potential impacts of water quality & chemistry on … impacts of water quality & chemistry...
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Potential Impacts of Water Quality &
Chemistry on Herbicide Applications
Dan Campbell
Exotic Plant Management Specialist
National Park Service
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Primary Water Quality Issues
pH: acidic, neutral, basic
Turbidity: suspended solids & organic matter in
Dissolved mineral content: charges particles (ions)
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Your Water Can Change
• Hardness and pH can change during the spray season depending on your water source.
• Is your water source from a municipal source or from a well?
• Municipal water doesn’t mean that you have good water.
They don’t adjust pH or hardness.
• As well depths and aquifers change so does the water quality.
• Water should be checked.
• At start of spray season
• Mid summer
• Late fall
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pH
Water (H2O) breaks down into ions of H+ and OH-
pH = The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration [H+]
(as H+ increases, so does acidity)
pH 1-6 = acidic, pH 7 = neutral, pH 8-14 basic
Many herbicides are weak acids (glyphosate). These release H+ ions
and dissociate in water.
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pH
Weak acids dissociate less as the solution pH decreases – more
active ingredient available.
Generally, the ideal pH for water used to apply spray materials is
slightly acidic (pH 5 – 6.5). Some exceptions exist. Read labels.
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Movement of Ionizable (Weak-Acid)
Herbicides
Weak-Acid herbicides in an acid environment are not ionized and
can freely cross plant membranes, upon entering the alkaline
phloem (high pH) they will become ionized. This “traps” the
pesticide in the phloem and will subsequently be transported to
“active sites” within the plant.
Non-ionized pesticides freely
cross plant membranes
pH 5 Xylem 150 cm / hr
Phloem – 90 cm / hr pH 8
Roots
Leaves
Non-ionized pesticides freely
cross plant membranes
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Solubility vs Spray Water pH
• As the spray water pH changes, some products increase in
solubility.
• As solubility increases, it increases the bioavailability of active
ingredient for better and more consistent efficacy.
• Glyphosate, triclopyr amine, imazapyr, & aminopyralid are very
soluble – effect of pH negligible.
- aminopyralid -
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Turbidity
Koc: organic carbon sorption coefficient. The higher the value, the
more likely the active ingredient will adsorb to organic matter.
glyphosate = 24,000
aminopyralid = 2,500
triclopyr ester = 780
imazapyr = 100
triclopyr amine = 20
Particulate texture: clay, silt, sand
clay – greater surface area; more likely to
possess an ionic charge.
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Dissolved Mineral Content
Water is a “universal solvent”
TDS – total dissolved solids
Hardness is expressed as the amount of calcium plus magnesium
present as calcium carbonate equivalent. It can be expressed as
parts per million (ppm) or grains per US gallon.
(1 ppm = 17.1 grains/1 US gal)
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How is TDS measured?
• Weight
• EC
• Chemical reaction
(test strips)
Calcium = 666 ppm
Sulfate = 2434 ppm
Magnesium = 234 ppm
Chloride = 32 ppm
Sodium = 130 ppm
Bicarbonate = 346 ppm
TDS > 500 mg/L (ppm) is salty to taste
3842 ppm
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ppm/Gal Grains/Gal
Soft 0 - 60 0 – 3.5
Mod. Hard 60 - 120 3.5 – 7.0
Hard 120 - 180 7.0 – 10.5
Very Hard Over 180 Over 10.5
Reference: Montana Environmental Health Association – Sanitarian’s Field
Guide
What is hard water?
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Drinking water <500 TDS (EPA)
Fresh Water : <1,000 TDS
Brackish : 1,000-5,000 TDS
Highly Brackish : 5,000-15,000 TDS
Saline : 15,000-30,000 TDS
Sea Water : 30,000-40,000 TDS
Brine : 40,000-300,000+ TDS
Types of Water
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Common Mineral Elements in Water
Cations (+) Anions (-)
Calcium (Ca++) Sulfate (SO4-)
Magnesium (Mg++) Chloride (Cl-)
Sodium (Na+) Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
nitrate (NO3-)potassium (K+) iron (Fe++, Fe+++)
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Water (H2O) breaks down into ions (charged particles) of H+
and OH-. pH is an indication of the H+ ion concentration.
What is pH?
Dissolved minerals specifically interfere with the performance of
some active ingredients such as:
2,4-D, aminopyralid, clopyralid, glyphosate, imazapic, imazapyr,
triclopyr amine.
2,4-D amine is completely “deactivated” at 500 ppm water hardness.
Glyphosate noticeably less effective at 150 ppm hardness.
Mineral Antagonism
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What can you do?
Reduce your water volumes
(20 GPA ties up 2X the glyphosate as 10 GPA)
Use maximum application rates
Use a water conditioner to block mineral antagonism and enhance
uptake.
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Water Hardness Test Strips
What can you do?
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www.herbicide-adjuvants.com
Additives to improve performance
Adjuvants
Conditioners
Ammonium Sulfate (AMS)
Non-ionic surfactants (NIS)
pH
Hard
Water
Acidifiers
Buffers
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+Ca
-Glyphosate
Addition of Ammonium Sulfate…Why?
2NH4 SO4
- -++
The sulfate ion “blocks” the mineral cation.
The ammonium ions attach and “escort” the glyphosate into the plant.
-
++ - -
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QUESTIONS?
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Remember
To maximize the performance of glyphosate the spray
water pH needs to below a pH of 6.0
Glyphosate is noticeably less effective at as low as 150
ppm of water hardness.
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