbbd{c{e`d* u`r o`rjk

cxb {ib kòrfbd{ cdk cxb e{ c cd efclb hejb cdk {ibd oqbc{b c i`q{ xekb` {` edbq{ ed{` {ib

jekb# \ic{ E qbo`ffbdk {ie {b} {` fu ojebd{0 U`r ab{{bq abjebxb e{$

I`|bxbq* |b |`rjk dbxbq lexb {ie qbo`ffbdkc{e`d |e{i`r{ heq{ lexedl }q`}bq ed{qro{e`d$

Ed `rq dby{ }`{* |b |ejj kbcj |e{i bxbqcj `{ibq hbc{rqb cj` `d {ib edbq{ {ca$

F`qb {icd c ]qbsbd{c{e`d#

\b `dob qbck c |ic{ e ]`|bq}èd{cq{eojb ca`r{ }qb}cqedl c}q`hbe`dcj }qbbd{c{e`d$ C |b

qbck {iq`rli {ib cq{eojb* e{ abocfb c}}cqbd{ |ic{ {ib |qe{bq |c {quedl {` o`ffrdeoc{b$ E{ |c

c}}cqbd{ {ic{ {ib |qe{bq |c rhhbqedl hq`f {ib `h{bd rb fedkb{ |ieoi ocredl rd|ejjedl

qblrqle{c{e`d$ C |b cek ed c }qbxe`r }`{> h`q bxbqu{iedl {ibqb e c bc`d cdk c {efb ed

}rq}`b {` bxbqu{iedl rdkbq {ib ibcxbd$

Dbxbq{ibjb* |ic{ {ib |qe{bq |c }èd{edl `r{ |c {ibeq }q`hbe`dcj `}ede`d `h |ic{

}q`hbe`dcj }qbbd{c{e`d fbcd$ [qr{ihrjju* |b,xb k`db {ib cfb {iedl ar{ `rq fced l`cj ic

cj|cu abbd {` lb{ oqbc{exb nreob hj`|edl# Eh u`rxb qbck cdu `h `rq aj`l }`{* u`r |ejj gd`|

{ic{ |bxb dbxbq {qebk {` gbb} cdu ed c je{{jb ]`|bq]èd{ jekb a`y$

@rq `xbqcqoiedl {ibfb `h cdu oqbc{e`d |ieoi o`fb hq`f {ic{ oqbc{exb }`{ |e{ied cjj fr{ abrdesrbdb$ _rqb |b,xb lexbd u`r srb{e`d {` cd|bq c e{ o`dobqd oqbc{edl `h lqbc{

}qbbd{c{e`d* ar{ |ic{ |b |cd{bk {` o`ffrdeoc{b bxbd f`qb {icd {ib cd|bq {` {i`b

srb{e`d* e {ic{ }q`hbe`dcj e |ic{ U@R abjebxb e{ {` ab#


44/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb ;;

H`q crkebdob dbbk {` ab fb{* bxbqcj }qedoe}jb fr{ ab ckibqbk {`$ [ibu cqb c h`jj`|>

o`jjca`qc{e`d* bhhbo{exb kbeld cdk hjc|jb kbjexbqu$

Gd`|edl {ibb {iedl* i`| k` u`r* {ib }qbbd{bq* ab rdesrbju u`r cdk qbkbhedb |ic{ crkebdob

abjebxb }q`hbe`dcj e0 \b obq{cedju ocd,{ cd|bq {ic{ srb{e`d abocrb {qr{ihrjju* |b k`d{

gd`| u`r }bq`dcjju$

[ibqb |c c {efb |ibd |b kek kbeld }qbbd{c{e`d h`q ojebd{$ [ic{ {efb ic j`dl }cbk cdk

{ib qbc`d e oiebhju {ie> {ibqb |c d` |cu h`q r {` }bcg {` c ojebd{ `d {ib }i`db `q ed&}bq`d

cdk kb{bqfedbk {ibeq }bq`dcj rdesrbdb$ Qbcjju gd`|edl `fb`db `h{bd fbcd j`dl&{bqf

qbjc{e`die} icxb kbxbj`}bk$

Krb {` {ib effbkecou `h ojebd{ dbbk* {ib }qòb |c `h{bd qribk$_rqb |b }q`xekbk {i`q`rli

srb{e`ddceqb cdk kek fcdu {iedl {` {qu {` o`ffrdeoc{b {ibeq jekb xee`d {` crkebdob$

I`|bxbq* abh`qb qbcje~edl {ibeq oqbc{exb xee`d* hqr{qc{e`d |c qcf}cd{ cdk o`dxbqc{e`d*

ed{bdb$ F`{ qbck cdk }cbk `rq |bae{b bqxeob {` hqebdk* hcfeju cdk aredb còec{b

`d roi e{b c Hcoba``g* Fu_}cob* U`r[rab* Oiefbk ed* cdk Fcd{c abocrb {ibu |bqb `

c{ehebk |e{i rq }q`kro{$

Cj{i`rli {ibu |bqb c{ehebk* |b |bqb d`{# E{, d`{ {ic{ |b kekd,{ j`xb `rq |`qg abocrb c u`r

ocd bb `rq }`{* kbeld {ujb* xbqcoe{u cdk cllqblc{edl {ib qeli{ cb{ {` oqbc{b }}{ cq{* {ibqb

e je{{jb oicdob |b k`d,{ k` lqbc{ kbeld$

I`|bxbq* |b {i`rli{ e{ f`qb ef}`q{cd{ {` {bcoi ojebd{ {` ab ]`|bq}èd{ bjh&rhheoebd{$ E{ |c

c ael qeg cdk {ib jcqlb{ `h lcfajb ar{ qbjbcedl `rq gd`|jbklb {` cdu ed{bqb{bk* {rqdbk `r{

{` ab c |`dkbqhrj kboee`d h`q cjj$

\bxb h`jj`|bk r} cdk |e{dbbk `rq ojebd{ oqbc{b rdesrbju* }`|bqhrj }qbbd{c{e`d au redl

`rq {bf}jc{b ar{ f`qb ef}`q{cd{ju* {ib f`{ byicr{exb cdk edh`qfc{exb ]`|bq}èd{ xekb`

{r{`qecj ojcb `d {ib |ba#


45/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb ;2

\b hrq{ibq abjebxb {ic{ oqbc{edl c }q`hbe`dcj ]`|bq]èd{ }qbbd{c{e`d cdk gbb}edl |e{ied {ib

bjh&rhheoebdou f`kbj* |b icxbd,{ k`db `rq nà {i`q`rliju bd`rli eh cdu |i` }rqoicb `rq

}q`kro{ qb{rqd cdk o`d{edrb {` }bdk f`dbu |e{i r#

[ic{ `rdk jegb aredb reoekb k`b e{ d`{0 [ie {qc{bleo kboee`d |c acbk `d xbqu `rdk

aredb }qedoe}jb$ \e{i f`qb {icd 2= fejje`d* }qbbd{c{e`d qbjc{bk bcqoi bdledb srbqeb bcoi

cdk bxbqu f`d{i* qb}bc{ aredb ed{ dbobcqu#

Hrq{ibq* e{ e d`{ `rq kbeqb {` lq`| ` jcqlb {ic{ |b j`b {`roi |e{i edkexekrcj or{`fbq$ C

|ba 1$= bdxeq`dfbd{ e arej{ `d o`jjca`qc{e`d cdk }cq{dbqie}$ [ie k`bd,{ boc}b {ib edkr{qu

ed |ieoi |b icxb oi`bd {` `}bqc{b$ F`qb`xbq* fcdu `h `rq h`qfbq ojebd{ icxb abo`fb `

by}bq{ |e{i kbeld* {ibu cqb d`| }cek* hqbbjcdob kbeldbq#

Rsedl _{eog D`{bs \iejb Aqceds{`qfedl

\iejb jbcqdedli`| {` ]`|bq}èd{* {ibqb e c }qco{eob o`qdbk au `fb cdk }qcebk au `{ibq ed

{ib oqbc{exb }qòb$ [ie }qco{eob redl {ib bxbq }qbbd{ cdk }jbd{ehrj {eogu d`{b# [qr{ihrjju*

lqbc{ edxbd{e`d o`faedbk bfbqledl {boid`j`leb |e{i |ekb}qbck c}}jeocaeje{u$ _edob |b

fbd{e`d {eogu d`{b* jb{ r lexb u`r c aqebh ie{`qu `d i`| {ibu ocfb {` ab$

C oebd{e{ c{ {ib ?F O`q}`qc{e`d c}}jebk j`| {cog* ckibexb {` }c}bq cdk rbk e{ {` fcqg ie

iufdcj h`q oièq }qco{eob c{ {ib oirqoi ib c{{bdkbk$ [ie e i`| {ib

f`{ hcx`qbk `h aqced{`qf {``j |c a`qd$ E{ o`rjk icqkju ab cqlrbk

{ic{ {eogu d`{b cjj`| ekbc {` ab effbkec{bju oc}{rqbk* `fb{efb

`q{bk cdk qbcqqcdlbk c dbbkbk$


46/61

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Eh u`r orqqbd{ju jcog {ib gejj {` lbdbqc{b u`rq ekbc redl {ib kqc|edl {``j |e{ied ]`|bq]èd{*

c lqbc{ }qco{eob e {` |qe{b `db ekbc }bq {eogu d`{b cdk ch{bq|cqk* }r{ {ibf ed `qkbq `h

}qbbd{c{e`d$

\b |`d,{ l` c hcq c {` {bjj u`r {` rb c icq}eb* }bd `q }bdoej ar{ |ic{ |b |ejj {bjj u`r e rb

{ib |qe{edl kbxeob {ic{ }rq {ib oqbc{exb lbder |e{ied u`r$

[ib lqbc{ {iedl ca`r{ {ib {qcdhbqcaeje{u `h ekbc hq`f {eogu d`{b {` }`|bq }èd{ e {ic{ {ibu

cqb sreog* bcu* effbkec{bju cxcejcajb cdk bcu {` rdkbq{cdk$

Ckke{e`dcjju* {eogu d`{b fcgb e{ bcu {` qbcqqcdlb cdk qb`qkbq u`rq o`d{bd{ ed{` c {qro{rqb

{ic{ ocd ojbcqju ab o`ffrdeoc{bk$ @d {ib `{ibq icdk* `fb }qbhbq c f`qb {qcke{e`dcj c}}q`coi

`h {`qua`cqk oqbc{exe{u |ieoi e c jedbcq }qco{eob `h cq{eorjc{edl kb{cejbk ekbc$

\ic{bxbq u`rq bdk ed fedb* rb {ib h`jj`|edl lrekbjedb {` `qkbq u`rq {eogu d`{b eh {ie {``j

|ejj ibj} BY]J@KB {ib bojbo{eo lbder |e{ied u`r>

]`{}`db {ib hedcj nrklfbd{ `h u`rq ekbc#

Bdo`rqclb Arog |ejk* bycllbqc{bk ekbc#

Dbxbq qbhrb {` }r{ r} cdu`db, ekbc d` fc{{bq i`| {r}ek$

Srcd{e{u o`rd{* d`{ srcje{u `h ekbc c{ {ie }èd{$

Eh `fb`db o`fb r} |e{i c ab{{bq ekbc {icd u`r* arejk `d {ic{ ekbc$

Bxbqu }bq`d cdk bxbqu {eogu d`{b }r{ h`q{i au u`rq {bcf ic xcjrb

@dob {ib ekbc cqb }r{ r}* abled {` `q{ {ibf coo`qkedl ed qbjc{e`d {` xee`d o`ffrdeoc{e`d$

Qbfbfabq* bdo`rqcledl u`rq {bcf fbfabq {`|cqk oqbc{edl c lqbc{ }qbbd{c{e`d h{bd

qbsreqb cogd`|jbkledl {ibeq ekbc cqb ab{{bq {icd u`rq$

F`qb ef}ju }r{* lqbc{ ekbc cqb lqbc{ ekbc d` fc{{bq |i` {ibu o`fb hq`f$ \b icxb ` `h{bd

bbd lqbc{ ]`|bq]èd{ }qbbd{c{e`d {ic{ |bqb c qbrj{ `h o`jjca`qc{exb {bcf bhh`q{$ J`db

\`jxb |ejj dbxbq ab lqbc{ |e{i`r{ ed}r{ hq`f `{ibq#


47/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}`ed{$`ql ]clb ; E k`d{ icxb {` o`fb r} |e{i lqbc{ ekbc* nr{ cg LQBC[ srb{e`d$

[ib xcjrb `h `}bd }qceb `h lqbc{ ekbc e edocjorjcajb# [ibqb e c |`dkbqhrj a``g {ic{ E

bdo`rqclb cjj {` qbck ocjjbk Acog `h {ib Dc}ged$ Ed {ie a``g* {ib cr{i`q }r{ h`q|cqk {ic{

lqbc{ ekbc ocd ab gb{oibk cdu|ibqb cdk `d cdu{iedl$

Ed {ie bdkbcx`q* eh u`r k`d,{ icxb effbkec{bju cxcejcajb {eogu d`{b* u`r ocd lqca c oqc{oi

}ebob `h }c}bq `q |ic{bxbq bjb fcu ab cxcejcajb$ I`|bxbq |ic{ u`r k`d,{ |cd{ {` k` e jb{

lqbc{ ekbc je} au ed c kefeexb fcddbq$

C |b oj`b ibqb* |b |cd{ {` lexb u`r c lqbc{ }ebob `h ckxeob$ Bxbd eh u`rq {bcf fbfabq o`fb

r} |e{i c ab{{bq ekbc {icd u`r* k`d,{ {iq`| c|cu `{ibq* jb kbbqxedl ekbc$ _rqb* fcuab {ib

ekbc cqb {r}ek qeli{ d`| ar{ qbfbfabq ed c }qbxe`r }`{ |b cek> h`q bxbqu{iedl {ibqb e c

bc`d cdk c {efb ed }rq}`b {` bxbqu{iedl rdkbq {ib Ibcxbd#

[qcdsh`qfedl \`qks ed{` Efclbs

[`kcu |b |ejj kbcj |e{i {ib ]`|bq]`ed{ gejj `h {qcdh`qfedl |`qk ed{` xeeajb efclb$ C |b

cek ed cd`{ibq }`{* e{ e ef}bqc{exb {` oqbc{b j``b gb{oib `h bxbqcj ekbc h`q {ib o`dob}{

u`r |cd{ {` o`dxbu$ Qbc`dedl0


48/61

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\ibd }qbbd{edl {` crkebdob* jekbi`| i`rjk ab efclb ed{bdexb cdk d`{ {by{ ibcxu$ [cgb

h`q ed{cdob {quedl {` o`dxbu c fbclb `h }qòb edx`jxbk |e{i kbxbj`}edl `h{|cqb$

D` fc{{bq i`| jedlre{eocjju leh{bk {ib }qbbd{bq e* {ib kbxbj`}fbd{ `h `h{|cqb e ca`r{

}qòb$ [ie }qòb ocd ab o`ffrdeoc{bk ed |`qk ar{ e cj|cu f`qb bhhbo{exbju }qbbd{bk

ed efclb$

[ie ed,{ {` cu {ibqb e d` q``f h`q {by{ krqedl |e{ied }qòb i`|bxbq* {quedl {` ra{e{r{b

{by{ {` by}jced }qòb |ejj jbcxb crkebdob o`dhrbk* kc~bk cdk rded{bqb{bk$

[ibqb cqb fcdu |cu {ic{ }qòbb ocd ab o`ffrdeoc{bk redl efclb ar{ |ibd e{ o`fb {`

k``kjedl ekbc* e{ e ab{ {` gb{oi |ic{ u`r abjebxb ocd ab bhhbo{exbju {qcdhbqqbk {`

]`|bq}èd{$

K` cjj `h ekbc ed q`rli* icdk&|qe{{bd gb{oib icxb {` ab o`f}jb{b0 \b cu d`# @{ibq lrqr

|ejj {bjj u`r {` gb{oi o`f}jb{b ekbc ar{ |b cu eh u`r gb{oi c{ jbc{ h`rq o`d{qc{edl ekbc*

u`r fcu hedk {ic{ bxbd {ib edo`f}jb{b cf`dl {ibf }`b c dbyr |e{i `{ibq$

_`fb|ibqb ed {ie }cq{ `h oqbc{exb }qòbb* u`r fcu j``g c{ gb{oi /3 cdk qbcje~b e{ |`rjk

|`qg |bjj |e{i ekbc hq`f gb{oi /1$ _gb{oi /? fcu icxb f`qb oìbexb ic}b {` ckk {` {ib

`{ibq |iejb /; feli{ ab c {`{cj a`fa#

\ic{bxbq {ib `r{o`fb* {ib hco{ {ic{ u`r lbdbqc{bk bxbqcj ekbc {ic{ cqb kqc|d ed{` xeeajb

efclb* obdb `q `{ibq* |ejj {efrjc{b c oqbc{exb }qòb abu`dk u`rq |ejkb{ kqbcf$

[ib gb{oiedl }qòb i`rjk ab j``b* hc{ cdk o`d{ced k``kjb* {eog helrqb* ic}b `q

cdu{iedl bjb {ic{ |ejj ibj} u`r o`dxbu c oìbexb fbclb$

Lbdbqc{b c fcdu }eo{rqb c }èajb |iejb gbb}edl ed fedk {ib jekb jcu`r{ fr{ o`d{ced

bjbfbd{ {ic{ kbhedb c jcqlbq xee`d$ Nr{ abocrb* cdk crfedl {ic{ gb{oi /; |c {`{cjju

rdcoob}{cajb* u`r k`d,{ rb e{ krqedl {ie o`jjca`qc{exb }qòb* k`bd,{ fbcd e{ |`d{ icxb

hr{rqb xcjrb$


49/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb ;5

Oqbc{b cd cqoiexb |bqb ekbc {ic{ icxbd{ ub{ abbd }cq{ `h c }qòb* fcu icxb hr{rqb rb$

[ie cqoiexb |ejj cjj`| qbhbqbdob }èd{ h`q hr{rqb jekb eh c}}q`}qec{b$ \b |cd{ {` lexb u`r {ie

fcjj }ebob `h ckxeob> eh h`rq gb{oib cqbd{ bd`rli cdk u`r cqb ieliju oqbc{exb* fcgb c fcdu

b}cqc{b gb{oib c dbobcqu$

[ie |ejj qbsreqb f`qb |`qg ar{ |ejj }qbbd{ c |ekbq cqqcu `h }qbbd{c{e`d `}{e`d$ _`fb ekbc

u`r lbdbqc{b fb qbsreqb frj{e}jb obdb* keclqcf* ic}b cdk efclb {` jcob {iq`rli`r{ {ib

bd{eqb jekbi`|$

@d {ib `{ibq icdk* {ibqb cqb {efb |ibd u`r |ejj `dju gb{oi c hb| ekbc cdk hedk {ib }bqhbo{

hbbj h`q cq{|`qg effbkec{bju$

\bxb cek abh`qb cdk |ejj k` ` |e{i`r{ c}`j`lu> e{ e dbobcqu* b}boecjju h`q j`db \`jh

oqbc{`q* hedk `fba`ku {ic{ ocd oqe{esrb u`rq ekbc$ Fcdu {efb oqbc{edl c lq`rdkaqbcgedl

}qbbd{c{e`d k`bd,{ qbsreqb u`r {` k` bxbqu{iedl* nr{ abled {ib }qòb cdk bbg hbbkacog$

[ibqb cqb {i`b |i` fcdclb }b`}jb cdk }qòbb au abedl {`{cjju kb}bdkbd{ r}`d aru&ed$ E{

e |e{i froi qblqb{ |b cu roi jbckbq cqb fbkeòqb* {bcoi fbkeòqe{u cdk cqb kcdlbq`r {`

{ib hr{rqb `h cdu o`f}cdu$

[ie ed,{ {` cu {ic{ oqbc{edl cd c{f`}ibqb {ic{ fcu qbsreqb aru&ed ed{ `fb{efb dbobcqu

krqedl {ib oqbc{exb }qòb$ _roi |qe{{bd ed obfbd{j`leo e obq{cedju h``j&icqku# I`|bxbq* eh

{ibqb e `db {iedl |bxb jbcqdbk `xbq {ib ubcq e icxedl cjj ekbc o`fb hq`f `fb`db

o`dekbqbk lqbc{ qc{ibq* lqbc{ jbckbq cg {ib qeli{ srb{e`d {` h`qf oìbexb ekbc$


50/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb 2=

]`|bq}èd{ Keclqcf ]suoi`j`lu

E{ e |e{i froi }jbcrqb {ic{ aqedl `db `h {ib lqbc{ hbc{rqb `h oqbc{edl jekb$ E{, {ib keclqcf

}icb# Lqbc{ }qbbd{bq rb gb{oia``g* {eogu d`{b cdk oqc{oi }c}bq {` lbdbqc{b c fcdu

ekbc cq`rdk o`dob}{ c }èajb$ Fcdu {efb* bf}jùbb cqb cj` lexbd a``g cdk {`jk {`

|`qg b}cqc{bju `d ekbc h`q c }qbbd{c{e`d$

Ch{bq froi eh{edl* e{ ed,{ dbobcqeju {ib ab{ kqc|edl {ic{ i`rjk ab coob}{bk qc{ibq* {ib

ab{ ekbc$ [`` `h{bd oqbc{`q abjebxb {ic{ srcje{u kqc|edl fbcd qòg {cq}qbbd{c{e`d$

O`rjk cdu{iedl ab hrq{ibq hq`f {ib {qr{i0 \b icxb bbd abcr{ehrjju kbeldbk }qbbd{c{e`d

{ic{ jbh{ crkebdob {`{cjju o`dhrbk$

[ib qbc`d e ef}jb> c |e{i |bae{b kbeld* {i`b |i` }qb}cqbk {ibf còec{b ieli jbxbj

cq{|`qg |e{i bhhbo{exbdb$ [` ke}q`xb {ie hcjjcou* |b |`rjk jegb u`r {` k` c fcjj bybqoeb$

]eog `r{ u`rq hcx`qe{b gbu|`qk$

L` {` u`rq hcx`qe{b bcqoi bdledb )L``ljb* Uci``* Cg q Aedl% cdk bcqoi {ib {`} 3= |bae{b$

Ch{bq u`r j``g {iq`rli {ibb |bae{b* ge} {` clb /? cdk l` c hcq acog )}clb% c u`r {iedg

dbobcqu$

\ic{ e qbckeju d`{eobcajb e {i`b |bae{b fcu ab ca`jr{bju {rddedl* ub{ {bdk {` ab jb

bhhbo{exb$ D` fc{{bq bcqoi x`jrfb* cdu e{b }c{ }clb /1 e edbhhbo{exb eh c i`fb}clb$ \iu0

[u}eocjju* fcdu hòr `d icxedl c deob |bae{b ed{bck `h bhhbo{exbdb |e{i bcqoi bdledb

`}{efe~c{e`d )_B@%$


51/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb 23

C e{ o`dobqd {`} |bae{b ed bcqoi* f`{ |b,xb bbd `xbq {ib ubcq cqbd,{ c xercjju {rddedl

ar{ {``g {ib {efb {` }q`krob effcorjc{b _B@$ E {ibqb c }èd{ |ibqb a`{i {rddedl kbeld cdk

bhhbo{exb _B@ fbb{0 Ca`jr{bju# I`|bxbq* {ie e {ib byob}{e`d c `}}`bk {` {ib qrjb$

Cjj |b cqb c{{bf}{edl {` }èd{ `r{ e {ib lqbc{b{ cq{|`qg k`bd,{ cj|cu }q`krob {ib lqbc{b{

qbrj{ |e{i }qbbd{c{e`d kbeld be{ibq$ Ed c }bqhbo{ |`qjk* {ibqb e c }jcob |ibqb lqbc{ kbeld*

bhhbo{exb o`jjca`qc{e`d cdk hjc|jb kbjexbqu fbb{$

C keclqcf cqb o`dobqdbk* |b abjebxb {ic{ {``j cxcejcajb ed Feoq``h{ ]`|bq]èd{ 1==< cdk

1=3= cqb f`qb {icd bd`rli$ \ibd `db l`b {` {ib kbeld {ca ed {ie }q`lqcf* {ibu |ejj hedk c

}clb b{&r} ar{{`d* jekb `qebd{c{e`d ar{{`d* o`j`q* h`d{* chhbo{ cdk acoglq`rdk {ujb$

@dob u`r abled {ib }qòbb* |e{ied bcoi kbeld {``j rbk jbck {` cd`{ibq qeaa`d `h `q{

|ieoi cjj`| hrq{ibq kbeld {|bcg$ [ibb cqb {u}eocjju h`q {ib f`qb ckxcdobk$ E{ {cgb c ae{ `h

{qcededl {` lb{ rbk {` {ibb ckxcdobk hbc{rqb ar{ `dob u`r k`* {ib qbrj{ |ejj ab {`{cjju

cfc~edl$

K`d{ ab `fb`db |i` by}bo{ `{ibq {` j`xb u`rq }qbbd{c{e`d ub{ u`r cj|cu {cgb {ib bcu

|cu `r{* kèdl c je{{jb |`qg c }èajb$

Eh |b o`rjk dcqq`| k`|d keclqcf {``j ed{` b}cqc{b oc{bl`qeb* {ibu |`rjk ab>

Hj`| _{qro{rqb Ojr{bq Kc{c ke}jcu ]eo{rqb Qckec{e`d

Bcoi oc{bl`qu cjj`| {ib keclqcf oqbc{`q {` o`ffrdeoc{b frj{e}jb o`dob}{$ [ibqb, bxbd c

{``j {ic{ cjj`| oqbc{e`d `h jb jedbcq cdk f`qb ca{qco{ keclqcf$ \b |cd{ {` ocr{e`d {ib

oqbc{exb o`dobqdedl rb h ca{qco{ o`dob}{ cdk keclqcf {``j$


52/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb 21

_roi }b`}jb dbbk o`jjca`qc{e`d cdk hbbkacog hq`f `{ibq f`{ rqlbd{ju# [ibqb cqb fedk `

oqbc{exb {ic{ {ibu abjebxb {ibfbjxb {` icxb }q`krobk bhhbo{exb* ca{qco{ o`dob}{* ar{ hcej {`

{iedg ca`r{ crkebdob dbbk$ Ed {ibb e{rc{e`d* cabd{ hbbkacog* crkebdob cqb jbh{ hqr{qc{bk

cdk |`dkbqedl |ic{ byco{ju {ib }qbbd{bq |c {quedl {` lb{ coq`$

F`{ icxb bbd `rq ]`|bq]èd{ {bf}jc{b cdk |ejj d`{eob {ic{ jedbcq o`dob}{ cqbd,{ `rqh`q{b$

[ie e xbqu ed{bd{e`dcj cdk |ic{ |b icxb h`rdk `r{ hq`f `rq or{`fbq e {ic{ {i`b f`qb

cq{e{eo {bdk {` hcx`q `rq }q`kro{ `hhbqedl$

Ibu* {ib cq{e{eo cf`dl r icxb ]`|bq}èd{ dbbk cj`#

Ibj} {ib Xese`dcqu

\b,xb }èd{bk `r{ `d f`qb òoce`d {icd `db* ]`|bq}èd{ ed,{ \`qk `q Byobj# \b,xb cj`

}ce`dc{bju }r{ h`q{i {ib ocb {ic{ {`` froi {by{ `d }qbbd{c{e`d gejj {ibeq bhhbo{exbdb$

Dbxbq{ibjb* cdk {ibqb, cj|cu c dbxbq{ibjb ed jehb* {ibqb e c {efb cdk }jcob h`q edbq{edl

{by{$

D`|ibqb e {ic{ fckb f`qb }jced {icd edbq{edl e{ ed{` keclqcf$ [by{ i`rjk dbxbq kbhedb c

keclqcf dbe{ibq i`rjk c keclqcf kbhedb {ib {by{$ [ibu i`rjk |`qg

{`lb{ibq {` o`ffrdeoc{b c {qbcfjedbk }qòb hj`|$

Crfedl {ic{ u`r icxb oi`bd cd c}}q`}qec{b keclqcf* e{ e

bbd{ecj {` {cgb {ib {efb {` {iedgu`rq keclqcf qbjc{e`die} {` {ib

{by{ cdk xeob xbqc$

[ie |ejj qbrj{ ed o`ffrdeoc{edl c ojbcq fbclb$ [`` `h{bd* }b`}jb nr{ edbq{ }qòb hj`|

keclqcf {u}b ed {by{ {ic{ he{ |e{ied {ib keclqcf cdk {iedg {ic{, bd`rli$ E{ e d`{#


53/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb 2?

Eh u`r cqb c aredb `|dbq |e{i {ie fedkb{* {`} {ie h``jeidb cdk }cu {` icxb c

}q`hbe`dcj kbeld cdk eh cd bf}jùbb `h c o`f}cdu* {`} abedl c aredb gejjbq$

\e{ied {ib ede{ecj }icb `h {qcdhbq hq`f gb{oi {` jekb* u`r fcu hedk {ic{ u`rq icdk |qe{{bd

k`d,{ {qcdjc{b |bjj ed{` ]`|bq]èd{$ [ie o`rjk ab h`q c drfabq `h qbc`d ar{ |b |ejj icqb

{iqbb>

Edby}bqebdob cdk ]`|bq]èd{ kbeld Abedl rdrqb |ib{ibq u`rxb gb{oibk {ib qeli{ ekbc c{ cjj D`{ icxedl ojbcq bd`rli keqbo{e`d `d {ib }qòb u`r cqb {quedl {` o`ffrdeoc{b

Fcdu f`qb qbc`d ocd ab lexbd ar{ |bxb h`rdk {ibb qcf}cd{$ [ibqb cqb |i`jb i`{ `h

`}{e`d cxcejcajb {` {i`b oicjjbdlbk |e{i kbeld$

_`fb{iedl f`qb oicjjbdledl e obq{cedju abedl rdrqb |ib{ibq u`r

gb{oibk {ib qeli{ ekbc {` abled |e{i$ [ie {u}eocjju ic}}bd c c qbrj{ `h

{ib {ieqk arjjb{ }èd{ e{bf$

\ibd `db {iedg `h d`{ icxedl ojbcq bd`rli keqbo{e`d `d ]`|bq]èd{

oqbc{e`d* {ie e rrcjju c qbrj{ `h abedl celdbk c {cg {ic{ e ojbcq {` {i`b celdedl {ib {cg

ar{ d`{ {i`b oicqlbk {` ocqqu e{ `r{$

[ie e |ibqb icdk |qe{{bd d`{b cqb f`{ ef}`q{cd{$ \b cqbd,{ cuedl {ic{ icdk |qe{{bd d`{b

i`rjk ab {qcdhbqqbk keqbo{ju {` jekb qc{ibq* u`rq keqbo{e`d ic {` o`fb hq`f* b}boecjju |ibd

celdbk {ib {cg au cd`{ibq* {i`q`rli d`{b$

Eh `fb`db e }cuedl u`r c cjcqu {` kbeld c }qbbd{c{e`d* |b }jbck |e{i u`r {` rdkbq{cdk {ib

qbcje{u `h aredb$ F`{ bf}jùbb k`d,{ {iedg hcq bd`rli cibck {` c}}qboec{b }q`kro{ oqbc{b

qbxbdrb$

Qbxbdrb oqbc{b c xecajb aredb cdk {ibqbau* f`dbu {` }cu bf}jùbb$ C `fb`db |i` ic

abbd a`{i cd bf}jùbb cdk aredb `|dbq* E cu |e{i`r{ ibe{c{e`d {ic{ aredb `|dbq cqb

cj|cu f`qb bqe`r {icd bf}jùbb$ \i` abjebxb ed {ib xee`d f`qb {icd {ib xee`dcqu0


54/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb 2;

Eh u`r k`d,{ icxb ojbcq bd`rli keqbo{e`d* cgbk {ib }bq`d |i` oc{ {ib xee`d f`qb }boeheo

srb{e`d$ Rrcjju* xee`dcqeb |i` {cq{ cdk fcdclb o`f}cdeb* bb c xbqu ael }eo{rqb xeb|$

[ibu cqb `h{bd i`q{ `d kb{cej* ar{ {ic{, |ibqb {ibu celdbk {ib {cg `h oqbc{edl kbf`d{qc{b

xcjrb$

Cjj |b cqb c{{bf}{edl {` }èd{ `r{ e {ic{ hq`f {ib heq{ o`dxbqc{e`d )icdk |qe{{bd d`{b%

gb{oib rd{ej }qbbd{c{e`d kbeld* fcgb rqb u`r rdkbq{cdk |ic{ {ib }bq`d |i` celdbk

{ib {cg |cd{ o`ffrdeoc{bk$

[ib }boeheo srb{e`d u`rxb cgbk {ibf krqedl }qb}cqc{e`d cj` ibj} {ibf |e{i {iedgedl {ib

}qòb {iq`rli$ C lqbc{ bycf}jb `h i`| {` {qc{bleocjju lb{ cd|bq hq`f {ib xee`dcqu e {`

rdkbq{cdk {ie> xee`dcqeb cqb {cdkedl c{ }èd{ C cdk bb }èd{ ^* ar{ `h{bd hcej {` qbcje~b

{ibqb cqb 1; `{ibq jb{{bq ed {ib cj}icab{#

[` oqbc{b c lqbc{ }qbbd{c{e`d* u`r dbbk {` hejj ed {ib `{ibq 1; jb{{bq$

Efclb Ed{bdsexb ]`|bq}èd{ _jekbs

\bxb }`gbd c{ jbdl{i ca`r{ xekb` cdk ]`|bq ]èd{ fcqgb{edl i`|bxbq* ed {ie }`{ |b lb{

{` |qe{b ca`r{ `db `h `rq hcx`qe{b {`}eo> h`jj`|edl kc{c qrjb ed ]`|bq]èd{$ E{ k`bd,{ boc}b

r {ic{ `fb rb ]`|bq]èd{ 1==? cdk 1==< |iejb `{ibq icxb r}lqckbk {` 1=3=$


55/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb 22

E{ k`bd,{ fc{{bq |ieoi }q`lqcf u`r rb* |e{i kc{c cdu|cu* |ic{ fc{{bq e {ic{ u`r h`jj`|

{ibb hexb {by{ edbq{e`d qrjb>

_jekb {by{ed{ ca`r{ {ib {by{qc{ibq* fbcdedl `h {ib {by{ Lb{ {` {ib }èd{ c sreogju c }èajb |e{i`r{ ed{bqqr}{edl bhhbo{exbdb ]eog {ib qeli{ `h{|cqb cdk {``j h`q {ib nà Gbb} e{ c ef}jb c }èajb Ielijeli{ |ic{ e f`{ ef}`q{cd{

[`` froi {by{ ocd `xbq|ibjf bxbd {ib f`{ edh`qfc{e`d irdlqu crkebdob$ C dbyr fr{ bye{

|ibqb u`rq acoglq`rdk* keclqcf cdk {by{ fbb{$ D`{ icxedl {ib qeli{ fey |ejj fcgb u`rq

}qbbd{c{e`d froi jb o`f}bjjedl$

E{ `rdk jegb cd `yuf`q`d {` cu |qe{{bd |`qk cqbd{ ca`r{ {ib |`qk {ibfbjxb ar{ {ib

fbcdedl$ C |e{i fcdu `{ibq {iedl ed jehb* `yuf`q`d bye{$ I`|bxbq* {ibu k`d,{ icxb {`

o`dhrb cd crkebdob$

[ib Bdljei jcdlrclb e `db `h {ib f`{ o`dhredl ed {ib |`qjk$ \ibd u`r {iedg {ic{ `db |`qk

ocd icxb {iqbb h`q c f`qb fbcdedl* cdk c fcdu }bjjedl* {ic{ ed e{bjh e o`dhredl$

[` jbbd {ib o`dhre`d* rb c {ibcrqr |ibd oqbc{edl {by{$ [ie fcu ab dbobcqu {`

bhhbo{exbju o`ffrdeoc{b$ Lb{{edl {` {ib }èd{ e }qàcaju {ib cqbc |ieoi qbsreqb {ib f`{

hedbb$

E{ e kcdlbq`r {` jb{ {ib }qbbd{c{e`d kqcl cj`dl |e{i`r{ lexedl cd ed{bqb{edl* ed{q`kro{`qu

fbclb h`q {ib crkebdob {` i`jk `d{`$ @d {ib `{ibq icdk* lexedl {ibf {ib fbclb u`r |cd{

{` o`ffrdeoc{b {` sreogju feli{ ocrb c bxbqb j` `h c{{bd{e`d {iq`rli`r{ {ib qb{ `h {ib

be`d$

Nr{ h`q {ib cgb `h by}cdkedl u`rq gd`|jbklb ed {ib cqbc `h |ba fcqgb{edl |e{i ]][ hejb* e{ e

f`{ `h{bd bhhbo{exb {` lb{ {` {ib }èd{ c sreogju c }èajb eh u`rq }qbbd{c{e`d e `djedb h`q

}rajeo xeb|edl$


56/61

|||$i`|{`}`|bq}èd{$`ql ]clb 28

C |ba fcqgb{edl by}bq{* |bxb h`rdk e{ {qebk cdk {qrb {ic{ |ibd c xee{`q cqqexb c{ c |bae{b*

u`r icxb byco{ju 9 {` 32 bo`dk {` lqca cdk i`jk {ibeq c{{bd{e`d$

[ie e {ib cf`rd{ `h {efb e{ |ejj {cgb {ib cxbqclb }bq`d {` ocd u`rq }clb cdk fcgb {ib

kboee`d |ib{ibq {` qbck `d `q jbcxb$ Cqb |b cuedl cdk {qu {` cjb u`rq |bae{b xee{`q ed `db

`q {|` jekb0 D`#

Cjj |b cqb cuedl e {ic{ u`r icxb {` hedk c acjcdob |e{i a`{i oqbc{edl cdk fcqgb{edl u`rq

}q`kro{ cdk bqxeob djedb$

]eogedl {ib qeli{ `h{|cqb cdk {``j h`q {ib nà ed,{ c {efb&o`drfedl c e{ fcu `rdk$ \b k`

d`{ |e{ikqc| `rq {c{bfbd{* }r{ h`q{i ed }qbxe`r }`{* {ic{ ]`|bq]èd{ {``j cqb `h{bd d`{

bd`rli {` oqbc{b lqbc{ jekb$

Obq{cedju {ibqb cqb {i`b {i`q`rliju kbkeoc{bk {` {ib fbkeòqb cdk |ejj `dju rb {ib {``j

|e{ied {ie `hheob re{b* i`|bxbq* h`q {ib f`qb oqbc{exb* `{ibq cb{ {ic{ icxb {` ab ef}`q{bk$

Cj{i`rli |b icxb qcejbk clced{ redl ]i`{ì`} byojrexbju h`q efclb oqbc{e`d* |b rdkbq{cdk

{ic{ xbo{`q cq{ oqbc{bk au ]i`{ì`}* e dbobcqu cdk HQBB c |bjj c cxcejcajb `d {ib |ba$

Eh u`r abjebxb {ic{ {``j cxcejcajb |e{ied ]`|bq]èd{ 1==< cdk 1=3= cqb bd`rli* c{ jbc{

o`dekbq redl c f`qb ef}co{hrj acoglq`rdk efclb {icd e cxcejcajb ed Feoq``h{#

Gbb}edl e{ ef}jb i`rjk cj|cu ab {ib `xbqqekedl {ibfb `h oqbc{exb }qòbb$ Oqbc{edl

o`f}jeoc{bk jekb |ejj jbck {` c o`f}jeoc{bk }qbbd{c{e`d c e{ o`dobqd {ib h`jj`|edl>

Bhhbo{exb xercj cek Bhhbo{exb kbjexbqu Jbedl o`dhre`d cf`dl c{{bdkbb

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srb{e`d cgbk0 D`# J`{ `h srb{e`d o`rjk fbcd fcdu {iedl ar{ rrcjju fbcd be{ibq cd

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