‚power-to-x – efficient harnessing of renewables · ‚power-to-x –efficient harnessing of...
TRANSCRIPT
Mitg
lied
de
r H
elm
ho
ltz-G
em
ein
sch
aft
‚Power-to-X‘ – efficient Harnessing of Renewables
Rüdiger-A. Eichel
IEK-9: Fundamental Electrochemistry Chair for Energy Conversion & StorageInstitute of Energy and Climate Research Institute of Physical ChemistryForschungszentrum Jülich RWTH Aachen UniversityGermany
DTU | 24. 8. 2017
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 2
Kopernikus-project: „Power-to-X – Exploration, Validation and Implementation of P2X Concepts“
coordination:Rüdiger-A. Eichel (FZ Jülich)
Walter Leitner (RWTH Aachen)Kurt Wagemann (DECHEMA)
total budget for 1st funding period (3 years):38.3 Million €
17 research institutes26 partners from industry
3 civil society organizations 64 working groups
8.3 Million € contribution from industry
synergetic effects & contributions from partners through established infrastructures and
associated projects
coordination
Academia
IndustrySocio-economics
funding
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 3
InterfaceInterface
Fields of actionFields of action
Fields of application
Sustainability
Energy
Transportation
Chemistry
Catalysis
Electrolysis
System integration
Material-and
process-design
Technology Society
technological objectives:
significant CO2-reduction at maximum added value
integration of decentral and autonomous solutions
economic objectives:
scalability and modularization
export ability
societal objectives:
civil acceptance & needs
guiding concept linking the fields of action and application
Kopernikus-project: „Power-to-X – Exploration, Validation and Implementation of P2X Concepts“
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 4
Kopernikus P2X – Advisory Boards
Civil Advisory Board Technology Advisory Board
Dr. Tony van Osselaer (Vors.)
Prof. Peter Eilts
Dr. Adelbert Goede
Prof. Anke Hagen
Prof. Katharina Kohse-Höinghaus
Prof. Julia Kunze-Liebhäuser
Prof. Martin Muhler
Prof. Thomas J. Schmidt
Prof. Reinhard Schomäcker
Prof. Kai Sundmacher
(non-governmental organizations, labor unions, industrial associations, ...) (experts from academia and industry)
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 5
Sustainable Energy Future
decarbonization / defossilizationscenarios
transition of the energy system(‚Energiewende‘)
* transition of the energy system
** fossil fuels
*
**
status-quo: transition of the energy and electrification sector
future objective: transition of other sectors to reduce CO2-emissions
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 6source: Craig Morris, Martin Pehnt (2012)
- 6 -
main objectives of the German Energy Transition (‘Energiewende’)
nu
clea
r p
has
e o
ut
(20
22
)
5 M
io E
Vs
(20
30
)
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 7
‚Power-to-Gas‘ – Transition of the Energy System
Objectives for Chemical Energy Storage:
intermittent Energy supply & consumption
reliable Energy Supply with Renewables
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 8
Intermittent Power Generation by Renewables
power balance of a wind-rich weekin winter (2011, KW3)
power balance of a sun-rich weekin spring (2011, KW14)
power balance of a wind- and sun-poor week in winter (2011, KW50)
battery storage chemical energy storage
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 9
Power-to-Gas – Long-Term / Large-Scale Storage Option
capacity
power density, cycle efficiency
available Energy Storage Technologiespower- & energy management(Kosten einer ausgespeicherten Kilowattstunde)
Greenpeace Windgasstudie 2015
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 10
Power-to-Gas-to-Power – Round Trip Efficiency
𝜼𝐭𝐨𝐭 = 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟑𝟓%
re-electrificationstorageconversion(methanization)
conversion(H2O-electrolysis)
high potential of improvement:efficient electrolysis
high potential of improvement:efficient fuel cells(i.e. reversible electrolysis)
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 11
‘Power-to-Fuels’ – Traffic & Transportation Sector
Objectives for Synfuels:
reduced CO2- & NOx-emissions
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 12
Energy Density of Synfuels
CompressedNatural Gas
range, power
...
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 13
Ruß
em
issio
ne
n (
Sch
wa
rzra
uch
za
hl) /
-0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Stickoxidemissionen (NOx) / g/kWh
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
EN590 Diesel Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Rapsmethylester (Biodiesel) OME1
Emission Characteristics of Synfuels
D. Deutsch, D. Oestreich, L. Lautenschütz, P. Haltenort, U. Arnold, J. SauerChemie Ingenieur Technik 2017, 89, 486–489.
OMEx (1; 3 < x < 6)
(volatile organiccompounds)
fuel rich operation (more fuel / less oxygen):➞ pro: high power operation for vehicle➞ con: low fuel efficiency (more pollutants)
fuel lean operation (less fuel / more oxygen):➞ pro: more complete combustion (fewer pollutants)➞ con: less power operation for vehicle (more Nox at high temp.)
combustion process emissions synfuel emissions (Oxymethylene ether, OME)
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 14
‘Power-to-Chemicals’ – CO2 as Chemical Feedstock
Objectives for CO2 as Chemical Feedstock:
Chemical Production using CO2, Water and Renewables
CO2 (and Biomass) as sole Carbon Source for Chemical Industry
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 15
power-to-chemicals – CO2 as chemical feedstock
sustainable value chain
CO2 as feedstock sustainable chemicals
electrocatalysis
remark: no intermediate hydrogen
synthesis of high-value chemicals(market price and volume)
ethylene (C2H4)
formic acidmethane(CH4)
1,000 EUR/t141 Mt/a 0.7 Mt/a
100 - 150 EUR/t>2,400 Mt/a
carbonmonoxide (CO)
alcoholesC2 – C3
650 EUR/t (+H2 > Naphtha)>210,000 Mt/a
electrochemical conversion
CO2 from fossil power plants
power from renewables
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 16
carbon cycles – sources & sinks
atmospheric CO2
positive CO2 emission
carbon source
negative CO2 emission
carbon sink
CO2 neutral
carbon cylce
anthropogenic CO2
combustion
biomass
photosynthesis
hydrocarbons
(co-) electrolysis
CO2 valorization
chemicalssynfuels
biofuelsfossil fuels
L.G.J. de Haart, R.-A. Eichel (2017)
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 17
CO2 as Chemical Feedstock – CO2-Valorization
S. Foit, I.C. Vinke, L.G.J. de Haart, R.-A. Eichel,Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56 (2017) 5402 – 5411
fuel electrode reactions:
H2O + 2𝑒− ⟶ H2 + O
2− (water splitting)
CO2 + 2𝑒− ⟶ CO + O2− (CO2 activation)
CO2 + H2 ⇌ CO + H2O (RWGS)
oxygen anode reaction:
2O2− ⟶ O2 + 4𝑒− (oxygen oxidation)
Sustainable Value Chain – ‚green‘ syngas chemistryKey Enabling Technology – Co-Electrolysis
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 18
Roadmap for Implementation – High-Value Chemicals
1.000.000 €
100.000 €
10.000 €
1.000 €
10 €
10 t 100 t 1 kt 10 kt 100 kt 1 Mt 10 Mt 100 Mt
liquidfuels
pri
ce p
er
ton
world production p.a.
products mainlyproduced from
oil & gas
bulkchemicals
primary building blocks & plastics
colors & pigments
medicine
taste & aromas
specialty chemicals ‘bulk’ chemicals ‘green’ synfuels
medium market: 1-100 Mt/a
medium product prizes
≈ 10 MW system size
➞mid-term realization
(developing mature
technologies, scale-up)
large market: ≫ 10 Mt/a
low product prizes
≈ GW system size
➞ long-term realization
(market entry with large-scale
plants; favorable market conditions
mandatory)
small market: ≪ 1 Mt/a
high product prizes
≪ 1 MW system size
➞ short-term realization
(gaining experience about
technologies and prozesses)
➞ Eine Einführung im kleinen Maßstab heute führt zu neuen Geschäftsmöglichkeiten morgen
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 19
Power-to-X as enabler for ‘Integrated Energy’ Scenarios
Objectives for ‘Integrated Energy’ Scenarios (‘Sektorkopplung’):
reduction of GHG emissions by input of renewables into the sectors Chemical Industry, Heat, Traffic & Transportation
CO2-conversion as chemical Storage Option
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 20
Power-to-X as enabling Technology for Integrated Energy
electrolysis
fuel cell
energy sector
chemistry sector
traffic sector
heat sector
renewables
Power-to-Gas
Po
we
r-to-H
eat
heat storagefuel storage
gas storage
Reduction of industrial carbon footprint
Sustainable value generation
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 21
Distribution of CO2-Emissions & Availability of Sources
CO2 source CO2 emissions [Mt] number of plants
power plants 333.8 1070
steel & iron 29.6 50
refineries 23.6 24
cement 19.1 37
limestone / calcination 9.2 65
bulk chemicals 8.0 122
paper 5.2 147
ammonia 4.4 5
glass 3.8 86
coking 3.7 4
ferrous metals 3.4 72
non-ferrous metals (aluminum etc.)
3.0 41
hydrogen & syngas 3.0 16
ceramics 2.0 154
N. Assen, L. Müller, P. Voll, A. Bardow, Environ. Sci. Technol. 50 (2016) 1093–1101.
◼ NGC power plant ◼ cement◼ coal power plant ◼ refineries and steam cracker◼ IGCC power plant ◼ ammonia◼ hydrogen plant ◼ ethylene oxide◼ pulp and paper ◼ gas processing◼ steel and iron ◼ power
CO2-Emissions in Germany (2011) CO2-Sources in Germany (2014)
source: European Union Transaction Log
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 22
‘Surplus Energy’ vs. ‘Integrated Energy’ Scenario
‘Surplus Energy’ scenario(Power-to-Gas-to-Power as storage option)
‘Integrated Energy’ scenario(Power-to-Chemicals as CO2-valorization option)
Transition of the Energy System(Intermittent Power Supply by Renewables)
RL
SP
RL – residual loadSP – surplus power generation
at 80% renewables in the grid: RL ≈ SP
➞ sufficient storage capacity
➞ electricity grid upgrade
➞ demand site management
integration of renewables into the chemistry sector
➞ significant (further) upgrade of renewables (min. factor 1.5 compared to IEA projection)
continuous upgrade of renewables in the energy & electrification sector
2050: 80% renewables installed
2012
2050
residual load ≡ PV + wind – consumption
po
wer
gen
era
tio
n
hours a year hours a year hours a year
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 23
Availability of Renewables – Case Study ‚Synfuels‘
1 TWh (@ 550 MW rated power)
➞ ca. 40.000 t annual synfuel production
0.242 TWh (@ 60 MW rated power)
➞ ca. 10.000 t annual synfuel production
‚Worldscale‘-Facility Alpha Ventus(45 km north Borkum)
‚Worldscale‘-Facility Topaz Solar Farm(California, USA)
Foto: NASA Foto: Deutsche Offshore-Testfeld und Infrastruktur GmbH & Co. KG Oldenburg
assumption: 25 TWh ≡ 1 Mio. t trad. fuel
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 24
Recommended Course of Action
political approach:carbon tax
scientific approach:technology readiness levels
technology:
Electrochemistry is Key Enabling Technology
economy:
capital cost (invest): minimum number of process steps
operating cost: maximum energy efficiency
Institute of Energy and Climate Research – Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9) 25
acknowledgements
team High-Temperature P2X:
Dr. Lambertus G.J. de Haart
Dr. Isaak C. Vinke
Dr. Hans Kungl
M.Sc. Severin Foit
M.Sc. Lucy Dittrich
M.Sc. Markus Nohl
M.Sc. Kevin Schiemann
M.Sc. Trutz Theuer
et al. ...
funding:
team Low-Temperature P2X:
Prof. Josef Granwehr
Dr. Hermann Tempel
Dr. Peter Jakes
M.Sc. Jörg Ackermann
M.Sc. Sven Jovanovic
M.Sc. Ansgar Kretzschmar
et al. …