Positive Behavioral Interventions & Supports: Lessons Learned Booster

George SugaiOSEP Center on PBIS

Center for Behavioral Education & ResearchUniversity of Connecticut

Oct 5 2011

www.pbis.org www.scalingup.org www.cber.org

PURPOSE

Describe lessons learned from

15 years of PBIS

implementation & their impact

on current efforts to enhance

implementation

Emphasize & review core PBIS features

Support Lansing implementation

Show evidence-based

Link implementation fidelity & student outcomes

Relate academic & behavior outcomes

Highlight role of leadership

“Notes to Self”

VIOLENCE PREVENTION

Positive predictable school-wide

climate High rates academic &

social success

Formal social skills

instructionPositive active supervision & reinforcement

Positive adult role models

Multi-component, multi-year school-family-community

effortVIOLENCE

PREVENTION

• Surgeon General’s Report on Youth Violence (2001)

• Coordinated Social Emotional & Learning (Greenberg et al., 2003)

• Center for Study & Prevention of Violence (2006)

• White House Conference on School Violence (2006)

8 Big Lessons

1. Invest in prevention for ALL

1980s SW

Discipline Problem

Reactive

Non-constructive

Emphasis on punishment

Poor implementation

fidelity

Limited effects

Special

Education &

BD

Prevention Logic for AllBiglan, 1995; Mayer, 1995; Walker et al., 1996

Decrease development

of new problem

behaviors

Prevent worsening &

reduce intensity of

existing problem

behaviors

Eliminate triggers &

maintainers of problem

behaviors

Teach, monitor, &

acknowledge prosocial behavior

Redesign of teaching environments…not students

2. Teach behavior like academic skills, explicitly & deliberately

Teaching Academics & Behaviors

DEFINESimply

MODEL

PRACTICEIn Setting

ADJUST forEfficiency

MONITOR &ACKNOWLEDGE

Continuously

Teaching Matrix

SETTING

All Settings Hallways Playgrounds Cafeteria

Library/Compute

r LabAssembly Bus

Respect Ourselves

Be on task.

Give your best effort.

Be prepared.

Walk. Have a plan.

Eat all your food.Select healthy foods.

Study, read,

compute.

Sit in one spot.

Watch for your stop.

Respect Others

Be kind.Hands/feet

to self.Help/share

with others.

Use normal voice

volume.Walk to right.

Play safe.Include others.Share

equipment.

Practice good table manners

Whisper.Return books.

Listen/watch.Use

appropriate applause.

Use a quiet voice.

Stay in your seat.

Respect Property

Recycle.Clean up after self.

Pick up litter.

Maintain physical space.

Use equipment properly.

Put litter in garbage can.

Replace trays &

utensils.Clean up

eating area.

Push in chairs.Treat books

carefully.

Pick up.Treat chairs appropriately

.

Wipe your feet.Sit

appropriately.

Exp

ecta

tions 1. S

OCIAL SKILL2. NATURAL

CONTEXT

3. BEHAVIOR

EXAMPLES

NC Positive Behavior Support Initiative

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.0050

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

ReadingLinear (Reading)

ODRs

EO

G R

eadi

ng

rxy = -.44(n = 36)

Bob Algozzine

Schools w/ Low ODRs & High

Academic Outcomes

Office Discipline Referrals per 100 StudentsProp

ortio

n of

Stu

dent

s M

eetin

g St

ate

Aca

dem

ic

Stan

dard

PBIS in North Carolina

Algozzine, B., Wang, C., & Violette, A. S. (2011). Reexamining the relationship between academic achievement and social behavior. Journal of Positive Behavioral Interventions, 13, 3-16.

Burke, M. D., Hagan-Burke, S., & Sugai, G. (2003). The efficacy of function-based interventions for students with learning disabilities who exhibit escape-maintained problem behavior: Preliminary results from a single case study. Learning Disabilities Quarterly, 26, 15-25.

McIntosh, K., Chard, D. J., Boland, J. B., & Horner, R. H. (2006). Demonstration of combined efforts in school-wide academic and behavioral systems and incidence of reading and behavior challenges in early elementary grades. Journal of Positive Behavioral Interventions, 8, 146-154.

McIntosh, K., Horner, R. H., Chard, D. J., Dickey, C. R., and Braun, D. H. (2008). Reading skills and function of problem behavior in typical school settings. Journal of Special Education, 42, 131-147.

Nelson, J. R., Johnson, A., & Marchand-Martella, N. (1996). Effects of direct instruction, cooperative learning, and independent learning practices on the classroom behavior of students with behavioral disorders: A comparative analysis. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 4, 53-62.

Wang, C., & Algozzine, B. (2011). Rethinking the relationship between reading and behavior in early elementary school. Journal of Educational Research, 104, 100-109.

Academic-Behavior Connection

“Viewed as outcomes, achievement and

behavior are related; viewed as causes of

each other, achievement and behavior are

unrelated. In this context, teaching behavior

as relentlessly as we teach reading or other

academic content is the ultimate act of

prevention, promise, and power underlying

PBS and other preventive interventions in

America’s schools.”

Algozzine, Wang, & Violette (2011), p. 16.

3. Emphasize PBIS

as framework, not

curriculum

“Train & Hope”

REACT toProblemBehavior

Select &ADD

Practice

Hire EXPERTto TrainPractice

WAIT forNew

Problem

Expect, But HOPE for

Implementation

SWPBS (aka PBIS/RtI) is for enhancing adoption & implementation of

Continuum of evidence-based interventions to achieve

Academically & behaviorally important outcomes for

All students

Framework

SYST

EMSPRACTICES

DATASupportingStaff Behavior

SupportingStudent Behavior

OUTCOMES

Supporting Social Competence &Academic Achievement

SupportingDecisionMaking

IntegratedElements

Agreements

Team

Data-based Action Plan

ImplementationEvaluation

GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION

PROCESS: “Getting Started”

IMPLEMENTATION W/ FIDELITY

CONTINUUM OF EVIDENCE-BASEDINTERVENTIONS

CONTENT EXPERTISE &

FLUENCY

TEAM-BASED IMPLEMENTATION

CONTINUOUSPROGRESS

MONITORING

UNIVERSAL SCREENING

DATA-BASEDDECISION MAKING

& PROBLEM SOLVING

RtI

Funding Visibility PolicyPoliticalSupport

Training Coaching Behavioral ExpertiseEvaluation

LEADERSHIP TEAM(Coordination)

Local School/District Implementation Demonstrations

SWPBS Implementation

Blueprint

www.pbis.org

4. Invest in multi-tiered systems logic

“Early Triangle”

(p. 201)Walker, Knitzer,

Reid, et al., CDC

Primary Prevention:School-/Classroom-Wide Systems for

All Students,Staff, & Settings

Secondary Prevention:Specialized Group

Systems for Students with At-Risk Behavior

Tertiary Prevention:Specialized

IndividualizedSystems for Students

with High-Risk Behavior

~80% of Students

~15%

~5%

CONTINUUM OFSCHOOL-WIDE

INSTRUCTIONAL & POSITIVE BEHAVIOR

SUPPORT

ALL

SOME

FEW

Universal

Targeted

Intensive

All

Some

FewContinuum of Support for

ALL

Dec 7, 2007

Universal

Targeted

IntensiveContinuum of

Support for ALL“Theora”

Dec 7, 2007

Science

Soc Studies

Reading

Math

Soc skills

Basketball

Spanish

Label behavior…not people

Universal

Targeted

IntensiveContinuum of Support for

ALL:“Molcom”

Dec 7, 2007

Prob Sol.

Coop play

Adult rel.

Anger man.

Attend.

Peer interac

Ind. play

Label behavior…not people

Self-assess

1-5% 1-5%

5-10% 5-10%

80-90% 80-90%

Intensive, Individual Interventions• Individual Students• Assessment-based

• High Intensity

Intensive, Individual Interventions• Individual Students• Assessment-based

• Intense, durable proceduresTargeted Group Interventions• Some students (at-risk)

• High efficiency• Rapid response

Targeted Group Interventions• Some students (at-risk)

• High efficiency• Rapid response

Universal Interventions• All students

• Preventive, proactive

Universal Interventions• All settings, all students• Preventive, proactive

Responsiveness to Intervention

Academic Systems Behavioral Systems

Circa 1996

RTIIntegrated Continuum

Mar 10 2010

Academic Continuum

Behavior Continuum

~80% of Students

~5%

ESTABLISHING CONTINUUM of SWPBS

SECONDARY PREVENTION• Check in/out• Targeted social skills

instruction• Peer-based supports• Social skills club•

TERTIARY PREVENTION• Function-based support• Wraparound• Person-centered planning• •

PRIMARY PREVENTION• Teach SW expectations• Proactive SW discipline• Positive reinforcement• Effective instruction• Parent engagement•

SECONDARY PREVENTION• • • • •

TERTIARY PREVENTION• • • • •

PRIMARY PREVENTION• • • • • •

~15%

5. Invest in capacity

for implementation

fidelity

“Making a turn”

IMPLEMENTATION

Effective Not Effective

PRACTICE

Effective

Not Effective

Maximum Student Benefits

Fixsen & Blase, 2009

Detrich, Keyworth, & States (2007). J. Evid.-based Prac. in Sch.

Startw/

What Works

Focus on Fidelity

SYST

EMSPRACTICES

DATASupportingStaff Behavior

SupportingStudent Behavior

OUTCOMES

Supporting Social Competence &Academic Achievement

SupportingDecisionMaking

IntegratedElements

Basic “Logic”SY

STEM

S

PRACTICES

DATA

Training+

Coaching+

Evaluation

Maximum Student

OutcomesImplementation

Fidelity

Where are you in implementation process?Adapted from Fixsen & Blase, 2005

• We think we know what we need, so we ordered 3 month free trial (evidence-based)

EXPLORATION & ADOPTION

• Let’s make sure we’re ready to implement (capacity infrastructure)INSTALLATION

• Let’s give it a try & evaluate (demonstration)

INITIAL IMPLEMENTATION

• That worked, let’s do it for real (investment)

FULL IMPLEMENTATION

• Let’s make it our way of doing business (institutionalized use)

SUSTAINABILITY & CONTINUOUS

REGENERATION

6. Work smarter by

doing a few effective

things very well

Initiative, Committee

Purpose Outcome Target Group

Staff Involved

SIP/SID

Attendance Committee

Increase attendance

Increase % of students attending daily

All students Eric, Theora, Ellen, Marlee

Goal #2

Character Education

Improve character

Improve character All students Marlee, Marcellus, Max, Ellen

Goal #3

Safety Committee

Improve safety Predictable response to threat/crisis

Dangerous students

Has not met Goal #3

School Spirit Committee

Enhance school spirit

Improve morale All students Has not met

Discipline Committee

Improve behavior

Decrease office referrals

Bullies, antisocial students, repeat offenders

Ellen, Eric, Marlee, Marcellus, Otis

Goal #3

DARE Committee

Prevent drug use High/at-risk drug users

Don

EBS Work Group Implement 3-tier model

Decrease office referrals, increase attendance, enhance academic engagement, improve grades

All students Eric, Ellen, Marlee, Otis, Emma, Barney

Goal #2Goal #3

Sample Teaming Matrix

Are outcomes

measurable?

Classroom

SWPBSPractices

Non-classroom Family

Student & Family

School-w

ide

• Smallest #• Evidence-based

• Biggest, durable effect

SCHOOL-WIDE1.1. Leadership team

2.Behavior purpose statement

3.Set of positive expectations & behaviors

4.Procedures for teaching SW & classroom-wide expected behavior

5.Continuum of procedures for encouraging expected behavior

6.Continuum of procedures for discouraging rule violations

7.Procedures for on-going data-based monitoring & evaluation

EVIDENCE-BASED

INTERVENTIONPRACTICES

CLASSROOM1.All school-wide2.Maximum structure & predictability in routines & environment3.Positively stated expectations posted, taught, reviewed, prompted, & supervised.4.Maximum engagement through high rates of opportunities to respond, delivery of evidence-based instructional curriculum & practices5.Continuum of strategies to acknowledge displays of appropriate behavior.6.Continuum of strategies for responding to inappropriate behavior.

INDIVIDUAL STUDENT1.Behavioral competence at school & district levels

2.Function-based behavior support planning

3.Team- & data-based decision making

4.Comprehensive person-centered planning & wraparound processes

5.Targeted social skills & self-management instruction

6. Individualized instructional & curricular accommodations

NONCLASSROOM1.Positive expectations & routines taught & encouraged

2.Active supervision by all staff (Scan, move, interact)

3.Precorrections & reminders

4.Positive reinforcement

FAMILY ENGAGEMENT1.Continuum of positive behavior support for all families

2.Frequent, regular positive contacts, communications, & acknowledgements

3.Formal & active participation & involvement as equal partner

4.Access to system of integrated school & community resources

1. Leadership team2. Behavior purpose statement3. Set of positive expectations & behaviors4. Procedures for teaching SW & classroom-wide

expected behavior5. Continuum of procedures for encouraging expected

behavior6. Continuum of procedures for discouraging rule

violations7. Procedures for on-going data-based monitoring &

evaluation

School-wide

PBIS is making sure posters are on

walls!

Teaching Matrix

SETTING

All Settings Hallways Playgrounds Cafeteria

Library/Compute

r LabAssembly Bus

Respect Ourselves

Be on task.

Give your best effort.

Be prepared.

Walk. Have a plan.

Eat all your food.Select healthy foods.

Study, read,

compute.

Sit in one spot.

Watch for your stop.

Respect Others

Be kind.Hands/feet

to self.Help/share

with others.

Use normal voice

volume.Walk to right.

Play safe.Include others.Share

equipment.

Practice good table manners

Whisper.Return books.

Listen/watch.Use

appropriate applause.

Use a quiet voice.

Stay in your seat.

Respect Property

Recycle.Clean up after self.

Pick up litter.

Maintain physical space.

Use equipment properly.

Put litter in garbage can.

Replace trays &

utensils.Clean up

eating area.

Push in chairs.Treat books

carefully.

Pick up.Treat chairs appropriately

.

Wipe your feet.Sit

appropriately.

Exp

ecta

tions 1. S

OCIAL SKILL2. NATURAL

CONTEXT

3. BEHAVIOR

EXAMPLES

Teaching Matrix Activity 

 

   Classroom Lunchroom Bus Hallway Assembly

Respect Others

• Use inside voice

• ________

• Eat your own food

• __________

• Stay in your seat

• _________

• Stay to right

• _________

• Arrive on time to speaker

• __________

Respect Environment & Property

• Recycle paper

• _________

• Return trays

• __________

• Keep feet on floor

• __________

• Put trash in cans

• _________

• Take litter with you

• __________

Respect Yourself

• Do your best

• __________

• Wash your hands

• __________

• Be at stop on time

• __________

• Use your words

• __________

• Listen to speaker

• __________

Respect Learning

• Have materials ready

• __________

• Eat balanced diet

• __________

• Go directly from bus to class

• __________

• Go directly to class

• __________

• Discuss topic in class w/ others

• __________

Family Teaching

Matrix

SETTING

At home Morning Routine Homework Meal

Times In Car Play Bedtime

Respect Ourselves

Respect Others

Respect Property

Exp

ecta

tions 1. S

OCIAL SKILL

2. NATURAL

CONTEXT

3. BEHAVIOR

EXAMPLES

RAH – at Adams City High School(Respect – Achievement – Honor)

RAH Classroom Hallway/Commons

Cafeteria Bathrooms

Respect Be on time; attend regularly; follow class rules

Keep location neat, keep to the right, use appropriate lang., monitor noise level, allow others to pass

Put trash in cans, push in your chair, be courteous to all staff and students

Keep area clean, put trash in cans, be mindful of others’ personal space, flush toilet

Achievement

Do your best on all assignments and assessments, take notes, ask questions

Keep track of your belongings, monitor time to get to class

Check space before you leave, keep track of personal belongings

Be a good example to other students, leave the room better than you found it

Honor Do your own work; tell the truth

Be considerate of yours and others’ personal space

Keep your own place in line, maintain personal boundaries

Report any graffiti or vandalism

RAH – AthleticsRAH Practice Competitio

nsEligibility Lettering Team

TravelRespect Listen to

coaches directions; push yourself and encourage teammates to excel.

Show positive sportsmanship; Solve problems in mature manner; Positive inter-actions with refs, umps, etc.

Show up on time for every practice and competition.

Show up on time for every practice and competition; Compete x%.

Take care of your own possessions and litter; be where you are directed to be.

Achievement

Set example in the classroom and in the playing field as a true achiever.

Set and reach for both individual and team goals; encourage your teammates.

Earn passing grades; Attend school regularly; only excused absences

Demonstrate academic excellence.

Complete your assignments missed for team travel.

Honor Demonstrate good sportsmanship and team spirit.

Suit up in clean uniforms; Win with honor and integrity; Represent your school with good conduct.

Show team pride in and out of the school. Stay out of trouble – set a good example for others.

Suit up for any competitions you are not playing. Show team honor.Cheer for teammates.

Remember you are acting on behalf of the school at all times and demonstrate team honor/pride.

Acknowledge & Recognize

Bradshaw, C.P., Koth, C.W., Thornton, L.A., & Leaf, P.J. (2009). Altering school climate through school-wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports: Findings from a group-randomized effectiveness trial. Prevention Science, 10(2), 100-115

Bradshaw, C.P., Koth, C.W., Bevans, K.B., Ialongo, N., & Leaf, P.J. (2008). The impact of school-wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) on the organizational health of elementary schools. School Psychology Quarterly, 23(4), 462-473.

Bradshaw, C. P., Mitchell, M. M., & Leaf, P. J. (2010). Examining the effects of School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports on student outcomes: Results from a randomized controlled effectiveness trial in elementary schools. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 12, 133-148.

Bradshaw, C.P., Reinke, W. M., Brown, L. D., Bevans, K.B., & Leaf, P.J. (2008). Implementation of school-wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) in elementary schools: Observations from a randomized trial. Education & Treatment of Children, 31, 1-26.

Horner, R., Sugai, G., Smolkowski, K., Eber, L., Nakasato, J., Todd, A., & Esperanza, J., (2009). A randomized, wait-list controlled effectiveness trial assessing school-wide positive behavior support in elementary schools. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 11, 133-145.

Horner, R. H., Sugai, G., & Anderson, C. M. (2010). Examining the evidence base for school-wide positive behavior support. Focus on Exceptionality, 42(8), 1-14.

RCT & Group Design PBIS Studies

• Reduced major disciplinary infractions• Improvements in academic achievement

• Enhanced perception of organizational health

& safety• Improved school climate• Reductions in teacher reported bullying

behavior

7. Guide decisions with data

Educationally relevant outcomes

Implementation fidelity

Clearly defined & relevant indicators

System for easy input & output

Data rules for decision making

Team-based mechanism for action planning

Dat

a D

ecis

ion

Mak

ing

• External• Tier I implementation

School-wide Evaluation Tool

• Self-assessment• Tier I implementation

Team Implementation Checklist

• Team/coach self-assessment• Tier I implementation

Benchmarks of Quality

• Coach/team assessment• Tiers II/III

Benchmarks of Advanced Tiers

• Tier II/III implementation• External assessment

Individual Student Support Evaluation

Tool

Data Assessment & Evaluation Tools

Gawande, A. (2009).

The checklist

manifesto. NY:

MacMillan

Name______________________________ Date_____________

Setting □ Hallway □ Entrance □ Cafeteria

□ Playground □ Other_______________ Time Start_________

Time End _________

Tally each Positive Student Contacts Total #

Ratio of Positives to Negatives: _____: 1Tally each Negative Student Contacts Total #

Non-Classroom Management: Self-Assessment

1. Did I have at least 4 positive for 1 negative student contacts? Yes No

2. Did I move throughout the area I was supervising? Yes No

3. Did I frequently scan the area I was supervising? Yes No

4. Did I positively interact with most of the students in the area? Yes No

5. Did I handle most minor rule violations quickly and quietly? Yes No

6. Did I follow school procedures for handling major rule violations? Yes No

7. Do I know our school-wide expectations (positively stated rules)? Yes No

8. Did I positively acknowledge at least 5 different students for displaying our school-wide expectations?

Yes No

Overall active supervision score:

7-8 “yes” = “Super Supervision”

5-6 “yes” = “So-So Supervision”

<5 “yes” = “Improvement Needed”

# Yes______

8. Consider context &

culture

Culture is the extent to which a group of individuals engage in overt & verbal behavior reflecting shared behavioral learning histories, serving to differentiate the group from other groups, & predicting how individuals within the group act in specific setting conditions.

That is, culture reflects a collection of common verbal & overt behaviors that are learned & maintained by a set of similar social & environmental contingencies (i.e., learning history).

Emphasis is on applied settings with recognition that group membership is (a) flexible & dynamic, & (b) changed & shaped over time, across generations, & from one setting to another.

Highline School District, Washington May 2011

Shishmaref School AK, Lyon Johnson, Aug 9, 2011

PBIS Leadership

• Chicago, IL• 27-28 Oct

2011

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2012

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